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The table shows players' ratings of the level of pain they experienced while using their heads to make goals with a soccer ball. Measures were first taken during practice without an audience and later in front of a crowd during warmups prior to a game. Level of Pain Experiencing Using the Head to Make Goals In Practice No Audience || Warming Up for Game with Crowd Player 1 7 3 Player 2 6 2 Player 3 7 5 Player 4 5 2 Player 5 4 3 Player 6 7 3 What is the average level of pain experienced by the players during practice without an audience? Responses A. 3 B. 36 C. 18 D. 6

D. 6

Tamara's coach reminds the team not to eat for several hours before the basketball game because the digestive process will be slowed down due to the intense activity. Which of the following aspects of the peripheral nervous system is directly responsible for slowing down digestive processes during the game? A. Somatic nervous system B. Parasympathetic nervous system C. Central nervous system D. Sympathetic nervous system

D. Sympathetic nervous system

Johnny often hits his brother even though his brother does not do anything to antagonize him. Johnny's aggression is most likely due to a combination of which of the following factors? Responses A his genetic makeup, the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive, and a lack of neuroplasticity B the environment he grew up in, developmental delays, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive C his genetic makeup, developmental delays, and a lack of neuroplasticity D his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive

D. his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive

Mark and Matt are twins. A psychologist studies Mark and Matt from birth until their 25th birthday. The psychologist gathers data about their likes and dislikes, extracurricular activities, school success, and doctor visits. The psychologist is interested in the interaction of nature and nurture on their development. Which of the following research methods is the psychologist using to study Mark and Matt? Responses A Case Study B Experimental method C Survey D Cross-sectional

A. Case Study

Autonomic Nervous Part A Autonomic Nervous Part B Pupils are dilated Pupils contract Heartbeat Accelerates Heartbeat slows Digestion Stops Digestion continues Relaxes bladder Bladder Contracts Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is described by the functions listed in Part B of the table? Responses A. Parasympathetic nervous system B. Sympathetic nervous system C. Central nervous system D. Somatic nervous system

A. Parasympathetic nervous system

A researcher wants to examine how much information from waking life ends up in dreams. The researcher recruits 40 volunteers from a local community college to record the details of their daily activities. The participants will be given a sleep monitor that gently wakes them each time they end an REM cycle, after which they will complete a detailed dream diary. The study is planned to last for two weeks. Why would an institutional review board be hesitant to approve this study? Responses A. This type of research should be done with animal subjects. B. The researchers are disrupting sleep for an extended period, which may cause harm. C. The researchers would not be able to hide the identities of the participants. D. The researchers would be using deception without debriefing.

B. The researchers are disrupting sleep for an extended period, which may cause harm.

Dimitri and Dominic are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. When they found each other through DNA tracking, they were surprised to see how different they were. Which research method would a psychologist most likely use to document their behavioral differences? Responses A Experiment B Correlation C Case Study D Meta-analysi

B Correlation

Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense? Responses A. Developing a craving for a food after smelling it B. Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body C. Being able to locate where a sound is coming from D. Balancing oneself on a ladder

B. Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body

Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. Which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high? Responses A. It has a long wavelength and high frequency. B. It has a short wavelength and high frequency. C. It has a long wavelength and low frequency. D. It has a large amplitude.

B. It has a short wavelength and high frequency.

Kara thinks she sees a spider on the floor of her bathroom. She is extremely afraid of spiders. Upon further inspection, though, she realizes the "spider" is only a ball of hair. Which of the following nervous systems would be responsible for calming her down after she realizes the ball of hair is not a spider? Responses A. Somatic nervous system B. Parasympathetic nervous system C. Sympathetic nervous system D. Central nervous system

B. Parasympathetic nervous system

Dr. Wilson, who teaches engineering classes, is interested in learning about how lack of sleep affects performance. What would be the best way to ensure that her findings are generalizable to all the students at her university? Responses A. Randomly assigning half the students in one of her classes she teaches at into a condition where they are told to sleep four hours a night and other half a condition in which they are told to sleep eight hours a night B. Surveying every tenth student listed in the university directory about their sleep habits C. Surveying all students in the classes she teaches D. Studying 40 students over time, from their freshman year through their senior year, to see differences as the students mature

B. Surveying every tenth student listed in the university directory about their sleep habits

Which of the follow scenarios is the best example of natural selection? Responses A During a drought, the foliage in a region turns brown. More brownish moths than whitish moths from a particular breed survive predation and produce more offspring. Subsequent generations of moths have a higher percentage of brownish moths than the generation before. B During a hurricane, both brownish and whitish moths are killed in approximately equal numbers by the storm. The population of moths is substantially reduced. C Just before the moth breeding season, the weather conditions result in an unusual abundance of food. With so much food, the moth population increases dramatically, regardless of color. D An increase in predation substantially reduces the population of adult brownish and whitish moths. Relatively few moths survive to breed, and the population is reduced in the next generation.

A During a drought, the foliage in a region turns brown. More brownish moths than whitish moths from a particular breed survive predation and produce more offspring. Subsequent generations of moths have a higher percentage of brownish moths than the generation before.

In an experiment, 在一项实验中，参与者坐在电脑前，被要求将注意力集中在屏幕上的 X 上 50 毫秒。此后，屏幕上会显示一条水平线或垂直线，持续 100 毫秒。参与者被要求每次出现水平线时按下按钮。奖励条件下的参与者在出现水平线时每次正确按下按钮都会获得 10 美分，而惩罚条件下的参与者在实验开始时有 10 美元，在没有水平线的情况下每次错误按下按钮都会损失 10 美分。结果列于表中。 Reward Condition Punishment Condition Hits 54 42 Misses 10 40 False Positives 36 18 Which of the following is the best conclusion based the data in the table? Responses A. Participants in the Reward condition are more likely to report seeing a horizontal line even when there isn't one. B. Participants in the Punishment condition do not report seeing the target stimulus on the majority of trials. C. Participants are more likely miss the target stimulus than to report seeing it when it isn't there. D. Participants in the Reward condition are less likely to report seeing a horizontal line even when there isn't one.

A. Participants in the Reward condition are more likely to report seeing a horizontal line even when there isn't one.

Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of change in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult for the participants to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy. Dr. Schmidt's findings best support which of the following psychological concepts? A. Weber's law B. The Law of Effect C. Sensory adaptation D. Yerkes-Dodson Law

A. Weber's law

The explanation that holds that dreams are merely the brain's attempt to make sense of meaningless patterns of brain activity during sleep is best identified as which of the following theories? A. activation-synthesis theory B. psychoanalytic theory C. social learning theory D. cognitive theory

A. activation-synthesis theory

Waking up frequently, loud snoring, silent pauses in breathing, and sleepiness during the day are symptoms of which of the following disorders? A. sleep apnea B. narcolepsy C. REM sleep disorder D. insomnia

A. sleep apnea

Dr. Ravi wants to conduct a study to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on problem-solving abilities. Her procedure involves randomly assigning participants to groups and depriving one group of sleep for a period of five consecutive days. She then had each of them take a test that measures their ability to solve various problems. Which of the following is most problematic about Dr. Ravi's research design? A. There is no dependent variable in this study. B. The study raises ethical concerns because the amount of sleep deprivation could be harmful to participants in the study. C. There would be no way to create a control group for comparison. D. The results would be invalid because everyone has different problem-solving abilities.

B. The study raises ethical concerns because the amount of sleep deprivation could be harmful to participants in the study.

Pupils Increases Heart rate Increases Salivation Decreases Digestion Decreases The physiological changes in the table most clearly represent activation of which of the following? Responses A. The parasympathetic nervous system B. The sympathetic nervous system C. A spinal reflex arc D. The vestibular system

B. The sympathetic nervous system

Ruth and Debbie are identical twins who were raised by the same family. Vince and Frankie are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. According to research on the heritability of personality traits, Ruth's and Debbie's personalities are statistically Responses A more likely to be similar to one another than are Vince's and Frankie's personalities B likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities C more likely to be dissimilar to one another than are Vince's and Frankie's personalities D less likely to match on the personality dimensions of agreeableness and extraversion than are Vince and Frankie but not on other personality dimensions

B. likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities

Trinna and Suzanne are identical twins who were the same length at birth. They were adopted by different families at birth and then reconnected in their early thirties. Trinna is two inches shorter and was a severely selective eater as a child. A researcher was conducting an investigation about twins separated at birth. What research method and explanation best fit this scenario? Responses A A longitudinal study, because heredity is much more important than environment in determining length and height. B A case study, because environment is much more important than heredity in determining length and height. C A case study, because both heredity and environment are important in determining length and height. D A longitudinal study, because environment is much less important than heredity in determining height in early childhood.

C A case study, because both heredity and environment are important in determining length and height.

Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of change in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult for the participants to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy. What type of research study did Dr. Schmidt conduct? Responses A. A correlational study B. A meta-analysis C. An experiment D. A cross-sectional study

C. An experiment

Dr. Handler conducted research to explore the extent to which hearing acuity changes with age. She tested the absolute threshold for hearing in 10 subjects of various ages. The results are presented in the table. Subject Age Highest frequency of sound detected 1 15 18,000 2 65 10,500 3 45 13,250 4 80 8,000 5 18 17,500 6 35 15,000 7 55 11,500 8 26 22,000 9 63 9,400 10 41 16,300 Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion based on the data presented in the table? Responses A. There is no relationship between age and pitch perception. B. There is a causal relationship between age and pitch perception. C. As age increases, the ability to detect higher pitched sounds tends to decrease. D. No conclusions can be drawn because the subjects were not randomly assigned.

C. As age increases, the ability to detect higher pitched sounds tends to decrease.

Dr. Felder is studying whether the color of a drink impacts how a person experiences the taste of the drink. She has an orange-flavored liquid that she dyes either orange, purple, or blue, and gives it to participants to drink. She then asks them to describe the taste. Which of the following would best help her evaluate the impact of vision on taste? Responses A. Have participants taste it as a group and take turns describing the taste out loud. B. Obscure the purpose of the experiment until after participants have completed the study. C. Create an additional control condition in which participants wear blindfolds while they taste the drink. D. Use participants who have the same gender identity.

C. Create an additional control condition in which participants wear blindfolds while they taste the drink.

Researchers randomly assigned 50 elementary school children to place a plug on their nose to limit their sense of smell. The children were then presented with a series of different foods and asked to rate the taste, texture, and intensity on a scale from 1 to 5. Another 50 children were randomly placed in a group with no nose plug and asked to rate the same food using the same scale. Using random assignment in this study can help with which of the following? Responses A. Random assignment can eliminate the need for a control group. B. Random assignment allows researchers to generalize the findings to the target population. C. Random assignment to groups would allow researchers to understand if the differences between groups was due to the independent variable (the nose plug). D. Random assignment will allow researchers to determine if the results are statistically significant.

C. Random assignment to groups would allow researchers to understand if the differences between groups was due to the independent variable (the nose plug).

Ms. Harrison asks students in her psychology class to record how many hours of sleep they get every night and what they eat for breakfast. When the class looks at the data, they find that the fewer hours of sleep they get, the more they eat for breakfast. Which of the following is a limitation of self-report research? Responses A. Self-report results are generalizable to a large group B. Careful control of the self-report variables means the data are unusable C. Self-report data is subject to the social desirability bias D. The artificial constraints of self-report mean the data aren't meaningful.

C. Self-report data is subject to the social desirability bias

Kara thinks she sees a spider on the floor of her bathroom. She is extremely afraid of spiders. Which of the following nervous systems would be responsible for her fearful reaction to the spider? Responses A. Somatic nervous system B. Parasympathetic nervous system C. Sympathetic nervous system D. Central nervous system

C. Sympathetic nervous system

Researchers conducted a correlational study during the winter season, which has shorter days and longer nights. The researcher asked about people's experiences with depression-like symptoms, including feelings of tiredness and reduction in energy output. The researcher found that there was a positive correlation between the amount of daylight and depression-like symptoms. Which of the following statements best reflects how to interpret this correlational finding? Responses A. There is a cause-and-effect relationship between the length of daytime and depression-like symptoms. B. The variables used in correlational research such as daylight and depressive symptoms are not measurable. C. The relationship between daylight and depressive symptoms may also be linked to a third variable. D. Correlation studies about mental health offer little in the way of scientific knowledge.

C. The relationship between daylight and depressive symptoms may also be linked to a third variable.

Julia is practicing her trumpet and produces a loud sound. Which of the following is the best explanation for the loudness of the sound? Responses A. The sound has a long wavelength. B. The sound has a short wavelength. C. The sound has a high-amplitude sound wave. D. The sound has a low-amplitude sound wave.

C. The sound has a high-amplitude sound wave

An adult with a healthy sleep cycle is most likely to enter REM sleep in which of the following ways? Responses A. immediately after falling asleep B. after the dream stage is completed C. after cycling through the NREM sleep stages D. soon after falling asleep and then remain there for the majority of the night

C. after cycling through the NREM sleep stages

A psychological study to determine the harmful effects of sleep disruption asked a company to start an overnight shift without notice. Many of the employees began to have accidents while on the job. The researchers conclude that a sudden change in circadian rhythm causes an effect on job performance. What ethical concern may be present in this study? Responses A. There are some people that are "night owls," and they would bias the study. B. The researchers did not have a clear independent variable in the study. C. The researchers didn't consider the normal number of accidents that already occurred in the factory. D. The employees did not provide informed consent and were not given the option to withdraw from the study.

D. The employees did not provide informed consent and were not given the option to withdraw from the study.

Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of change in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult for the participants to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy. What was the independent variable in this research study? Responses A. Blindfolding the participants B. Comparison of the weights in both hands C. The number of trials completed D. The heaviness of the weights

D. The heaviness of the weights