JOUR 200 Ch 1
search engine
Search engines, however, were what helped popularize the growing pastime of surfing the web, an activity in which people could type keywords or phrases into a box and receive a list of matching websites. Early search engines in the mid-1990s included Infoseek and Alta Vista. Yahoo! launched a web directory service in 1994 and capitalized on the growing use of e-mail by consumers by providing free Yahoo! e-mail accounts. The e-mail concept originated in the 1970s among ARPANET users, who also first incorporated the @ sign to address specific people. Hotmail, Microsoft, and AOL were among other companies offering free e-mail addresses. Google, the technology company that would eventually dominate search and e-mail online, did not become available to the public until 1998.
ISP
(Internet Service Provider) A company that provides access to the Internet.
ARPANET
Beginning in 1969, a series of computers were installed in several major universities across the country, creat-ing ARPANET, the network of the Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency, which became the foundation of what we now know as the Internet (Leiner et al., 2009). The first com-puter node of ARPANET was based at the University of California, Los Angeles, followed by the Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah (Leiner et al., 2009). Computers were quickly added to the network in the early 1970s, pri-marily at academic institutions, as researchers continued to develop communication protocols to accommodate a much larger, more open computer network.
world wide web
British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee is credited with inventing the World Wide Web in 1989 while work-ing at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research), a European scientific research organization near Geneva. Building off the earlier transmission control protocol, Berners-Lee created hypertext transfer protocol (http), allowing information to be linked together on the Internet using hypertext. He later would develop hypertext markup language (HTML), the programming code that specifies how pages will be displayed online. Berners-Lee called this the World Wide Web and created the first browser, later named Nexus, and editor that allowed for the viewing and linking of pages. Using http, domain names and uniform resource locators (URLs), or web addresses, the researchers further developed the World Wide Web project and posted the first website in 1990: http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html To this day, no formal governmental organization has control over the World Wide Web. Instead, in 1994 Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at MIT, which coordinates web standards and protocols on an international scale. Advisory committee mem-bers are elected and made up of computer scientists and other researchers around the world ("About W3C," n.d.).
http
British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee is credited with inventing the World Wide Web in 1989 while work-ing at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research), a European scientific research organization near Geneva. Building off the earlier transmission control protocol, Berners-Lee created hypertext transfer protocol (http), allowing information to be linked together on the Internet using hypertext. Using http, domain names and uniform resource locators (URLs), or web addresses, the researchers further developed the World Wide Web project and posted the first website in 1990: http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html
browser
But to find and display web pages, people needed to use a browser that would allow them to type in the URL, or address, of the website. The first browser to fully display graphics and images was Mosaic, created by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications and released in 1993. Microsoft later released its browser, Internet Explorer, in 1995 and Apple did the same with Safari in 2003. Mozilla launched Firefox in 2004 as a free, open-source browser after Netscape could no longer compete. Google's Chrome was born in 2008.
strength of weak ties
Going outside our closest networks may lead to new opportunities, a phenomenon Granovetter (1973) called the strength of weak ties. Typically, our weak ties, who may be friends of friends, can connect us with ideas and resources that we would not have within our own network. That is because most people in your immediate network already have ideas, opportunities, and resources that are similar to yours.
search engine optimization
Google, the technology company that would eventually dominate search and e-mail online, did not become available to the public until 1998. Cofounded by two Stanford computer science stu-dents, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Google began as BackRub, a search engine that prioritized results based on an algorithm the two men created. That algorithm, plus targeted advertising, launched Google to the top of the search engines. Marketing and public relations professionals soon had to learn a whole new strategy, called search engine optimization (SEO), that is designed to get certain websites to show up higher in Google's rankings.
html
He later would develop hypertext markup language (HTML), the programming code that specifies how pages will be displayed online. Berners-Lee called this the World Wide Web and created the first browser, later named Nexus, and editor that allowed for the viewing and linking of pages. Using http, domain names and uniform resource locators (URLs), or web addresses, the researchers further developed the World Wide Web project and posted the first website in 1990: http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html
social networking
Networks connect different links in a system and allow ideas, content, or even vehicles to go back and forth through the system. That system could be a network of freeways, railroads, or television stations. Humans also form networks within their communities, schools, churches, and places of employment. Most people stay within their own networks because they are more comfortable with others who are like-minded and similar to themselves. But networks are powerful influencers on human beings. Research has shown that the people in our networks can impact our moods and even our weight (Christakis & Fowler, 2007). Social network analysis is a methodology that has been performed, long before the Internet, to see how people relate to one another within their networks. People who go outside of their immediate networks can act as bridges between their new net-work and their old network. The act of networking in a face-to-face meeting typically involves relationship initiation, usually between strangers (boyd & Ellison, 2007).
TCP/IP
Researchers developed the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) that laid the groundwork to enable computers to communicate and share data with each other in what would become an open architecture network. This type of network allowed individual networks, with different providers, to have the ability to connect to the primary Internet, regardless of the type of interface or geographical boundaries. Some of the rules of the TCP/IP led to the creation of black boxes, later called routers and gate-ways, which would help transmit data. The Defense Department began using TCP/IP in the early 1980s as ARPANET expanded to military and non-military communities. Furthermore, local area networks (LAN) and Ethernet connections were developed, contributing to the explosive growth of the early Internet by 1985.
social networking sites
Social network sites (SNS) are a subset of social media sites that serve an additional and distinct purpose. Researchers danah boyd and Nicole Ellison (2007) traced the history of social network sites (SNS), beginning in 1997 with SixDegrees.com. That platform was based on the concept that everyone is connected to each other through six degrees of separation or fewer. The site allowed users to list their friends and view other friends' lists within the site. Taking into account both the technological and cultural features of social network sites, boyd and Ellison (2007) defined SNSs as web-based platforms that allow individuals to: 1. construct a public or semipublic profile within a bounded system; 2. articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection; and 3. view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others (boyd & Ellison, 2007, p. 211).
blogging
The main difference between user-generated platforms, such as blogs and social network sites, and other websites is that the content can be produced by anyone, not just journalists, web professionals, or Internet service providers. The first online diary, later known as a blog or weblog, has been traced back to a college student, Justin Hall, who started a website in 1994 that became his personal diary. Several websites that were designed to allow users to post and publicly share their journals included Open Diary, which launched in 1998, and LiveJournal, established in 1999. Users were able to comment on other people's blogs and communities began to form around common inter-ests and experiences. Over the next few years, more sophisticated blogging platforms were released, including Blogger, later purchased by Google in 2003, and WordPress, which launched in 2003.
social media
The term social media describes platforms that are designed to facilitate sociability among members and allow users to share content within the community. Users upload and share text, videos, or photos, and comment or converse with other members. Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) defined social media as "applications that build on the ideological and technological founda-tions of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of User Generated Content" (p. 61). On social media, the users are in charge of creating the content, rather than a few admin-istrators or media professionals. Users also decide when and how they will engage with that content. Social media, therefore, is an umbrella term that describes all platforms that allow for the exchange of user-generated content.
WYSIWYG
WordPress continues to be one of the most popular blogging platforms because it incorporates a WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) editor, which allows users to customize themes, text, and graph-ics, without needing to know how to code. Today, the platform remains one of the most popular for building blogs and entire websites, using WordPress.com, which is free, or WordPress.org, which allows subscribers to host their own websites for a nominal fee.
Yahoo! launched a web directory service in 1994 and capitalized on the growing use of e-mail by consumers by providing free Yahoo! e-mail accounts. The e-mail concept originated in the 1970s among ARPANET users, who also first incorporated the @ sign to address specific people. Hotmail, Microsoft, and AOL were among other companies offering free e-mail addresses.