JOUR 310 MIDTERM
First Amendment
"Congress shall make no law disrespecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press; or the right of the people peacefully to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances"
Community antenna television
(CATV) outmoded name for early cable television
Low power FM
(LPFM) 10- to 100-watt nonprofit community radio stations with a reach of only a few miles
Premium content
Cable, designed initially for the importation of distant signals, became a mature medium when it began offering movies and other ____________ ____________
Movie industry
Conglomeration and concentration affect the ___________ ___________, leading to an overreliance on blockbuster films for its success
full-length feature films
Edison and the Lumiere brothers began commercial motion picture exhibition, little more than representations of everyday life. George Melies added narrative; Edwin S. Porter added montage; and D.W. Griffith developed the _____-_____ _____________ ____________
convenience, audience fragmentation, concentration of ownership and conglomeration, globalization, and hyper-commercialism
Five trends are abetting this situation--(of flattening or declines in audience); C,AF,CoOaC,G,H-C
Radio
Gugliemo Marconi's ____________ allowed long-distance wireless communication; Reginald Fessenden's liquid barretter made possible the transmission of voices; Lee DeForest's audition tube permitted the reliable transmission of voices and music broadcasting
Television
In 1884 Paul Nipkow developed the first device for transmitting images. John Logie Baird soon used this mechanical scanning technology to send images long distance. Vladmir Zworkyin and Philo Farnsworth developed electronic scanning technology in the 1920's, leading to the public demonstration of _______________ in 1939
Photography
_____________ an essential precursor to movies, was developed by Hannibal Goodwin, George Eastman, Joseph Nicephore Niepce, Louis Daguerre, and William Henry Fox Talbot
Convergence
______________ is fueled by three elements-- digitization of nearly all information, high-speed connectivity, and advances in technology's speed, memory, and power
Magazines
__________________ large readership and financial health empowered the muckrakers to challenge society's powerful
Mass media
are our culture's dominant storytellers and the forum in which we debate cultural meaning
Technological determinism
argues that technology is the predominant agent of social and cultural change. But it is not technology that drives culture; it is how people use technology.
Social and cultural change
books have cultural value because they are agents of ___________ ____ ___________ change; important cultural repositories; windows on the past; important sources of personal development; sources of entertainment, escape, and personal reflection; mirrors of culture; and because the purchase and reading of a book is a much more individual, personal activity than consuming advertiser-supported or heavily promoted media
Censorship
both formal and in the form of people's own aliteracy, threatens these values, as well as democracy itself
Spectrum scarcity
broadcast spectrum space is limited, so not everyone who wants to broadcast can; those who are granted licenses must accept regulation
stripping
broadcasting a syndicated television show at the same time five nights a week
Newspaper chains
businesses that own two or more newspapers
Electronic sell-through
buying of digital download movies (EST)
Film
debate exists over whether ______ can survive as an important medium if it continues to give its youth-dominated audience what it wants
Profit and hyper-commercialization
demand for ___________ and _______ - ____________ manifest themselves in the increased importance placed on subsidiary rights, instant books, "Hollywoodization", and product placement
Advertising medium
despite falling and hard-copy readership, newspapers remain an attractive ________________ _______________
Books
developments in the 18th and 19th centuries, such as improvements in printing, the flowering of the American novel, and the introduction of the paperback, helped make books a mass medium
Content producers
encouraged by the Internet and other digital technologies, ___________ ___________ are finding new ways to deliver content to audiences
zipping
fast forwarding through taped commercials on a VCR
Nipkow disc
first workable device for generating electric signals suitable for the transmission of a scene
Trade books
hard or softcover books including fiction and most nonfiction and cookbooks, biographies, art books, coffee-table books, and how-to books
Deregulation
has allowed concentration of ownership of radio into the hands of a relatively small number of companies
Convergence
has come to radio in the form of satellite and cable delivery of radio, terrestrial digital radio, Web radio, podcasting, and music streaming from a number of different types of sites
Newspapers
have been a part of public life since Roman times, prospering in Europe, and coming to the colonies in the 1690s
Persistence of vision
images our eyes gather are retained by our brains for about 1/24 of a second, producing the appearance of constant motion
Kinescope
improved picture tube developed by Zworykin for RCA
Trustee model
in broadcast regulation, the idea that broadcasters serve as the public's trustees or fiduciaries
Cable
in the 1950s, the quiz show scandal, the business acumen of Lucille Ball, McCarthyism, and the ratings system shaped the nature of broadcast television. ____________ , introduced in 1948, would soon effect even more change
Custom publishing
in the form of brand magazines and magalogues, is one way that magazines stand out in a cluttered media environment
Digital technology
in the form of internet creation, promotion, and the distribution of music, legal and illegal downloading from the Internet, and mobile phone downloading, promises to reshape the nature of the recording industry
Dime novels
inexpensive late 19th and early 20th century books that concentrated on frontier and adventure stories; sometimes called pulp novels
Decoding
interpreting sign/symbol systems
Conglomeration
is fueling hyper-commercialism, erosion of the firewall between the business and editorial sides of the newspaper, and the loss of the paper's traditional journalistic mission
Radio
is local, fragmented, specialized, personal, and mobile
Convergence
is reshaping the book industry as well as the reading experience itself through advances such as e-publishing, POD, e-books, e-readers, smartphones and tablets, and several different efforts to digitize most of the world's books
Subscription, single-copy sales, and controlled circulation
magazine subscription comes in the form of ____________ , _______-_____ , and ________________. Advertiser demands for better measures of readership and accountability may render circulation an outmoded metric
Pass-along readership
measurement of publication readers who neither subscribe nor buy single copies but who borrow a copy or read one in a doctor's office or library
Wire services
news-gathering organizations that provide content to members
Penny press
newspapers in the 1830s selling for one penny
Radio acts
of 1910, 1912, and 1927 and the Communications Act of 1934 eventually resulted in the FCC and the trustee model of broadcast regulation
Television
once described as a vast wasteland, it is the leading source of news for a large majority of Americans
first-run syndication
original programming produced specifically for the syndicated television market
Alien and sedition acts
series of four laws passed by 1798 U.S. Congress making illegal the writing, publishing, or printing of "any false or scandalous and malicious writing" about the president, the Congress, or the U.S. government
Media multitasking
simultaneously consuming many different kinds of media
Day-and-date release
simultaneously releasing a movie to the public in some combination of theater, cable, DVD, and download
Sweeps periods
special television ratings times in February, May, July, and November in which diaries are distributed to thousands of sample households in selected households
cord-cutting
viewers leaving cable and DBS altogether and relying on Internet-only television
Ad medium
viewers rate television as their most:
Money
with technology, _______ , too shapes mass communication. Audiences can either be the consumer or the product in our mass media system.
Mass media
the plural of mass medium, a technology that carries messages to a large number of people
Block booking
the practice of requiring exhibitors to rent groups of movies (often inferior) to secure a better one
Direct broadcasting satellite
the primary multichannel competitor to cable, now joined by the fiber optic systems like FiOS
Communication
the process of creating shared meaning
Mass communication
the process of creating shared meaning between the mass media and their audiences
Feedback
the response to a given communication
B-movie
the second, typically least expensive, movie in a double feature
Culture
the world made meaningful. It resides all around us; it is socially constructed and maintained through communication. It limits us as well as liberates us; it differentiates us as well as unites us. It defines our realities and shapes the way we think, feel, and act. (definition)
Newspapers
there are several types of ____________ , including national dailies; large metropolitan dailies; suburban and small-town dailies; weeklies and semi-weeklies; ethnic and alternative papers; and free commuter papers
Music market
three major recording companies control 89% of the worlds recorded:
Encoding
transforming ideas into an understandable sign/symbol system
Double feature
two films on the same bill
Audience tube
vacuum tube developed by DeForest that became the basic invention for all radio and television
App
abbreviation for application; software for mobile digital devices
Broadcasting
advertising and the network structure of __________ came to radio in the 1920's, producing the medium's golden age, one drawn to a close by the coming of television
Conglomeration
affects the publishing industry as it has all media, expressing itself through trends such as demand for profit and hyper-commercialization
flattening or declines
all of the traditional media have begun to see either __________ __ __________ in audience, yet overall consumption of media is at all-time highs
Printing press
although the first ___________ ___________ came to the colonies in 1638, books were not central to early colony life, but books and pamphlets were at the heart of the colonists' revolt against England in the 1770s
Cottage industry
an industry characterized by small operations closely identified with their personnel
Movies
...became big business at the turn of the 20th century, one dominated by big studios, but change soon came in the form of talkies, scandal, and control, and new genres to fend off the Depression
Film's
...beginnings reside in the efforts of entrepreneurs such as Edweard Muybridge and inventors like Thomas Edison and William Dickson
Quick response
QR code: small, black-and-white squares that appear on many media surfaces that direct mobile device users to a specific website
Chain ownership
The number of daily newspapers is in decline, and there are very few cities with competing papers. _________ __________ has become common
Sound-recording device
Thomas Edison developed the first ____________-__________ ______________ , a fact now in debate; Emile Berliner's gramophone improved on it as it permitted multiple copies to be made from a master recording
E-book
a book that is downloaded in electronic form from the Internet to a computer or handheld device
Affiliates
a broadcasting station that aligns itself with a network
O&O
a broadcasting station that is owned and operated by a network
Magazines
a favorite of 18th-century British elite, made an easy transition to colonial America
Muckraking
a form of crusading journalism that primarily used magazines to agitate for change
Controlled circulation
a magazine provided at no cost to readers who meet some specific set of of advertiser-attractive criteria
Format
a radio station's particular sound or programming content
Vertical integration
a system in which studios produced their own films, distributed them through their own outlets, and exhibited them in their own theaters
basic, expanded basic, and premium
cable, dominated by large MSO's, offers programming in tiers that include ________ , ______________ , and _____________ cable. Some favor a new pricing scheme, a la carte.
Feedback
can now be instantaneous and direct, and, as a result, audiences, very small or very large, can be quite well known to content producers and distributers
Content providers
can now be lone individuals aided by low cost of entry
Messages
can now be quite varied, idiosyncratic, and freed of the producers' time demands
Television
changed magazines from mass circulation to specialized media; as a result, they are attractive to advertisers because of their demographic specificity, reader engagement, and reader affinity for the advertising they carry
a la carte pricing
changing cable subscribers by the channel, not for tiers
Radio stations
classified as commercial and noncommercial, AM and FM
Interpersonal communication
communication between two or a few people
Coaxial cable
copper-clad aluminum wire encased in plastic foam insulation, covered by aluminum outer conductor, and then sheathed in plastic
Mass circulation magazines
prospered in the post-Civil War years because of increased literacy, improved transportation, reduced postal costs, and lower cover prices
Custom publishing
publications specifically designed for an individual company seeking to reach a narrowly defined audience
time-shifting
taping a show on a VCR for later viewing
Linotype
technology that allowed the mechanical rather than manual setting of print type
Penny press
the __________ __________ brought the paper to millions of "regular people", and the newspaper quickly became the people's medium
Three broad categories
the __________ ___________ __________ of magazines are trade, professional, and business; industrial, company, and sponsored; and consumer magazines
Film
the annual roster of adult, important movies suggests that ________ can give all audiences what they want
Convergence
the erosion of traditional distinctions among media
Nickelodeons
the first movie houses; admission was one nickel
Platform
the means of delivering a specific piece of media content
American Revolution
the newspaper was at the heart of the ______________ ______________ , and, as such, protection for the press was enshrined in the First Amendment
Circulation
the number of issues of a magazine or newspaper that are sold
Share
the percentage of people listening to radio or of homes using television tuned in to a given piece of programming
