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What are the hidden costs of using gasoline? List four ways to save energy and money in transportation.

$12 per galloon, build or expand mass transit and high speed rail, carry more freight by rail instead of trucks, encourage biking by building bike lanes

Explain why some energy resources need help in the form of subsidies to compete in the marketplace, and give an example.

Any energy resource with a low net energy will need government subsidies to compete in the marketplace with high net energy resources

What major energy resources do the world and the United States rely on?

Both rely on fossil fuels, the largest resources being oil, coal, and natural gas

Petrochemicals

Compounds that are made from oil

Explain why improving energy efficiency and reducing energy waste is a major energy resource.

Could save at least one-third of the energy used in the world (up to 43% of energy used in the US)

How is crude oil extracted from the earth and refined?

Crude oil is extracted from drill rigs and moved to refineries and then pressure heated until different types of combustible combos come out of different grade

What is bitumen, and how is it extracted and converted to heavy oil?

Deposit of a mixture of clay, sand, water, and varying amounts of a tarlike heavy oil known as bitumen. Bitumen can be extracted from tar sand by heating. It is then purified and upgraded to synthetic crude oil.

Distinguish between hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and all-electric vehicles. Explain the importance of developing better and cheaper batteries and list some advances in this area

Hybrid car: small gasoline powered engine and a battery powered electric motor used to provide the energy needed for acceleration and hill climbing Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle: travel on electricity alone, then a small gasoline-powered motor kicks in, recharges the battery, and extends the driving range All-electric vehicle: runs on battery only To make batteries and thus electric vehicles cheaper

proven oil reserves

Identified deposits from which conventional crude oil can be extracted profitably at current prices with current technology.

Why do we need to make a new energy transition over the next 50 to 60 years? What are the two key components of this energy resource shift?

Improve energy efficiency and reduce energy waste, decrease dependence on nonrenewable fossil fuels, rely more on a mix of renewable energy sources- ***2 COMPONENTS

List three factors that are driving this shift. How would the United States benefit from it?

Increasing availability of cheaper solar and wind and advances in renewable energy

What is "net energy" and why is it important in evaluating energy resources?

Net energy is the usable amt of high-quality energy available from a given quantity of an energy resource

Why are petrochemicals important?

Petrochemical is a chemical compound synthesized from refining of crude oil (ethylene, benzene). They are crucial to production of plastics, dyes, and synthetic rubber

What are the economic and environmental advantages of making this energy transition?

Save money, create jobs, reduce air pollution, keep climate change from accelerating

Shale oil

Slow-flowing, dark brown, heavy oil obtained when kerogen in oil shale is vaporized at high temperatures and then condensed. Shale oil can be refined to yield gasoline, heating oil, and other petroleum products.

energy efficiency

The percentage of energy put into a system that does useful work

What are 5 ways to improve energy efficiency in existing buildings?

Use LED lights, use energy-efficient windows, seal leaky heating and cooling ducts in attics and unheated basements, heat water more efficienty, use energy-efficient appliances

What percentages of the commercial energy used in the world and in the United States are provided by conventional crude oil?

World- 34% US- 40%

What is a smart electric grid and why is it important? What are US CAFE standards?

a new interactive grid that would be a digitally controlled, ultra-high voltage (UHV), and high-capacity system with superefficient transmission lines. A national network of wind farms and solar cell power plants connected to a smart grid would make the sun and wind reliable sources of electricity around the clock, Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards to improve the average fuel economy of new cars and light trucks, vans, and sport utility vehicles

nuclear fusion

a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy.

What percentage of the energy used in the United States is unnecessarily wasted? 43% Why is so much energy wasted? List three widely used energy-inefficient technologies.

due to the inefficiency of industrial motors, motor vehicles, power plants, light bulbs, and numerous other devices

Describe the nuclear fuel cycle.

mining of uranium, processing and enriching the uranium to make fuel, using it in a reactor, safely storing the resulting highly radioactive wastes for thousands of years until their radioactivity falls to safe levels, and retiring the highly radioactive worn-out plant by taking it apart and storing its high- and moderate-level radioactive parts safely for thousands of years.

What are some green architecture technologies?

natural lighting, direct solar heating, insulated windows, and energy-efficient appliances and lighting.

What is the rebound effect and how can it be reduced?

people tend to use more energy when they buy energy-efficient devices

crude oil

petroleum that has not been processed

What is peak production for an oil well or oil field?

point after which the pressure in a well drops and its rate of conventional crude oil production starts to decline

What are fuel cells and what are their major advantages and disadvantages?

that combine and oxygen gas to produce electricity and water vapor, a harmless chemical that is emitted into the atmosphere Separates electrons from hydrogen atoms and electrons flow through the wire → electricity and the protons pass through the membrane and combine w/ oxygen gas to form water vapor (Reverse electrolysis, the process of passing electricity through water to produce hydrogen fuel) would eliminate most of the outdoor air pollution that comes from burning fossil fuels BUT there's hardly any hydrogen gas in the Earth's atmosphere, hydrogen has a negative net energy b/c takes high quality energy to produce, fuel cells are expensive, and environmental benefits depends on production

energy conservation

the practice of finding ways to use less energy or to use energy more efficiently

What are the major advantages of reducing energy waste? List four ways to save energy and money in industry.

using more fuel-efficient cars, light bulbs (such as LED bulbs), appliances, computers, and industrial processe prolongs fossil fuel supplies, reduces oil imports and improves energy security, very high net energy, low cost, reduces pollution and environmental degradation, buys time to phase in renewable energy, and creates local jobs

Cogeneration

using waste heat to make electricity

superinsulation

very important in energy-efficient design; allows natural heat to warm an area