Keystone Module 1 Review

maximum number of bonds one carbon atom can form?

4 bonds

relationship between enzymes and a simple biological reaction?

A reaction rate can be increased when the specific enzyme for a biological reaction is present.

Endocytosis and exocytosis are both examples of active transport. What molecule provides the energy for active transport to occur?

ATP

What is essential to the proper functioning of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms?

ATP (all living things need energy)

Which statement best describes a direct role of ATP in a paramecium?

ATP provides the energy to move cilia.

what is the source of energy required: for moving molecules into the cell against a concentration gradient, for the Light-dependent reactions, and for the Krebs cycle?

ATP,light energy, glucose/chemical energy

How is carbon able to form the different structures?

Carbon's ability to form 4 covalent bonds contributes to the different structures.

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells can have?

Cell walls and genetic material

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Comparison of eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, and prokaryotic cells do not

The movement of glucose through a cell membrane does not require energy. Which process enables glucose to move through the cell membrane?

Facilitated diffusion (passive)

What role do chloroplasts have in the energy transformation of photosynthesis?

From light energy to chemical energy

Where in ATP is the usable energy stored?

In the bonds in between the phosphates (bond breaks - energy released)

A mitochondria has two membranes; the inner membrane is folded, called cristae. How might cristae be the most beneficial for the workings of a mitochondria?

Increased surface area for more reactions to take place.

How does a mitochondrion facilitate the movement of some materials between cells?

It supplies the energy needed for moving molecules through membranes. (takes ATP)

Upon investigation, scientists found that the substance was located in the cellular membrane of the new cell and had hydrophobic properties. What molecule was most likely being examined?

Lipid

During which condition will the action of shivering most help a bumblebee to maintain homeostasis?

Low environmental temperature

A specific organelle has had much research centered on its role in diseases, disorders, genetics, cell death, and overall organism longevity. In fact, it is now generally accepted that endurance athletes have more of this specific organelle in their cells, specifically their muscle cells, than non-athletes. Which organelle is most likely described in the above information?

Mitochondria (makes ATP)

What process describes the assembly of proteins from amino acids?

Monomers are linked to form a polymer.

Which function do the whip-like tails most likely perform?

Movement through an environment

Golgi apparatus

Packages proteins for transport out of the cell

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Similarities and/or differences between carbohydrates and proteins?

Proteins are made up of amino acids and carbohydrates are made up of simple sugars.

involved in providing structure for a plasma membrane?

The arrangement of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends of the phospholipids

Why is a single enzyme unable to regulate a variety of reactions?

The binding of a substrate and an enzyme is specific.

What statement compares a carbohydrate and a nucleic acid?

The bonds in a carbohydrate store energy, and the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid stores genetic information.

How does a protein's structure allow for its ability to function?

The folded three-dimensional shape determines the function.

A scientist observed that during the course of a chemical reaction the number of ATP molecules was reduced. What did the scientist most likely learn from the observation?

The reaction required an input of energy. (ATP used)

the bears' temperature only decreased by 6 degrees Celsius, and the bears' oxygen consumption dropped by 75%. What examples of homeostasis were represented in the scientists' findings?

Thermoregulation and Oxygen regulation

a function of the proteins embedded in the plasma membrane of cells?

They selectively allow certain particles into and out of the cell. (channels)

What is the main function of DNA?

To store the information needed to build proteins.

reason why water is important to the survival of aquatic organisms in cold climates?

Water as a solid has a lower density than as a liquid (ice floats)

Trees are typically able to transport water from their roots to their stems and leaves. What property of water supports the transportation of water to all parts of a tree?

Water has strong attractions to itself and many other molecules (cohesion/adhesion)

Lipid

a molecule made mostly of carbon with two nonpolar chains and a polar head

Plants are dependent on water. In most plants, water is absorbed by the roots and then moves up the stem of the plant and into the leaves by capillary action. What property of water is responsible for the capillary action in plants?

adhesion and cohesion

how are electrons involved in the formation of biological macromolecules?

atoms share or transfer electrons to form bonds with other atoms and form macromolecules

type of energy that comes out of cellular respiration?

chemical energy (ATP)

type of energy that comes out of photosynthesis?

chemical energy (glucose)

type of energy that goes into cellular respiration?

chemical energy (glucose)

main energy conversions that occur during cellular respiration?

chemical to chemical

Lungs and capillaries both have porous linings that allow certain substances to move into or out of the structures. What function do these porous linings most likely serve in living organisms?

gas exchange

How does a turtle resting on a rock moves into the pond water support a characteristic of life?

homeostasis (regulating temperature)

type of energy that goes into photosynthesis?

light energy

How does a rabbit eating grass support a characteristic of life?

organism obtaining and using energy

Nucleic Acid

polar molecule made of repeating units of sugar bonded to a phosphate and a nitrogenous base

Plasma membrane

regulates what goes in and out of cell, phospholipid bilayer w/ embedded proteins

How does a bee transfers pollen between flowers as it collects nectar support a characteristic of life?

reproduction

How does a robin resting on a nest of blue eggs support a characteristic of life?

reproduction

Ribosomes

sites of protein production/synthesis

main energy conversions that occur during photosynthesis?

solar to chemical

property of water responsible for plants being able to transport water from their roots to their leaves?

the attraction between molecules (cohesion/adhesion)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

transport system of the eukaryotic cell

what happens to proteins that are made in the cell?

transported by the ER, and packaged in the Golgi apparatus.

how are energy transformations of photosynthesis are related to the energy transformations of cellular respiration?

what comes out of photosynthesis goes into cellular respiration