kidney and urinary function terms
a patient is placed on hemodialysis for the first time. the patient complains of a headache with nausea and begins to vomit, and the nurse observes a decreased level of consciousness. What does the nurse determine has happened?
the patient is experiencing a cerebral fluid shift
what is the electrolyte imbalance? crackles and dyspnea
fluid volume excess
the nurse is caring for a patient after kidney surgery. what major danger should the nurse closely monitor for?
hypovolemic shock caused by hemorrhage
the four phases of acute kidney injury are_________,________,_________,and ___________
initiation, oliguria, diuresis, and recovery
diuresis
increased urine volume
a patient with chronic kidney failure experiences decreased levels of erythropoietin. what serious complication related to those levels should the nurse assess for when caring for this patient?
anemia
nocturia
awakening at night to urinate
bacteriuria
bacteria in the urine
a patient admitted with electrolyte imbalance has carpopedal spasm, ECG changes, and a positve Chvostek's sign. What deficit does the nurse suspect the patient has?
calcium
A patient has AKI with a negative nitrogen balance. how much weight does the nurse expect the patient to lose?
0.5 kg/day
at the end of five peritoneal exchanges, a patient's fluid loss was 500 mL. how much is this loss equal to in lbs?
1.0 lbs
Edward needs to be aware that toxic wastes are exchanged during the equilibration or dwell time. how long is he instructed to allow the fluid to dwell?
10-15 minutes
_______________ is the leading cause of death for patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis
Arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease
pyuria
white blood cells in the urine
a patient undergoing a CT scan with contrast has a baseline creatinine level of 3 mg/dl, identifying the patient as at a high risk for developing kidney failure. what is the most effective intervention to reduce the risk of developing radiocontrast-induced nephropathy(CIN)?
Hydrating with saline intravenously before the test
what is the electrolyte imbalance? positive Chvostek's sign
Magnesium deficit
the most common and serious complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD) is
Peritonitis
what is the electrolyte imbalance? soft, flabby muscles and weakness
Potassium deficit
the nurse is reviewing a patient's lab results. what findings does the nurse assess that are consistent with acute glomerulonephritis? select all that apply
Red blood cells in the urine, polyuria, proteinuria
a patient has stage 3 chronic kidney failure. what would the nurse expect the patient's GFR to be?
a GFR of 30-59 mL/min/1.73m2
when fran has passed the diuretic phase, what diet should the nurse recommend for her?
a high protein diet
what is the difference between autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease?
dominant is the most common inherited form. symptoms between 30 and 40. recessive is a rare inherited form. begins in the earliest months of life or in utero.
two complications of renal surgery that are believed to be caused by reflex paralysis of intestinal peristalsis and manipulation of the colon and duodenum during surgery are___________and___________
abdominal dissension and paralytic illeus
renal clearance
ability of the kidneys to clear solutes from the plasma
the nurse is reviewing the potassium level of a patient with kidney disease. the results of the test are 6.5 mEq/L, and the nurse observes peaked T waves on the ECG. What priority intervention does the nurse anticipate the physician will order to reduce the potassium level?
administration of sodium polystyrene sulfonate(Kayexalate)
list the factors that influence mortality rate patients with acute kidney injury
age, comorbid conditions, preexisting kidney and vascular diseases and respiratory failure.
the major manifestation of nephrotic syndrome is
edema
what is the electrolyte imbalance?carpopedal spasm and tetany
calcium deficit
what is the electrolyte imbalance?muscle hypotonicity and flank pain
calcium excess
signs that a patient with chronic glomerulonephritis may be developing heart failure
cardiomegaly, a gallop rhythm, distended neck veins, s/s of heart failure may be present, crackles can be heard in the bases of the lungs
two blood levels that are significantly increased in acute kidney injury(AKI) are ________ and_________
creatinine and BUN
anuria
decreased urine output of less than 50 ml in 24 hours
the nurse is caring for a patient in the oliguric phase of AKI. What does the nurse know would be the daily urine output?
less than 400 ml
____________is the type of renal failure characterized by increased glomerular permeability and manifested by massive proteinuria
nephrotic syndrome
dysuria
painful or difficult urination
what is the electrolyte imbalance? irritability and intestinal colic
potassium excess
how can the nurse assist the patient with all of the testing required to detect a possible renal tumor?
prepare physically, psychosocially for these procedures and monitors carefully for signs and symptoms of dehydration and exhaustion.
Neprhosclerosis is primarily caused by_________ and__________
prolonged hypertension and diabetes
what is the electrolyte imbalance? chronic weight loss and fatiguability
protein deficit
proteinuria
protein in the urine
hematuria
red blood cells in the urine
the nurse is concerned that ran may experience reduced kidney blood flow. what symptoms would the nurse assess for?
reduced GFR, renal ischemia, tubular damage.
what is the electrolyte imbalance? fingerprinting on the sternum
sodium deficit
what is the electrolyte imbalance? rough, dry tongue, and thirst
sodium excess
nephron
structural and functional unit of kidney responsible for urine formation
micturition
urination or voiding
oliguria
urine output less than 0.5 mL/Kg/h
the nurse is administering calcium acetate(phosLo) to a patient with ESKD. When is the best time for the nurse to administer this medication?
with food
the nurse notes that a patient who is retaining fluid had a 1-kg weight gain. The nurse knows that this is equivalent to about how many mL?
1000 mL
A patient with ESKD is scheduled to have an arteriovenous fistula created. The nurse explains that the patient will have a temporary dialysis catheter because the fistula has to "mature." The nurse will explain that the patient will have to wait how long before using the fistula?
2-3 months
using Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, how often would edward need to dialyze himself?
4-5 times per day with no night exchanges
after the oliguric phase, Fran will experience a period of recovery. How long would the nurse expect the recovery period to last?
6-12 months
during the oliguric phase of AKI, what should Fran's protein intake for her 156lb body weight be?
70 g/24hours
the most common type of renal carcinoma arises from the renal epithelium and accounts for more than_______% of all kidney tumors
85%
the nurse is educating a patient who is required to restrict potassium intake. what foods would the nurse suggest the patient eliminate that are rich in potassium?
Citrus fruits
the primary cause of chronic kidney disease is?
Diabetes
the nurse is education Edward about the dietary modifications that are necessary to decrease the amount of accumulated waste products. what should the nurse be sure to include in the education?
edward should adopt a diet high in protein.
urea nitrogen
end product of protein metabolism
creatinine
endogenous waste product of muscle energy metabolism
renal glycosuria
excretion of glucose
specific gravity
expression of the degree of concentration of the urine
what is the electrolyte imbalance?oliguria and weight loss
fluid volume deficit
aldosterone
hormone released by adrenal cortex that causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium
antidiuretic hormone
hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water; also called vasopressin
name the clinical findings that the nurse would expect to find in a patient who has nephrotic syndrome
increased protein(albumin)in the urine. decrease albumin in the blood(hypoalbuminemia), diffuse edema, high cholesterol, and hyperlipidemia
the most accurate indicator of fluid loss or gain in an acutely ill patient is
weight
