Kin 2500 Exam 7

16) What's true about the muscle spindle?

- 2 are true

7) ANS releases:

- ACh and NE

8) ACh is released by:

- All preganglionic

2) Where would you find preganglionic nerves?

- Autonomic ganglion (white ramus)

17) Where are sensory neurons located?

- Center of intrafusal

10) Where are postganglion axons in the chain?

- Gray ramus

5) What are the cranial nerves that deal with terminal ganglion?

- III, VII, IX, X

13) Where are proprioceptors located?

- Joints

3) The cell body of preganglionic is located where?

- Lateral gray horn

11) NE released by:

- Most sympathetic postganglion

12) What receptors do not adapt?

- Nociceptors

6) Which ganglion goes to vagus nerve?

- None

15) Which has the heaviest stimulus?

- Pacinian

9) Medullary cells are stimulated by?

- Sympathetic preganglion

1) What division is in the parasympathetic?

- Terminal

4) Where are preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division located?

- Thoracolumbar

14) Which receptor is not located in the skin?

- photoreceptors

70) Which of the following proprioceptors contain dendrites of slowly adapting sensory neurons? 1. muscle spindles 2. tendon organs 3. joint kinesthetic receptors a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 2

1 and 2

20) Alpha and beta cells in the endocrine portion of the pancreas: 1. can be found in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) 2. secrete their hormones into the pancreatic duct 3 secrete hormones that regulate calcium levels in the body 4. are responsible for maintaining homeostatic levels of glucose 5. aid in the production of enzymes used for protein digestion a) 1 and 2 b) 2, 3 and 5 c) 4 only d) 1 and 4

1 and 4

33) What is a tropic hormone (tropin)? Give two examples secreted by the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis).

A tropic hormone is one that has, as its target tissue, another endocrine gland. For example, FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary have the ovaries and testes as target tissues.

19. Basal nuclei neurons

Help initiate and terminate movements, Suppress unwanted movements, Control of muscle tone

37) The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system has craniosacral outflow; the parasympathetic division has thoracolumbar outflow.

False

38) Sympathetic preganglionic axons (fibers) are, in general, longer than parasympathetic preganglionic axons (fibers).

False

39) The superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia are examples of prevertebral ganglia that innervate the heart and structures of the head.

False

41) In general, the postganglionic axons (fibers) of prevertebral ganglia of the sympathetic division innervate (stimulate) effectors above the diaphragm.

False

45) The lacrimal glands only receive parasympathetic innervation (stimulation).

False

48) All adrenergic alpha receptors are ALWAYS excitatory.

False

61) Adipose cells secrete leptin which functions to increase appetite.

False

67) Tendon organs contain intrafusal fibers.

False

35) Name the secretory cells of the thyroid gland, describe their location, list the hormones produced, and state the target cells of the hormones.

Follicular cells in the walls of the follicles produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which affect metabolism in almost all body cells. Parafollicular cells (C cells) in the outer regions of the follicle walls, or between follicles, produce calcitonin which helps lower blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone osteoclasts resorption.

10. Nociceptors (pain):

Free nerve endings, Large stimulus can stimulate them, Chemicals released from damaged tissue can stimulate them

12. Discriminate touch is perceived by:

Meissner corpuscle, Type 1 cutaneous

57) _____ secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). a) Gonadotrophs b) Delta cells c) Acini d) Islets

Gonadotrophs

20. Cerebellar neurons

Monitors differences between intended and actual movements, Reduce errors in movement, Coordinate body movement and helps maintain normal posture and balance

2. What neuron innervates the adrenal gland?

Sympathetic preganglionic

21) Which endocrine gland receives its blood supply from suprarenal arteries? a) thymus b) ovary c) adrenal d) testicle

adrenal

66) What is the endocrine gland labeled with the arrow? a) adrenal b) pineal c) thymus d) testis

adrenal

44) The adrenal gland functions as two separate endocrine glands: the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. Which ones effects mimic the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? a) adrenal medulla b) adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla

16) The following gland arises from ectoderm: a) thyroid. b) pancreas. c) thymus. d) adrenal medulla.

adrenal medulla.

18) Vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels is a(n) _____ response. a) cholinergic b) parasympathetic c) adrenergic d) voluntary

adrenergic

67) Autonomic neurons that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine are called _____ neurons. a) cholinergic b) dopaminergic c) seratonergic d) adrenergic

adrenergic

60) There are two destinations in the brain for proprioceptive information: the hypothalamus and the brainstem

false

68) Exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts, lumen of an organ, and blood vessels.

false

69) If hormone levels are low, the plasma membrane of a target cell will decrease the number of receptors in its membrane.

false

70) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is thought to be due to the underproduction and/or release of melatonin from the pineal gland.

false

66) Lower motor neurons that carry information from the CNS to skeletal muscle fibers form the _____. a) final common pathway b) medial lemniscus pathway c) corticobulbar pathway d) anterolateral pathway

final common pathway

3) Which of the following hormones has the ovaries and testes as its target tissue? a) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) b) relaxin (RLX) c) inhibin d) progesterone

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

42) Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) are produced by: a) parafollicular cells (C cells) b) chief (principal) cells c) follicular cells d) oxyphil cells

follicular cells

4) The _____ is the main link between the nervous system and the endocrine system, due to its control over secretory activities of the _____ gland. a) thalamus, pituitary b) hypothalamus, thyroid c) brain stem, thyroid d) hypothalamus, pituitary

hypothalamus, pituitary

53) There are three main ways to classify receptors: by _____, _____, and by _____.

location, type of stimulus, microscopic appearance

16) Final common pathways consist of: a) upper motor neurons. b) lower motor neurons. c) upper and lower motor neurons. d) interneurons.

lower motor neurons.

50) The pineal gland hormone that helps regulate the body's biological clock is _____. a) TSH b) thryroxine c) melanin d) melatonin

melatonin

17) "Tired OR Wired" can be thought of as a quick reference to thyroid gland dysfunctions. Thyroid gland disturbances will directly affect which homeostatic condition? a) sodium levels b) levels of circulating corticosteroids c) metabolic rate d) maturation of T lymphocytes

metabolic rate

22) The nervous system responds to change very quickly, but an individual response is very brief; whereas, the endocrine system's response takes longer to take effect, but it lasts for a longer period of time.

true

24) The anterior and posterior regions of the pituitary gland (hypophysis) both develop from ectoderm.

true

27) Cortisol, the main glucocorticoid from the zona fasciculata, depresses the immune response and inflammation.

true

28) Hormones of the adrenal medulla help prolong the fight-or-flight response (sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system).

true

28) Visceral senses and somatic senses are grouped together in the class called general senses.

true

32) The receptors for pain, temperature, itch and tickle are all free nerve endings.

true

33) Stimulation of nociceptors in the skin gives rise to superficial somatic pain.

true

34) Ascending somatic sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex consist of thousands of sets of three neurons: first-order neurons, second-order neurons, and third-order neurons.

true

35) Proprioception is the sense that provides an awareness of body positions and movements of parts of the body.

true

36) Identifying a paper clip by feeling it or reading Braille are both examples of stereognosis.

true

38) Proprioceptive information may be conveyed to the cerebellum via sensory neurons that travel in spinocerebellar tracts.

true

39) First-order neurons transmit signals from somatic receptors along cranial and spinal nerves into the brain stem and spinal cord respectively

true

40) Decussation of sensory pathways occurs before the pathway reaches the thalamus.

true

44) Bradykinesia, hypokinesia, tremor, and increased muscle tone are all symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

true

63) Splanchnic nerves carry sympathetic axons (fibers) from a/an _____ ganglion to a/an _____ ganglion.

sympathetic trunk (paravertebral or vertebral chain), prevertebral

56) The motor output component of the autonomic nervous system has two divisions: _____ and _____.

sympathetic, parasympathetic

20) Select the best description of the middle cervical ganglion: a) contains sympathetic preganglionic axons b) sympathetic; sends impulses along postganglionic axons to heart c) receives sympathetic preganglionic axons via thoracic splanchnic nerves d) contain sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies e) contain parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies

sympathetic; sends impulses along postganglionic axons to heart

58) There are two types of thermoreceptors: warm receptors in the dermis of the skin, and cold receptors located in the stratum basale of the epidermis

true

60) In the pancreas, beta cell secrete insulin.

true

49) The pineal gland is located near the roof of the _____ ventricle of the brain. a) third b) lateral c) second d) fourth

third

62) The cell bodies of _____-order sensory neurons are located in the thalamus. a) first b) second c) third d) fourth

third

68) The major control region for planning and initiating voluntary movements is the primary motor area (precentral gyrus) of the cortex.

true

64) The cranial nerve that carries most of the parasympathetic outflow is the _____.

vagus (X)

15) The endocrine gland that produces hormones that mediate the proliferation and maturation of T cells of the immune system is the _____. a) pancreas b) pineal c) thymus d) thyroid

thymus

62) What is the name of the endocrine gland indicated by the line? a) pituitary b) pancreas c) thymus d) thyroid

thymus

65) What is the endocrine gland labeled with the arrow? a) pituitary b) thymus c) pancreas d) thyroid

thyroid

56) Thyrotrophs secrete TSH, the hormone that controls the _____. a) adrenal cortex b) parathyroid gland c) thymus gland d) thyroid gland

thyroid gland

74) All of the following hormone levels decline with age EXCEPT a) human growth hormone. b) thyroid stimulating hormone. c) calcitonin. d) estrogen.

thyroid stimulating hormone.

4. Postganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in:

Autonomic ganglion or vertical chains (sympathetic trunk)

18. Local circuit neurons

Coordinate rhythmic activity in specific muscle groups

3. Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in:

Cranial nerves

42) The anterior corticospinal tracts cross over to the opposite side at the level of the medulla oblongata.

false

43) Parathyroid hormone (Parathormone) is produced by the follicular cells of the parathyroid

false

43) The rubrospinal, tectospinal, reticulospinal, and corticospinal tracts are all indirect pathways.

false

17) Which groups of neurons provide input to lower motor neurons? 1. local circuit neurons 2. upper motor neurons 3. basal nuclei neurons 4. cerebellar neurons a) 1, 2, 3, 4 b) 1, 3, 4 c) 1 and 3 only d) 1 and 2 only

1, 2, 3, 4

15) Which of the following is/are innervated ONLY by the sympathetic division? 1. arrector pili muscles 2. kidney arterioles 3. sweat glands 4. adipose tissue 5. skeletal muscle arterioles 6. brain arterioles 7. adrenal medulla

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

47) Outline the three classification systems for receptors. List the types of receptors according to each classification and give examples.

1. By microscopic appearance: free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings, and separate cells 2. By receptor location: exteroceptors, interoceptors, proprioceptors 3. By type of stimulus detected: mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, osmoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors

51) Name three spinal tracts that carry conscious sensory information. For each tract, describe the location and the types of sensations transmitted.

1. Posterior column-medial lemniscus 2. and 3. Anterior spinothalamic and lateral spinothalamic tracts See Table 20.3 for location and the types of sensations transmitted

46) A mosquito bites you on the wrist. Even before you look at the spot, your CNS has informed you of what has happened, and where. What neuronal events have occurred between the time the insect began to bite and the moment when you became aware?

1. Stimulation: activation of sensory neurons 2. Creation of a nerve impulse in a first-order sensory neuron 3. Conduction of nerve impulse to the CNS via the first-order neuron 4. Nerve impulse reaches the region in the CNS where it is transformed into a conscious perception.

32) List the five different types of secretory cells in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) together with the names of the hormones secreted by each.

1. somatotrophs-hGH 2. lactotrophs-PRL 3. corticotrophs-ACTH and MSH 4. thyrotrophs-TSH 5. gonadotrophs-FSH and LH

17. Percent of axons that decussate (crossover) via anterior corticospinal tracts

10%

4) The motor neurons of a sympathetic autonomic motor pathway have the following route: 1.gray ramus 2.anterior root of spinal nerve 3.axon collaterals 4.white ramus 5.nerve to a visceral effector 6.sympathetic trunk ganglion a) 2, 4, 6, 3, 1, 5 b) 2, 1, 6, 3, 4, 5 c) 2, 3, 1, 6, 4, 5 d) 2, 3, 4, 6, 1, 5

2, 4, 6, 3, 1, 5

16) Arrange the following components of an autonomic reflex arc in the proper order: 1. preganglionic motor neuron 2. receptor 3. integrating center (interneurons) 4. postganglionic motor neuron 5. visceral effector 6. autonomic ganglion 7. sensory neuron

2, 7, 3, 1, 6, 4, 5

12) The neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds with which of the following types of receptors? 1. alpha 2. beta 3. nicotinic 4. muscarinic a) 1, 2, 3, 4 b) 1, 2 only c) 3, 4 only d) 3 only

3, 4 only

52. Lateral corticospinal accounts for what percent of decussation

90%

65) Incoming sensory information is integrated; that is, it is processed and interpreted and a course of action is taken. At which of the following locations does the integration process occur? a) spinal cord and brain stem b) cerebellum c) cerebral cortex d) All of these choices are correct

All of these choices are correct

8) Autonomic plexuses in the thorax, abdomen and pelvis may contain a) sympathetic ganglia. b) axons of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. c) axons of autonomic sensory neurons. d) All of these choices.

All of these choices.

21. A homunculus is

Any representation of a human

6. Gray rami have:

Axons of sympathetic postganglionic neurons

5) White rami are associated only with thoracic spinal nerves and the first two or three lumbar spinal nerves. Gray rami are associated with all 31 pairs of spinal nerves. a) Both statements are true. b) Both statements are false.

Both statements are true.

46) _____ cells of the adrenal gland have the same embryonic origin as all sympathetic postganglionic neurons. a) Follicular b) Medullary c) Chief (principal) d) Chromaffin

Chromaffin

55) _____ cells secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE). a) Follicular b) Parafollicular c) Chromaffin d) Beta

Chromaffin

12. Second order neurons:

Conduct impulses from brainstem/spinal cord to the thalamus or have their cell bodies in the brainstem/spinal cord

11. First order neurons:

Conduct impulses from somatic receptors into brainstem or spinal cord

42. Inhibin inhibits

FSH

25) Oxyphil cells make up most of the volume of a normal parathyroid gland and are primarily responsible for producing parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone.

False

36) Dual innervation means that an organ is innervated (stimulated) by both the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems.

False

9. Sympathetic responses:

Increase rate and depth of breathing

36. Adrenal medulla secretes

NE

1. What two systems control the functionality of the human body?

Nervous and endocrine

45) A person is only truly in a coma when all reflex activity ceases.

false

18) Sudoriferous (sweat) glands of the integument would receive motor innervation carried in which spinal cord tract? a) lateral corticospinal b) anterior corticospinal c) lateral spinothalamic d) None of these choices

None of these choices

Which of the following statements is TRUE for the autonomic nervous system? a) Sensory signals are usually consciously perceived. b) The effect of motor neurons is always excitatory. c) Autonomic motor neurons only secrete Acetylcholine (ACh). d) None of these choices.

None of these choices.

7. Choose the best description of the vagus nerve

None of these: does not contribute to the head or have terminal ganglion

8. Adrenal receptors bind:

Norepinephrine

51) List the four cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic motor impulses. Three pairs of these nerves lead to four pairs of ganglia. Name the ganglia and state which cranial nerves connect to them.

Oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) carry parasympathetic impulses. The first three listed lead to ganglia as shown in Fig. 19.6.

48) What is referred pain? Using an example, explain how referred pain occurs.

Pain impulses from the viscera are often interpreted as coming from the skin either near to, or more removed from, the affected organ. The most common example is the pain of a heart attack. The area to which the pain is referred (medial aspect of left arm, skin over the left side of the chest) is served by the T1-T5 region of the cord, which also serves the heart.

54) _____ is the conscious awareness and interpretation of a sensation. a) Modality b) Adaptation c) Perception d) Integration e) Proprioception

Perception

34) Name the cells that are responsible for producing the hormones of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). Name the hormones together with their target tissues.

Posterior pituitary hormones are produced by the neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. The axons of these cells form the hypothalamohypophyseal tract, which carries the hormones into the posterior pituitary where they are stored in vesicles in the axon terminals. The two hormones and their target tissues are: OT (uterus and mammary glands), and ADH (kidneys).

55) _____ is defined as the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal conditions of the body. a) Sensation b) Adaptation c) Perception d) Reception

Sensation

16. Gracile fasciculus

Sensations for lower body

15. Cuneate fasciculus

Sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception to upper body

60. Best type of stretching

Static

61) _____ are proprioceptors located at the junction of a tendon and a muscle. a) Muscle spindles b) lamellated corpuscles (pacinian corpuscles) c) Tendon organs d) Extrafusal fibers

Tendon organs

7. Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons have cell bodies in:

Terminal ganglia

52) Name, locate, and briefly describe the functions of three descending tracts that are referred to as the direct pathways.

The corticospinal (anterior and lateral) and corticobulbar tracts See Table 20.4 for the locations and functions of these tracts.

14) Alpha and beta receptors are found in the sympathetic division. They exist on postganglionic neurons and on visceral effectors. a) Both statements are true. b) Both statements are false. c) The first statement is true; the second is false. d) The second statement is true; the first is false.

The first statement is true; the second is false

48) The two hormones produced by the testes are testosterone and relaxin.

false

2) The ability of a hormone to affect the activities of a particular cell depends on that cell having specific receptors with which the hormone molecules can bind. The number of receptors present in a target cell is a constant, invariable number. a) Both statements are true. b) Both statements are false. c) The first statement is true; the second is false. d) The second statement is true; the first is false.

The first statement is true; the second is false.

2) Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system is FALSE? a) Structurally, the autonomic nervous system consists of two main components: a sensory (input) component and a motor (output) component. b) Autonomic nervous system motor (output) pathways typically contain two motor neurons in series. c) The motor (output) division of the autonomic nervous system has three divisions: parasympathetic, sympathetic, and somatic. d) Autonomic nervous system stimulation may result in excitation or inhibition of smooth muscle or cardiac muscle, or a change in secretory activity in glands.

The motor (output) division of the autonomic nervous system has three divisions: parasympathetic, sympathetic, and somatic.

52) Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for an emergency situation? Describe the responses of the body that collectively are referred to as the fight-or-flight response.

The sympathetic division produces the fight-or-flight responses which are summarized in Table 19.3.

5. Combinations of what spinal divisions produce sympathetic responses?

Thoracic and lumbar

34) Preganglionic sympathetic axons (fibers) enter the sympathetic trunk ganglia via white rami communicantes.

True

35) A lateral gray horn could be found in the S2 (second sacral) spinal cord segment.

True

40) The cell bodies of all autonomic nervous system postganglionic axons (fibers) are located in autonomic ganglia.

True

42) The celiac ganglion and a mesenteric ganglion are examples of prevertebral ganglia.

True

43) Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the brain stem and in the lateral gray horns of the second through fourth sacral segments of the spinal cord.

True

44) Parasympathetic postganglionic axons (fibers) are very short because the terminal ganglia are very close to the structures they innervate (stimulate).

True

46) Nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors both interact with acetylcholine (ACh).

True

47) A single sympathetic preganglionic axon has many axon collaterals (branches) that can synapse with 20 or more postganglionic neurons. This divergence helps explain how sympathetic responses can affect most body parts simultaneously.

True

49) Two major plexuses of the enteric system are the myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexus.

True

50) The hypothalamus is the major control and integration center of the autonomic nervous system.

True

52) Thyroid follicular cells secrete calcitonin.

false

47. Differentiate ANS neurons from the SNS neurons

a. 2 efferent neurons in ANS

40. Addison's disease is associated with

a. Adrenal gland

22. Which of the following are innervated only by sympathetic division

a. Adrenal medulla

31. Cells that increase blood glucose

a. Alpha cells

32. Cells that decrease blood glucose

a. Beta cells

37. Hyperparathyroidism causes

a. Bones to become soft and easily fractured

55. Third order neurons

a. Conduct impulses from the thalamus to the somatosensory area cortex

43. Flaccid paralysis is caused by

a. Damage to lower motor neurons

44. Spastic paralysis is caused by

a. Damage to upper neurons

33. Cells that inhibit insulin secretion

a. Delta cells

41. Hormone that increases rate of RBC formation

a. EPO

45. Alpha motor neurons innervates

a. Extrafusal muscle fibers

48. Corticobulbar tracts

a. Eyes b. Tongue c. Chewing

39. Myxedema hypothyroidism occurs more in

a. Females

53. Intrafusal muscle fibers contract when stimulated by

a. Gamma motor neurons

23. Corticobular tract conveys impulses for

a. Head and neck

26. Master of the pituitary gland is

a. Hypothalamus

57. Adrenal gland located superior of what

a. Kidneys

58. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons located where

a. Lateral horns of gray matter

34. Pineal gland secretes

a. Melatonin

38. Congenital hypothyroidism causes

a. Mental retardation

28. OT is

a. Oxytocin

24. Brady kinesia is related to

a. Parkinson's disease

49. Vagus nerve main function

a. Passes through thorax and sends axons to the heart and to the airways of the lungs

29. Acromegaly is associated with

a. Pituitary gland

59. Somatic sensations which doesn't belong

a. Proprioception b. Itch c. Tickle d. Pain... all belong

56. Cerebellar neurons

a. Reduce error in movement

35. Disease associated with pineal gland

a. SAD

46. Adrenergic nerve fibers found where

a. Sympathetic postganglionic

54. Tendon organs are at the junction of

a. Tendons and muscles

30. Goiter is associated with

a. Thyroid gland

27. The pituitary secrets

a. hGH b. FSH

13) Which of the following are NOT a part of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)? a) acini b) alpha cells c) beta cells d) F-cells

acini

47) Which of the following is NOT a cell type of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)? a) beta b) acini c) F d) delta

acini

9) Which of the following is an adrenal gland hormone that is essential for life? a) aldosterone b) norepinephrine (NE) c) insulin d) epinephrine

aldosterone

59) In the adrenal cortex, zona glomerulosa cells secrete a) androgens. b) calcitonin. c) cortisol. d) aldosterone.

aldosterone.

13) Activation of nicotinic receptors by acetylcholine (ACh) triggers which response in a postsynaptic cell? a) always excitatory b) always inhibitory c) can be excitatory or inhibitory d) no response as ACh does not activate nicotinic receptors

always excitatory

40) Hypothalamic hormones travel via the primary plexus, the hypophyseal portal veins, and the secondary plexus, where they diffuse into the _____. a) anterior pituitary b) posterior pituitary c) neurohypophysis d) thalamus

anterior pituitary

53) Somatotrophs are cells located in the _____ which secrete _____. a) posterior pituitary; oxytocin (OT) b) anterior pituitary; thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) c) hypothalamus; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) d) anterior pituitary; human growth hormone (hGH)

anterior pituitary; human growth hormone (hGH)

18) A basilar skull fracture which injures the hypophyseal fossa (seat of the sella turcica) of the sphenoid bone will directly affect the release of: a) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also called vasopressin b) calcitonin c) aldosterone d) All of these choices.

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also called vasopressin

14) The group of tracts called the lateral corticospinal tracts, anterior corticospinal tracts, and corticobulbar tracts: a) are the direct motor pathways. b) are the anterolateral pathways. c) are the indirect motor pathways. d) are the direct and indirect motor pathways.motor pathways.

are the direct motor pathways.

64) The arrow is pointing to which structure? a) paraventricular nucleus b) supraoptic nucleus c) infundibular venous plexus d) axons of neurosecretory cells

axons of neurosecretory cells

32) Select the best description of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons: a) cell bodies are in the lateral gray horns of all thoracic and all lumbar spinal segments b) axons tend to be short c) cell bodies are in sympathetic trunk ganglia (vertebral chain ganglia) or prevertebral ganglia d) cell bodies are in the brain stem nuclei of the oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves e) axons tend to be long

axons tend to be short

71) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) release affects target cells in which two organs? a) thymus and thyroid b) bone and kidney c) liver and brain d) pancreas and thyroid

bone and kidney

67) Estrogens are produced by cells in the: 1. ovaries. 2. placenta. 3. adrenal cortex. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) both 1 & 2

both 1 & 2

11) Estrogens are produced by cells in the: 1. ovaries. 2. placenta. 3. adrenal cortex. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) both 1 and 2.

both 1 and 2.

12) The hormone inhibin is produced by the: 1. ovaries. 2. testes. 3. pancreas. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) both 1 and 2.

both 1 and 2.

15) Upper motor neurons of the indirect pathways begin in the: a) cerebral cortex. b) brain stem. c) thalamus. d) spinal cord.

brain stem.

54) Parafollicular (C cells) cells secrete _____. a) parathyroid hormone (PTH) b) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) c) calcitonin

calcitonin

41) Parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland produce the hormone _____, which helps to regulate the level of _____ in the blood. a) parathromone; potassium b) calcitonin; sodium c) calcitonin; calcium d) PTH; calcium

calcitonin; calcium

58) The major autonomic plexuses of the thorax are the _____ plexus and the ______ plexus.

cardiac, pulmonary

5) The hypophyseal portal veins: a) supply blood to the primary plexus capillaries in the base of the hypothalamus. b) carry hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary. c) receive anterior pituitary hormones as they are secreted. d) receive posterior pituitary hormones via the plexus of the infundibular process.

carry hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary.

25) Select the best description of the axons that leave the brain as part of the vagus (X) nerves: a) carry parasympathetic impulses to terminal ganglia in most organs of the ventral cavity b) sympathetic; sends impulses along postganglionic axons to heart c) receives sympathetic preganglionic axons via thoracic splanchnic nerves d) contain sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies e) contain parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies

carry parasympathetic impulses to terminal ganglia in most organs of the ventral cavity

7) Which of the following is NOT a parasympathetic terminal ganglion? a) pterygopalatine b) otic c) celiac d) submandibular

celiac

57) The largest autonomic plexus is the _____ plexus in the abdomen.

celiac (solar)

31) Select the best description of the sympathetic postganglionic neurons: a) cell bodies are in the lateral gray horns of all thoracic and first two or three lumbar spinal segments b) axons tend to be short c) cell bodies are in sympathetic trunk ganglia (vertebral chain ganglia) or prevertebral ganglia d) cell bodies are in the brain stem nuclei of the oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves e) axons are myelinated

cell bodies are in sympathetic trunk ganglia (vertebral chain ganglia) or prevertebral ganglia

33) Select the best description of the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons: a) cell bodies are in terminal ganglia b) axons are myelinated c) cell bodies are in sympathetic trunk ganglia (vertebral chain ganglia) or prevertebral ganglia d) cell bodies are in the brain stem nuclei of the oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves e) axons tend to be long

cell bodies are in terminal ganglia

29) Select the best description of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons: a) cell bodies are in the lateral gray horns of all thoracic and first two or three lumbar spinal segments b) axons tend to be short c) cell bodies are in sympathetic trunk ganglia (vertebral chain ganglia) or prevertebral ganglia d) cell bodies are in the brain stem nuclei of the oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves e) axons are unmyelinated

cell bodies are in the brain stem nuclei of the oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves

41) The majority of commands from the motor cortex to skeletal muscles travel via the anterior corticospinal tracts in the spinal cord.

false

30) Select the best description of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons: a) cell bodies are in the lateral gray horns of all thoracic and first two or three lumbar spinal segments b) axons are unmyelinated c) cell bodies are in sympathetic trunk ganglia (vertebral chain ganglia) or prevertebral ganglia d) cell bodies are in the brain stem nuclei of the oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves e) axons tend to be long

cell bodies are in the lateral gray horns of all thoracic and first two or three lumbar spinal segments

60) The _____ portion of the sympathetic trunk innervates (stimulates) the heart, sweat glands of the head, the smooth muscle of the eye, and blood vessels in the head.

cervical

72) Which endocrine cell releases parathyroid hormone? a) pinealocytes b) beta cells c) parafollicular cells d) chief cells

chief cells

22) Select the best description of the nuclei in the brain stem: a) carries parasympathetic impulses to terminal ganglia in most organs of the ventral cavity b) sympathetic; sends impulses along postganglionic axons to heart c) receives sympathetic preganglionic axons via thoracic splanchnic nerves d) contain sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies e) contain parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies

contain parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies

24) Select the best description of the thoracic and lumbar lateral gray horns: a) contains sympathetic preganglionic axons b) sympathetic; sends impulses along postganglionic axons to heart c) receives sympathetic preganglionic axons via thoracic splanchnic nerves d) contain sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies e) contain parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies

contain sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies

21) Select the best description of a white ramus: a) contains sympathetic preganglionic axons b) sympathetic; sends impulses along postganglionic axons to heart c) receives sympathetic preganglionic axons via thoracic splanchnic nerves d) contain sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies e) contain parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies

contains sympathetic preganglionic axons

26) Select the best description for the function of the corticobulbar tract: a) impulses for coordination of movements of the trunk and proximal parts of the limbs b) impulses that move the head and eyes in response to visual stimuli c) conveys nerve impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles of head and neck to coordinate precise, voluntary movements d) impulses for subconscious proprioception e) impulses for precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

conveys nerve impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles of head and neck to coordinate precise, voluntary movements

75) Which cell of the pituitary gland releases hormones that target the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex? a) somatotroph b) thyrotroph c) gonadotroph d) lactotroph e) corticotroph

corticotroph

3) Somatic motor neurons synapse with which of the following? a) an autonomic ganglion b) the adrenal medulla c) directly with a visceral effector d) directly with skeletal muscle cells

directly with skeletal muscle cells

55) An organ that is served by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system is said to have _____ innervation.

dual

1) Which of the following is a space or fluid in which you would NOT expect to find a hormone? a) blood plasma b) interstitial fluid c) duct d) capillaries

duct

65) Which division of the autonomic nervous system is the specialized network of nerves and ganglia forming a complex, integrated neuronal network within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and gallbladder ? a) sympathetic b) parasympathetic c) enteric d) somatic

enteric

56) Which of the following is classified as a special sense? a) touch b) pain c) equilibrium d) vibration

equilibrium

23) The quantity of hormone produced by an endocrine gland varies, but the number of receptors on its target tissues remains stable.

false

26) The parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

false

29) Endocrine portions of the pancreas are called acini.

false

29) Modality of receptors refers to the fact that a receptor will only respond if a stimulus is of sufficient strength.

false

30) Thymosin and other thymic hormones influence the maturation of B cells (B-lymphocytes) in the thymus gland.

false

30) Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors, found deep in the dermis, function as receptors for touch as well as for pressure.

false

31) The pituitary (hypophysis) and adrenal glands are similar in that each gland has two distinct regions: one that develops from ectoderm, and one that develops from endoderm.

false

31) Visceral pain occurs when nociceptors in internal organs, skeletal muscles, tendons, or joints are stimulated.

false

37) The gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus are found in the anterior column of the spinal cord.

false

58) In the pancreas, alpha cells secrete a) pancreatic juice b) T4 c) insulin d) glucagon

glucagon

19) Spinal nerve C4 receives postganglionic sympathetic axons (fibers) from: a) terminal ganglia b) gray rami communicantes c) white rami communicantes d) dorsal root ganglia

gray rami communicantes

11) Acetylcholine in the autonomic nervous system: a) is found only in the parasympathetic division. b) is not rapidly broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as it is in the somatic nervous system. c) has effects for a very brief time, compared to the effects of other autonomic neurotransmitters. d) always has excitatory effects.

has effects for a very brief time, compared to the effects of other autonomic neurotransmitters.

63) The lines are pointing to which of the following? a) superior hypophyseal artery b) hypophyseal portal veins c) inferior hypophyseal artery d) posterior hypophyseal veins

hypophyseal portal veins

36) Which of the following is the major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems? a) hypothalamus b) anterior pituitary c) thalamus d) pineal e) posterior pituitary

hypothalamus

69) The _____ is the major control and integration center of the autonomic nervous system. a) thalamus b) cerebrum c) hypothalamus d) cerebellum

hypothalamus

38) The infundibulum attaches the _____ to the _____. a) anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary b) pituitary gland; thalamus c) hypothalamus; pituitary gland d) posterior pituitary; pineal gland e) thyroid gland; parathyroid gland

hypothalamus; pituitary gland

20) Select the best description for the function of the posterior column-medial lemniscus: a) impulses for conscious proprioception and most tactile sensations b) impulses for pain and temperature sensations c) impulses for itch, tickle, crude touch, and pressure sensations d) impulses for subconscious proprioception e) impulses for coordination of precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

impulses for conscious proprioception and most tactile sensations

27) Select the best description for the function of the anterior corticospinal tract: a) impulses for coordination of movements of the trunk and proximal parts of the limbs b) impulses that move the head and eyes in response to visual stimuli c) conveys nerve impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles of head and neck to coordinate precise, voluntary movements d) impulses for subconscious proprioception e) impulses for precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

impulses for coordination of movements of the trunk and proximal parts of the limbs

23) Select the best description for the function of the anterior spinothalamic tract: a) impulses for conscious proprioception and most tactile sensations b) impulses for pain and temperature sensations c) impulses for itch, tickle, crude touch and pressure sensations d) impulses for subconscious proprioception e) impulses for coordination of precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

impulses for itch, tickle, crude touch and pressure sensations

22) Select the best description for the function of the lateral spinothalamic tract: a) impulses for conscious proprioception and most tactile sensations b) impulses for pain and temperature sensations c) impulses for itch, tickle, crude touch and pressure sensations d) impulses for subconscious proprioception e) impulses for coordination of precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

impulses for pain and temperature sensations

25) Select the best description for the function of the lateral corticospinal tract: a) impulses for coordination of movements of the trunk and proximal parts of the limbs b) impulses that move the head and eyes in response to visual stimuli c) conveys nerve impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles of head and neck to coordinate precise, voluntary movements d) impulses for subconscious proprioception e) impulses for precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

impulses for precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

21) Select the best description for the function of the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts: a) impulses for conscious proprioception and most tactile sensations b) impulses for pain and temperature sensations c) impulses for itch, tickle, crude touch and pressure sensations d) impulses for subconscious proprioception e) impulses for coordination of precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

impulses for subconscious proprioception e) impulses for coordination of precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

24) Select the best description for the function of the tectospinal tract: a) impulses for coordination of movements of the trunk and proximal parts of the limbs b) impulses that move the head and eyes in response to visual or auditory stimuli c) conveys nerve impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles of head and neck to coordinate precise, voluntary movements d) impulses for subconscious proprioception e) impulses for precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

impulses that move the head and eyes in response to visual or auditory stimuli

10) Autonomic neurons that secrete the neurotransmitter acetylcholine: a) are called adrenergic. b) include all postganglionic neurons. c) include all preganglionic neurons. d) all sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

include all preganglionic neurons.

9) Which of the following responses is a result of sympathetic stimulation? a) decreased heart rate b) decreased diameter (constriction) of the pupils c) increased digestive secretions d) increased rate and depth of breathing

increased rate and depth of breathing

27) Select the best description of the ciliary ganglia: a) carry parasympathetic impulses to terminal ganglia in most organs of the ventral cavity b) send impulses via parasympathetic postganglionic axons to the parotid glands c) receive sympathetic preganglionic axons via thoracic splanchnic nerves d) innervate the smooth muscle of the eyeball via parasympathetic axons e) send postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the lacrimal glands

innervate the smooth muscle of the eyeball via parasympathetic axons

69) Gamma motor neurons are responsible for the innervation of _____ fibers of the muscle spindle. a) extrafusal b) intrafusal

intrafusal

8) Thyroxine (T4) is a hormone that: a) is produced by parafollicular cells ( C cells). b) is secreted along with T3 into the follicles of the thyroid gland. c) is also known as triiodothyronine. d) causes myxedema when produced in excess.

is secreted along with T3 into the follicles of the thyroid gland.

7) The two lobes of the thyroid gland are joined by a mass of tissue called the _____. a) isthmus b) parathyroid c) infundibulum d) follicle

isthmus

6) Which of the following are NOT direct targets of anterior pituitary hormones? a) mammary glands b) kidneys c) thyroid gland d) adrenal cortex

kidneys

59) Receptors for pressure and vibration that consist of an oval multi-layered capsule surrounding a dendrite, and that are located in the skin as well as subcutaneous and submucosal tissues, are called _____. a) lamellated corpuscles (pacinian corpuscles) b) corpuscles of touch (Meissner corpuscles) c) type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors (tactile discs) d) Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Ruffini corpuscles)

lamellated corpuscles (pacinian corpuscles)

57) Deep somatic pain arises from stimulation of _____ in skeletal muscles and joints. a) proprioceptors b) nociceptors c) photoreceptors d) thermoreceptors e) osmoreceptors

nociceptors

73) Secretin, Cholecystokinin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide target which abdominopelvic gland? a) spleen b) pancreas c) gallbladder d) small intestine

pancreas

10) Which of the following pairs of terms is INCORRECTLY matched? a) insulin; secreted by beta cells b) glucagon; secreted by alpha cells c) somatostatin; secreted by delta cells d) pancreatic polypeptide; inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon

pancreatic polypeptide; inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon

17) Bronchoconstriction brought on by various allergens is a _____ response. a) sympathetic b) parasympathetic c) visceral afferent d) somatic

parasympathetic

68) The _____ division of the autonomic nervous system is mostly responsible for regulating restorative, energy-conserving body activities. a) sympathetic b) parasympathetic c) somatic

parasympathetic

71) The anterior and medial portions of the hypothalamus control the _____ division of the autonomic nervous system. a) sympathetic b) parasympathetic c) somatic

parasympathetic

19) Which endocrine gland is part of the epithalamus? a) pituitary b) hypothalamus c) pineal d) thymus

pineal

64) The _____ pathway conducts impulses for conscious proprioception and most tactile sensations. a) anterior corticospinal b) posterior column-medial lemniscus c) spinothalamic d) tectospinal

posterior column-medial lemniscus

39) The pituitary gland consists of two anatomically and functionally separate portions; the smaller _____ is composed of _____ tissue. a) posterior pituitary; glandular b) posterior pituitary; neural c) anterior pituitary; glandular d) anterior pituitary; neural

posterior pituitary; neural

59) In almost all cases, synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division occur either in _____ ganglia or in _____ ganglia.

prevertebral, sympathetic trunk (vertebral chain or paravertebral)

51) Milk production in the mammary glands is initiated by a) prolactin (PRL) b) relaxin c) inhibin d) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

prolactin (PRL)

23) Select the best description of the celiac ganglion: a) contains sympathetic preganglionic axons b) sympathetic; sends impulses along postganglionic axons to heart c) receives sympathetic preganglionic axons via thoracic splanchnic nerves d) contain sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies e) contain parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies

receives sympathetic preganglionic axons via thoracic splanchnic nerves

37) Hormones affect a target cell by binding to specific hormone _____ on the cell membrane or in its interior. a) carbohydrates b) cholesterols c) lipids d) receptors e) glycoproteins

receptors

63) Axons of _____-order neurons cross over to the other side in the brain or spinal cord before ascending to the thalamus. a) first b) second c) third d) upper

second

26) Select the best description of the otic ganglia: a) carry parasympathetic impulses to terminal ganglia in most organs of the ventral cavity b) send impulses via parasympathetic postganglionic axons to the parotid salivary glands c) receive sympathetic preganglionic axons via thoracic splanchnic nerves d) innervate the smooth muscle of the eyeball via parasympathetic axons e) send postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the lacrimal glands

send impulses via parasympathetic postganglionic axons to the parotid salivary glands

28) Select the best description of the pterygopalatine ganglia: a) carry parasympathetic impulses to terminal ganglia in most organs of the ventral cavity b) send impulses via parasympathetic postganglionic axons to the parotid glands c) receive sympathetic preganglionic axons via thoracic splanchnic nerves d) innervate the smooth muscle of the eyeball via parasympathetic axons e) send postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the lacrimal glands

send postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the lacrimal glands

6) Which of the following is NOT part of the sympathetic division? a) gray rami b) splanchnic nerves c) celiac ganglion d) submandibular ganglion

submandibular ganglion

61) The facial (VII) cranial nerves carry parasympathetic preganglionic axons (fibers) to two pairs of terminal ganglia: the _____ and the _____ ganglia.

submandibular, pterygopalatine

62) The lateral gray horns of the thoracic region contain cell bodies of _____ (sympathetic or parasympathetic) preganglionic neurons.

sympathetic

66) Autonomic innervation (stimulation) from the _____ division results in vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the dermis of the skin. a) sympathetic b) parasympathetic c) somatic d) None of these choices

sympathetic

70) The posterior and lateral portions of the hypothalamus control the _____ division of the autonomic nervous system. a) sympathetic b) parasympathetic c) somatic

sympathetic

19) Somatic afferent fibers relaying information regarding the position of the ankle joint _____. a) travel in the lateral corticospinal tract b) travel in the anterior corticospinal tract c) synapse in the gracile nucleus of the medulla d) do NOT synapse in the thalamus

synapse in the gracile nucleus of the medulla

71) Which of the following proprioceptors have a thin capsule of connective tissue enclosing a few bundles of collagen fibers? a) muscle spindles b) tendon organs c) joint kinesthetic receptors d) muscle spindles and tendon organs

tendon organs

14) The hormone that functions to promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics is: a) follicle-stimulating hormone. b) testosterone. c) luteinizing hormone. d) human growth hormone.

testosterone.

45) Hormones that regulate sodium and potassium levels in the blood are secreted by the _____ region of the adrenal cortex. a) zona reticularis b) zona fasciculata c) medullary zone d) zona glomerulosa

zona glomerulosa