KIN 3304: Human Structure Ch 11

herniated nucleus pulposus

'slipped disc' due to weakened CT annulus fibrosus under compression or trauma, the nucleus pulposus (inner CT) can slip through the annulus fibrosus often requires sugery; if pushed back posteriorly it can compress a spinal nerve

Functions of the spinal column

- Protect axial nervous system and several organs - Provide structural support - Maintain upright posture - Enable flexible motion - Support and protect the skull

thoracic region, under the cervical region, has ___ vertebrae

12

there are ____ transverse processes and ___ spinous process

2; 1

there are _____ anterior curves (lumbar and cervical regions) and ____ posterior curve (thoracic region)

2; 1

collectively, the spinal column and trunk move in all ___ planes

3

the lateral view of the spinal column shows ______ curvatures

3

_____ pairs of spinal nerves branch out from spinal cord thats protected by the spinal column

31

The spinal column is composed of _____ bones stacked into a column

33

The lumbar region has ____ vertebrae

5

there are ____ distinct sections to the spinal column

5

vertebral column

A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord. 24 total vertebrae; free moving; 9 fused

Kyphosis (hunchback)

An excessive curvature in the thoracic portion of the vertebral column.

first 2 vertebrae (C1 and C2) are also referred to as

Atlas and Axis, respectively.

atlas and axis

C1 and C2, the first 2 cervical vertebrae atlas articulates to the occipital bone and axis with atlas C1 unique shape; different from rest of cervical vertebrae, allows for movement of the head

Lordosis (swayback)

Excessive curvature in the lumbar portion of the vertebral column can be caused by pregnancy

Flat back

Position in which the legs are in parallel, the back is kept flat, parallel to the floor, with the torso hinged at the hips.

lateral flexion

Side-bending left or right cervical- tilting head left or right lumbar- tilting upper body left or right

Scoliosis

an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine; more commonly known usually occurs in thoracic but can happen in cervical and lumbar as well; should be NO side to side curve can be undiagnosed or need surgery

spinal flexion

anterior movement of spine; in cervical region the head moves toward chest; in lumbar region the thorax moves toward pelvis

psoas major and minor

anterior muscles; can move pelvis or spine spinal lateral flexion- ipsilateral side pelvic lateral rotation- contralateral side origin: lumbar vertabrae inserts:lesser trochanter and pubis action: anterior pelvic rotation, flexion, extension, rotation, transverse pelvic rotation at the HIP and lumbar flexion and lateral flexion at the SPINE application:raises and lowers lower extremities from floor while supine (leg raises)- can strain lower back as will pull on lower back while raising thighs; contracts in sit-ups when hips are NOT flexed (when legs are laid flat out in front , NOT bent)

anterior thoracic muscles attach from bone to ____________ (fascia)

aponeurosis

erector spinae pt. 2

applications: functions best with posterior pelvis rotation bc it lengthens the muscle big postural muscle strengthened by dead lifts and back extension exercises

Vertebrae are considered what

arthrodial plane joints

tendinous inscriptions

bands of fibrous tissue that divide rectus abdominus into repeated segments (6-pack)

Atlantoccipital joint (OA)

between atlas and occipital bone condyloid joint occipital condyles (skull) on 1st vertebra flexion (chin to chest)., extension (tilt head back) , slight lateral flexion (tilt head side to side)

many muscles of the thorax are deep and are involved in _______________

breathing

the first 7 vertebrae in the spinal column are called the ___________ region

cervical

Rotation

cervical - lots in this region, head turning left or right lumbar- combined movement of lumbar spine

intervertebral discs

contains: annulus fibrosus- outer CT (tougher) nucleus pulposus- inner portion , allows for movement (squishy) functions: space the vertebrae to allow nerve roots to pass shock absorption allows compression in all directions

Transvere abdominus

deepest layer of abdominal muscles; most internal action: forced expiration and helps compress the ribs and viscera ; holds everything in application: core stability strengthen: isometric contraction (plank)

Splenius

divides into cervicis and capitis; posterior muscle extension of the head and cervical spine, as you tilt your head back it helps with that movement lateral flexion and rotation to ipsilateral side

vertebrae increase in size as you move _______ the spinal column

down (inferior end)

Spinalis

erector spinae group

Iliocostalis

extend and laterally flex the vertebral column

internal oblique abdominal

fibers run opposite direction than external oblique action: lumbar flexion, lumbar lateral flexion to ipsilateral side, lumbar lateral rotation to ipsilateral side, posterior pelvic rotation, lateral pelvic rotation to contralateral side lateral rotation is different between internal and external oblique bc the way the muscle fibers run

if you have your legs laid straight out in front of you while doing crunches then your hip ___________ will come into play

flexors

Transverse process of vertebra

forms joint with ribs in thoracic region, site for muscle attachment in lumbar region

the _______ and __________ of the rib insert into the thoracic vertebrae

head; tubercle

articulation between vertebrae happens between _________ articular facet and _________ articular facet

inferior (of top vertebra); superior (of bottom vertebra)

Longissimus

intermediate muscle of the erector spinae

ipsilateral/contralateral

ipsilateral: same side (spine) contralateral: opposite side (pelvis)

Vertebrae are considered ________ bones.

irregular

both the transverse and spinous processes are sites for _____________

ligament and muscle attachment

erector spinae

long muscle that runs from occipital bone (skull) to hip/pelvis all 3 muscles that make up this muscle have 3 sections: cervices thoraces lumborum function: extend the spine (posterior muscles); laterally flex; rotate if you bend FORWARD from the spine, these 3 will not be involved

xiphoid process

lower, narrow portion of the sternum

in a pregnant woman, the _________ curve becomes more distinct

lumbar

Sternum

manubrium, body, xiphoid process 7 pairs of true ribs attach directly to sternum and 5 pairs of false ribs

movement between any 2 vertebrae is ___________

minimal

external oblique abdominal

named due to the way the muscle fibers run action: lumbar flexion, lumbar lateral flexion to ipsilateral side, lumbar lateral rotation to contralateral side, posterior pelvic rotation, lateral pelvic rotation to contralateral side

Quadtratus Lumborum

origin- posterior iliac crest insert- some of the lumbar spine and one of the ribs functions: flexion to ipsilateral side, lumbar extension, stabilizes pelvis and lumbar, anterior pelvic rotation, lateral pelvic rotation to contralateral side application: elevates the pelvis on the same side as standing

Sternocleidomastoid

origin: sternum and clavicle (anterior) insertion: mastoid process (posterior) more lateral muscle; similar to gluteus medius; it can do anterior and posterior movements to an extent

atlantoaxial joint

pivot joint between atlas and axis more movement than between other vertebra; rotation atlas rotates around the dens

Dens (C2 Axis)

projection that sticks up and fits into the opening of the atlas (C1)

Spinous process of vertebra

projects posteriorly; when you bend over you can feel this

spinal extension

return from flexion or posterior movement of spine; in cervical spine, head moves away from the chest & thorax moves away from pelvis

the '4th' curvature in the spinal column would be in the ___________ region

sacrococcygeal

the sacral region has 5 vertebrae but they are fused together to form the ________

sacrum

less movement in thoracic region bc it is anchored to the __________ through the ribs

sternum

rectus abdominis pt 2

strengthened by sit-ups and crunches sitting up ALL the way uses hip flexors visible in relatively lean person with well developed abdominals (6-pack)

rectus abdominis

superficial abdominal muscle layer; anterior actions: lumbar flexion and weak lateral flexion to ipsilateral side application: forced expiration and controls tilt of the pelvis and curvature of lumbar spine

body of sternum

the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum

manubrium

the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

body of vertebrae

the thick, disc-shaped anterior portion which is the weight bearing portion

there is less movement in the __________ region than the __________ and __________ regions

thoracic; lumbar and cervical

all ribs attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae T/F?

true

combined movement from several vertebrae allows for substantial movement T/F?

true

people tend to focus more on the anterior side of the body but working out the posterior (back) is very important also T/F?

true

posterior and anterior muscles are core muscles bc they support and stabilize T/F?

true

the spinal column is the most complex part of the body other than the CNS. T/F?

true

the sternum is the anterior attachment point of the true ribs and the thoracic vertebrae is the posterior attachment point T/F?

true

you name what type of pelvis rotation is occurring based on what side is dropping T/F?

true

Low back pain

very common; sitting at a desk or in general all day doesnt put you in a natural position 'slouching' take the spinal column out of its natural curves