KIN 3304: Human Structure Ch 11
herniated nucleus pulposus
'slipped disc' due to weakened CT annulus fibrosus under compression or trauma, the nucleus pulposus (inner CT) can slip through the annulus fibrosus often requires sugery; if pushed back posteriorly it can compress a spinal nerve
Functions of the spinal column
- Protect axial nervous system and several organs - Provide structural support - Maintain upright posture - Enable flexible motion - Support and protect the skull
thoracic region, under the cervical region, has ___ vertebrae
12
there are ____ transverse processes and ___ spinous process
2; 1
there are _____ anterior curves (lumbar and cervical regions) and ____ posterior curve (thoracic region)
2; 1
collectively, the spinal column and trunk move in all ___ planes
3
the lateral view of the spinal column shows ______ curvatures
3
_____ pairs of spinal nerves branch out from spinal cord thats protected by the spinal column
31
The spinal column is composed of _____ bones stacked into a column
33
The lumbar region has ____ vertebrae
5
there are ____ distinct sections to the spinal column
5
vertebral column
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord. 24 total vertebrae; free moving; 9 fused
Kyphosis (hunchback)
An excessive curvature in the thoracic portion of the vertebral column.
first 2 vertebrae (C1 and C2) are also referred to as
Atlas and Axis, respectively.
atlas and axis
C1 and C2, the first 2 cervical vertebrae atlas articulates to the occipital bone and axis with atlas C1 unique shape; different from rest of cervical vertebrae, allows for movement of the head
Lordosis (swayback)
Excessive curvature in the lumbar portion of the vertebral column can be caused by pregnancy
Flat back
Position in which the legs are in parallel, the back is kept flat, parallel to the floor, with the torso hinged at the hips.
lateral flexion
Side-bending left or right cervical- tilting head left or right lumbar- tilting upper body left or right
Scoliosis
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine; more commonly known usually occurs in thoracic but can happen in cervical and lumbar as well; should be NO side to side curve can be undiagnosed or need surgery
spinal flexion
anterior movement of spine; in cervical region the head moves toward chest; in lumbar region the thorax moves toward pelvis
psoas major and minor
anterior muscles; can move pelvis or spine spinal lateral flexion- ipsilateral side pelvic lateral rotation- contralateral side origin: lumbar vertabrae inserts:lesser trochanter and pubis action: anterior pelvic rotation, flexion, extension, rotation, transverse pelvic rotation at the HIP and lumbar flexion and lateral flexion at the SPINE application:raises and lowers lower extremities from floor while supine (leg raises)- can strain lower back as will pull on lower back while raising thighs; contracts in sit-ups when hips are NOT flexed (when legs are laid flat out in front , NOT bent)
anterior thoracic muscles attach from bone to ____________ (fascia)
aponeurosis
erector spinae pt. 2
applications: functions best with posterior pelvis rotation bc it lengthens the muscle big postural muscle strengthened by dead lifts and back extension exercises
Vertebrae are considered what
arthrodial plane joints
tendinous inscriptions
bands of fibrous tissue that divide rectus abdominus into repeated segments (6-pack)
Atlantoccipital joint (OA)
between atlas and occipital bone condyloid joint occipital condyles (skull) on 1st vertebra flexion (chin to chest)., extension (tilt head back) , slight lateral flexion (tilt head side to side)
many muscles of the thorax are deep and are involved in _______________
breathing
the first 7 vertebrae in the spinal column are called the ___________ region
cervical
Rotation
cervical - lots in this region, head turning left or right lumbar- combined movement of lumbar spine
intervertebral discs
contains: annulus fibrosus- outer CT (tougher) nucleus pulposus- inner portion , allows for movement (squishy) functions: space the vertebrae to allow nerve roots to pass shock absorption allows compression in all directions
Transvere abdominus
deepest layer of abdominal muscles; most internal action: forced expiration and helps compress the ribs and viscera ; holds everything in application: core stability strengthen: isometric contraction (plank)
Splenius
divides into cervicis and capitis; posterior muscle extension of the head and cervical spine, as you tilt your head back it helps with that movement lateral flexion and rotation to ipsilateral side
vertebrae increase in size as you move _______ the spinal column
down (inferior end)
Spinalis
erector spinae group
Iliocostalis
extend and laterally flex the vertebral column
internal oblique abdominal
fibers run opposite direction than external oblique action: lumbar flexion, lumbar lateral flexion to ipsilateral side, lumbar lateral rotation to ipsilateral side, posterior pelvic rotation, lateral pelvic rotation to contralateral side lateral rotation is different between internal and external oblique bc the way the muscle fibers run
if you have your legs laid straight out in front of you while doing crunches then your hip ___________ will come into play
flexors
Transverse process of vertebra
forms joint with ribs in thoracic region, site for muscle attachment in lumbar region
the _______ and __________ of the rib insert into the thoracic vertebrae
head; tubercle
articulation between vertebrae happens between _________ articular facet and _________ articular facet
inferior (of top vertebra); superior (of bottom vertebra)
Longissimus
intermediate muscle of the erector spinae
ipsilateral/contralateral
ipsilateral: same side (spine) contralateral: opposite side (pelvis)
Vertebrae are considered ________ bones.
irregular
both the transverse and spinous processes are sites for _____________
ligament and muscle attachment
erector spinae
long muscle that runs from occipital bone (skull) to hip/pelvis all 3 muscles that make up this muscle have 3 sections: cervices thoraces lumborum function: extend the spine (posterior muscles); laterally flex; rotate if you bend FORWARD from the spine, these 3 will not be involved
xiphoid process
lower, narrow portion of the sternum
in a pregnant woman, the _________ curve becomes more distinct
lumbar
Sternum
manubrium, body, xiphoid process 7 pairs of true ribs attach directly to sternum and 5 pairs of false ribs
movement between any 2 vertebrae is ___________
minimal
external oblique abdominal
named due to the way the muscle fibers run action: lumbar flexion, lumbar lateral flexion to ipsilateral side, lumbar lateral rotation to contralateral side, posterior pelvic rotation, lateral pelvic rotation to contralateral side
Quadtratus Lumborum
origin- posterior iliac crest insert- some of the lumbar spine and one of the ribs functions: flexion to ipsilateral side, lumbar extension, stabilizes pelvis and lumbar, anterior pelvic rotation, lateral pelvic rotation to contralateral side application: elevates the pelvis on the same side as standing
Sternocleidomastoid
origin: sternum and clavicle (anterior) insertion: mastoid process (posterior) more lateral muscle; similar to gluteus medius; it can do anterior and posterior movements to an extent
atlantoaxial joint
pivot joint between atlas and axis more movement than between other vertebra; rotation atlas rotates around the dens
Dens (C2 Axis)
projection that sticks up and fits into the opening of the atlas (C1)
Spinous process of vertebra
projects posteriorly; when you bend over you can feel this
spinal extension
return from flexion or posterior movement of spine; in cervical spine, head moves away from the chest & thorax moves away from pelvis
the '4th' curvature in the spinal column would be in the ___________ region
sacrococcygeal
the sacral region has 5 vertebrae but they are fused together to form the ________
sacrum
less movement in thoracic region bc it is anchored to the __________ through the ribs
sternum
rectus abdominis pt 2
strengthened by sit-ups and crunches sitting up ALL the way uses hip flexors visible in relatively lean person with well developed abdominals (6-pack)
rectus abdominis
superficial abdominal muscle layer; anterior actions: lumbar flexion and weak lateral flexion to ipsilateral side application: forced expiration and controls tilt of the pelvis and curvature of lumbar spine
body of sternum
the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
manubrium
the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
body of vertebrae
the thick, disc-shaped anterior portion which is the weight bearing portion
there is less movement in the __________ region than the __________ and __________ regions
thoracic; lumbar and cervical
all ribs attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae T/F?
true
combined movement from several vertebrae allows for substantial movement T/F?
true
people tend to focus more on the anterior side of the body but working out the posterior (back) is very important also T/F?
true
posterior and anterior muscles are core muscles bc they support and stabilize T/F?
true
the spinal column is the most complex part of the body other than the CNS. T/F?
true
the sternum is the anterior attachment point of the true ribs and the thoracic vertebrae is the posterior attachment point T/F?
true
you name what type of pelvis rotation is occurring based on what side is dropping T/F?
true
Low back pain
very common; sitting at a desk or in general all day doesnt put you in a natural position 'slouching' take the spinal column out of its natural curves