Kines 141 Exam 2
The lifetime earnings for those with a college degree are over _____ dollars more than non-graduates.
$1 million
What is the budget for the AIAW?
$24,000 a year
Define BIRG and CORF.
*BIRG- Basking in Reflected Glory *CORF- Cutting Off Reflective Failure
3-part test for compliance
1. Substantial proportionality 2. History and continuing practice 3. Interests and abilities,fully and effectively accommodated
If nothing else remember what three things about Title IX?
1. There are three ways to comply with Title IX 2. No one wants to see men's sports get cut 3. Cutting men's sports is a lazy way to comply with Title IX
4 manifestations of homophobia/ sexual prejudice/ heterosexism in sport
1. conspiracy of science 2. denial 3. promotion of heterosexual image 4. attacks on gays in sports
What is the "bad news" in women's sports?
1. female athletes receive limited participation opportunities compared to their male components 2. women's teams receive limited college sport operating dollars and a small part of college athletic recruitment spending 3. women coach 43% of women s teams and only 2% of men's teams and hold only 8% of athletic director positions 4. head coaches of women's teams receive less money than head coaches of men's teams
Name 2 things that went wrong at Furstenfeldbruck Airport.
1. officers on the decoy plane abandoned their mission 2. no one told marksmen there were 8 terrorist vs. 5
Johnson offers 4 proposals for how to pay college athletes. What are they?
1. problems with payments 2. University offers a > education 3. Athletic department 4. Athletes know the deal
What were the 6 demands of the Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR)?
1. reinstate Ali as world heavyweight champ 2. fire Avery Brundage as president of IOC 3. end to discrimination against blacks and Jews at NYAC 4. appoint black coach to Olympic track and field team 5. selection of black man to USOC 6. bar South African and Rhodesia
5 common myths about Title IX
1. requires quotas 2. forces schools to cut sports for boys and men 3. men's sports are declining 4. requires schools to spend equally on male and female sports 5. men's football and basketball programs subsidize female sports
There are two great fears that keep boys and men in line and "binds the jockocracy together." What are they?
1. sexism 2. homophobia
4 paradoxes of modern sports:
1. sport=trivial; sport is important 2. sport can build character and encourage bad character 3. ability tells in sports; race restricts in sports 4. sports offer personal and social benefits; those benefits are offered more to boys and men than girls and women
While seemingly a trivial pursuit, sport is important, Eitzen offers 4 reasons forwhy we take sport so seriously. What are they?
1. sports mirrors human experience 2. sport mirrors society 3. combine spectacle with drama 4. human desire to identify with something larger than oneself
What are the real origins of the Olympic torch relay? What year did it begin? Who started it?
1936 at Berlin Olympics
When was Title IX passed?
1972
When was the sports bra invented?
1977
Who were Marty Glickman and Sam Stotler?
2 Jewish track runners that were told 2 days before the race that they weren't allowed to run at the Olympics
What was the source of the first major Olympic boycott in 1976?
28 nations, under instruction from Supreme Council for sport in Africa, ordered athletes to go home from Montreal
the average NFL career is ______ years. the average NFL player will die ______ years sooner than the rest of the population.
3.5; 20
when Title IX passed in 1972, ___% pf girls played sports; by 2010, ___% of girls play sports.
31%; 33%
How many gold medals did Jesse Owen win?
4 (in 1936)
How many scholarships does the NCAA allow men's volleyball to give? Women's volleyball?
4.5; 12
When Alabama won the BCS crown in 2011, how many average players did the coaches use in each game? How many scholarships does the football team give? How many total players on the average Division I football roster in 2009 to 2010?
59; 85; 111
Teenage girls drop out of sports at a rate ___ times higher than that of boys.
6
Who were the "Houston 9?"
9 women who left the USLTA and formed their own circuit (tennis)
What was the female counterpart for the NCAA
AIAW
What does the AIAW stand for?
Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women
Sport has the capacity to build character as well as encourage bad character. What does this mean and can you give and example?
Athletes can build character from sport, as in they learn how to work hard and work together with a team. It can encourage bad behavior, just like any position of power or fame.
Olympic official went to Germany to on fact-finding missions in 1934 and 1935. What did they find?
Avery Brundage reported that there should be no boycott of the Olympics that year. He turned a blind eye to Nazi Germany's actions.
What was the initial response of the USLTA?
Banned all 9 rebels from the association
Why did the Houston 9 leave the USLTA
Because the USLTA was racially segregated
What was the battle of the sexes of tennis? Who competed? Who won?
Billie Jean King vs. Bobby Riggs Billie Jean King won, easily
the 1973 "Battle of the Sexes" pitted Bille Jean King against Bobby Riggs. Who won? Why was it important politically?
Billie Jean King; "to change the world I had to win"
What was Muhammad Ali's birth name? Why did he change it? What cost Ali his championship and got him sentenced to prison?
Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; changed it bc it was a black name and Cassius= slave name; he resisted the draft to the Vietnam War
When it comes to dropping men's sports, what is the problem?
College presidents are not putting a stop to the embarrassing waste of money occurring in men's football and basketball
What school are dropping men's sports?
Division 1
What schools are not dropping men's sports?
Division 2 and 3
True or False: In a study of college students who grew up under the influence of Title IX, Hardin and Greer found that these students code certain sports as masculine or feminine, and do so along different lines that researchers did in 1965.
False
True or False: People started to debate the idea of paying college athletes in the 1980's.
False
True or False: Since 1999, the percent of news and Sportcenter airtime devoted to women's sports has increased.
False
True or False: Smith and Carlos were the only athletes to protest at the Olympic Games?
False
True or False: The Olympics took place during WWII.
False
True or false: Since the 1980s, the total number of men's intercollegiate sports (including Division 1,2,3) programs have declined
False
True or false: Title IX applies only to athletics
False
True or false: Title IX is an entitlement program that offers special advantages for girls and women
False
In what sports are men's sports allowed more athletic scholarships than women's?
Football, lacrosse, rifle, wrestling
What is the front porch philosophy of college athletics? What is the Flutie Factor?
Front Porch philosophy: athletics isn't the biggest part of a school, but it's what people see (just like the front porch). Doug Flutie, QG at Boston College; 1984 "Hail Mary" pass vs. U of Miami, Orange Bowl; BC wins 47-45; winning sports teams increase college apps, unsupported by research
Lawsuit in 1984 in regards to Title IX?
Grove City vs. Bell
Which view does Brand advocate?
Integrated view: athletics are not the most important "room: in the house, but the most visible
Who won the first official Olympic women's marathon?
Joan Benoit
How does Zirin argue that Michael Jordan and Lebron James differ from Ali?
Jordan and Lebron aren't willing to sacrifice everything to stand up for what they believe in
What does LGBT stand for?
Lesbian Gay Biosexual Transgender
What does Zirin suggest as alternative way that Major League baseball might have incorporated those from the Negro National Leagues?
MLB should have incorporate entire teams/ organizations; bringing along all the Black owner's management
Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987:
Mandates all educational institutions receiving any federal aid to be bound by Title IX
Why didn't the AIAW allow athletic scholarships?
Many men told them that scholarships were a bad influence on collegiate sports, that we should avoid making the mistakes they had made and stay out of the mess
What is the biggest money maker for the NCAA?
March Madness
What happened that made the AIAW fold?
NCAA determines it can make more money my controlling women's sports; NCAA offered incentives that AIAW could not, so the AIAW dissipates
According to Keating, what is "the real enemy of men's sports" if it isn't Title IX?
NCAA scholarship limits
Nothing embodies and reproduces this masculine ideal more than ________
NFL Football
Jesse Owens compared the "black power salute" (the "raised black-gloved fists" or Smith and Carlos) at the 1968 Olympics to ________.
Na*i gestures and "the collectivist, separatist rhetoric of post-civil rights activists" to Mein Kampf
Are most intercollegiate athletic departments making a profit?
No
Are schools required to publicly disclose athletic statistics?
No
Why did former UCLA basketball player Ed O'Bannon sue the NCAA?
O'Bannon sued the NCAA over the use of his likeness in video games in 2009
What was Penn State's original mascot? The School's original colors?
Old Coley (mule); black and pink
What happened between 1984 and 1988?
Only programs/activities receiving direct federal assistance held to Title IV
Examples of inequities between men and women's sport in the early 1970s
Prize money, scholarships, athletic operating budgets, use of gym time, unequal pay
What was the mother's day massacre?
Riggs easily beats Margaret Court on mothers day Causes Riggs to taunt all female tennis players
How did the philosophy of the AIAW differ from that of the NCAA?
Saw the NCAA as the "male model" of sport, it was commercially driven and had little concern for the player
Interests and abilities, fully and effectively accommodated
Showing a school meets the interests and abilities of its student body
According to Myles Brand, former present of the NCAA what are the "two views" of college sports? Define them.
Standard (an extracirricular activity) and Integrated view (there's a "prejudice against the body" in the academy, make athletics "part of the educational mission of the university," student-athletes would receive academic credit for their sport)
This gave the NCAA the power and money to regulate college sports: _______.
TV
How have women in key functionary positions been affected since the passage of Title IX
There are a lot more women's coaches
How did their coach explain why Marty Glickman and Sam Stotler wouldn't run in their event anymore? What was the counter argument?
They said that they needed their fastest runners (Jesse Owens and Ralf Metcalfe) to run in order to win the race. Some thought it was antisemitism, but Stotler did not.
How did German officials attempt to make the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich different from the 1936 Games in Berlin?
They wanted to show a new, democratic, positive Germany. They wanted to make the games fun and cheerful. But then, The Berlin Massacre happened.
Why are there very few good women's coaches in 1973?
They were expected to supervise candy sales, cooking contests and raffles to raise money to purchase girls' uniforms and pay travel expenses
The state of PA sued the NCAA over the 2013 sanctions imposed on Penn State. What happened to that suit?
Tom Corbett held off on filing the suit b/c he didn't want to create a distraction during football season; a federal judge dismissed the suit earlier this month
True or False: An athletic scholarship is only a one-year (renewable) agreement that can be terminated by the coach or university.
True
True or False: Congress has typically acted as a friend to the NCAA.
True
True or False: Hudson Taylor argues that the mainstream media is starting to challenge homophobia in sport but continues to allow sexist comments to continue.
True
True or False: Jackie Robinson began speaking openly about politics after his career was over.
True
True or False: Jesse Owens, who won 4 gold medals in the 1936 Olympics, supported Aver Brundage when black athletes threatened to boycott the 1968 Games.
True
True or False: Non-revenue men's sports programs have been cut over the last four decades.
True
True or False: The Games continued after the 11 Israeli athletes were killed.
True
True or False: The Houston 9 were eventually allowed back into the USLTA.
True
True or False: The NCAA allows male-to-female transgender athletes to compete on women's teams.
True
True or False: The Olympic Charter forbids political demonstrations at the Olympic Games.
True
True or False: The US state dept. had detailed reports about Germany discriminating against Jewish athletes before the start of the 1936 Olympics.
True
True or False: The allocation of women's scholarships bears little relation to the popularity of various sports.
True
True or False: There's scant biological reason to separate young boys and girls in competitions.
True
True or false: Title IX addresses the issue of bullying
True
True or false: Title IX applies to boys and men
True
True or false: Title IX was enforced between 1984 and 1988
True
True or false: since the 1980s, the number of men's intercollegiate sports at the Division 1 level programs have declined
True
True or false: Even if the athletic department does not directly receive federal funds, it still must comply with Title IX
True (even one athlete that gets any kind of aid from the government at home makes them have to comply)
What was used to make the first prototype of the sports bra?
Two jock straps sewn together and configured to make the jock bra
Which company sponsored the women's tennis circuit when they broke away from the USLTA?
Virginia Slims- cigarette company
Who is Maria Pepe?
Was kicked off a little league softball team Law suit was filed but upheld, by this time she was too old for little leagues
Define equivalency sports
a coach can divvy up the allotment into partial scholarships, as long as the total of all offers doesn't exceed the limit
What purpose do invented traditions serve? What are some examples?
acts to est. a link with the past- a sense of continuity between present and past helps est. a connective identity and a sense of "we-ness;" amateurism and Ancient Greece, the Abner Doubleday Myth, etc.
What did Smith and Carlos do on the medal podium? What was the symbolism? What was their punishment?
after they accepted their medals, raised their black-gloved fists in air during anthem; people booing, became symbol of black anger; symbolized black people rising up, no shoes= poverty, neck= lynching
Define sexual prejudice
all negative attitudes based on sexual orientation
substantial proportionality
athletes with undergraduate population
What was Black September? How did members of this organization gain entry into the Olympic village?
attacks on Israel; Olympic quarters in village; 9 people held hostages; group of terrorists; Olympics still went on
Why was Muhammad Ali stripped of his boxing title?
b/c he refused to be inducted into the US Army; cited religious reasons for his decision to forgo military service
Explain homosocial's connection to sport as a male preserve and men's sexuality.
b/c sport is a male preserve, homosocial affection doesn't cast a light that athletes might be gay
What did she (Bobbi Gibbs) wear? What was the response of the officials?
bathing suit, shorts, and nurses shoes
How does Zinn define masculine ideal in sport?
being masculine= being able to adore and inflict pain no matter what the consequences are
What are the 3 major benefits of sports for girls and women?
better short and long term health athletes are less likely to engage in risky behaviors female athletes fare better in school and beyond
What is "stacking?"
blacks are underrepresented in offense and overrepresented in defense; reinforces stereotypes about racial minorities
While the nature of sport is competition where ability tells, the reality is that race restricts. In what ways is racism still prevalent in sport?
blacks= rarely found in sports that require facilities, coaching, and competition usually provided by private clubs; rarely found in sports that require a lot of money, underrepresented in nonplaying leadership positions, underrepresented in axillary sports positions
Define heterosexism
connecting to the social phenomenon like sexism and racism
"For its first half century, (the NCAA) was a principally ________ society for faculty representatives interested in amateur athletics."
debating
How did Katherine Switzer enter the 1967 Boston Marathon? What was the response of the officials?
entered in only using her initials, the coach did the application and got her the numbers; the official jumped off his bus and tackled her to rip her numbers off, her boyfriend tackled him back
What does the phrase "unequal opportunity for equal ability" mean?
entrance requirements for blacks to obtain college scholarships or to play in the pro leagues are more rigorous than they are for whites
When Switzerland's Gabriella Anderson-Scheiss staggered across the finish line (37th place) she said: "At last, in 1984, women were allowed to be _____ ___ ____"
exhausted in public
In 2011, the NCAA board of directors passed legislation that would give college athletes on scholarship an annual $2,000 stipend. What happened to that legislation?
few athletes got the opportunity to receive the $; the legislation was quickly turned down by the membership in an override vote
According to Kearns, Maryland, Temple, and Robert Morris each men's and women's sports to keep their athletic department departments afloat to contain the effects of high costs incurred by their ________.
football programs
In 1972, the NCAA allowed ________ to play varsity sports.
freshman
In what ways are LGBT individuals stereotyped according to traditional gender norms?
gay men: feminine lesbians: masculine
Why did OPHR (Olympic Project for Human Rights) want Avery Brundage removed from his position as President of the IOC (International Olympic Committee)?
he was very racist, owned country club that banned blacks and Jews, he would rather sell NYAC before letting in blacks or Jews
What happened when Owens was voted Alabama's athlete of the year- specifically, what happened at the dinner held to present him with this honor?
he went to the dinner to receive the award, got it, was sent home b/c he still wasn't allowed to eat with them
Define social construction
ideas about what's normal come from society, not biology
When we talk about sports that are "coded as masculine" or "coded as feminine," what does that mean? What are some characteristics of each?
if they appear traditionally feminine or masculine; men's= violence, struggle, aesthetics
Why did President Carter boycott the 1980 Summer Olympic Games? What was the only country to boycott the 1980 summer Games?
inexpensive alternative to economic sanctions; 61 countries followed- only 8 participated
What did Muhammad Ali advocate when he visited University Park in 1969?
integration doesn't work; have to separate from each other if they want full equality; racial issues are "America's worst problem"
Title IX is a quota system, but...
it doesn't have to be, it depends on how a school chooses to comply
What are two problems with referring to the Penn State women's basketball team as the "Lady Lions?"
it makes it seem like "lions" refer to guys
That case has since turned into a class-action suit. What is that class-action suit?
it seeks payment to current and former athletes for the use of their likenesses in TV broadcasts as well, which could cost the NCAA and schools billions of dollars
Define gender essentialism
it's normal for men to be masculine and women to be feminine b/c of different in biology
What events led to the creation of the NCAA?
limited financial aid for the athletic tuition and fees and required that aid otherwise be given based on needs
Young writes that when it comes to the Olympic Games "when there is a major boycott, it has _______."
little real affect
athleticism= _______ = heterosexuality
masculinity
"We love to watch women in sports that are _______ as ________, like figure skating and gymnastics
not coded; masculine
Adler and Adler spend 5 years following a big-time basketball program and concluded that playing the sport and being seriously engaged with academics were ____________.
not compatible
What does Johnson say about intercollegiate sports like soccer, hockey, tennis, and softball?
not only fail to make $ but actually drain their athletic budget
Define head count sports
receive full scholarships (always)
What is the O'Bannon vs. NCAA case? What did the judge rule in August 2014? Which athletes does the 2014 ruling affect? Can athletes now pursue endorsement deals?
reduced scholarships from a 4-year commitment to a 1-year; requires a 2.0 high school GPA
"Put simply, scholarship limits protect and promote _______ sports."
revenue
Define homosocial
same-sex relationships not of a sexual nature (sports)
It is "clear that tackling homophobia in sport requires a simultaneous, equally vigorous effect to tackle ______ in sport."
sexism
How did Bobbi Gibb enter the 1966 Boston Marathon?
she snuck in, hid in the bushes until start time
History and continuing practice
showing that a school has a history and continued practice with offering opportunities to girls and women
Regarding the battle of the sexes, Billie Jean King states that, "It wasn't about tennis- it was about _____."
social change
Why did Owens "retire" at 23?
stripped of his title b/c they said he was no longer at an amateur level
Define binary oppositions
the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors a culture associates with a person's biological sex
How is "coming out straight" a manifestation of homophobia in sport?
the need to publicly declare one's heterosexuality and it reinforces the "gay-is-bad" mentality in sport and society
Why does the IOC refuse to honor the victims of the 1972 "Munich Massacre" with a moment of silence?
there's 21 Arab delegations and they're going to walk out, it would bring politics and Olympics, and that the opening ceremony is not an appropriate forum for memorializing the victims of Munich; memorial will be separate and not at an Olympic venue (too many people will see it there)
Title IX has helped women's sports, but...
they still lag behind boys and men
Why don't the NCAA and university athletic depts. have to pay income tax?
they're classified as charitable orgs (neither the NCAA nor athletic depts. entity has to pay it)
Why did Michael Jordan drape himself in the American flag during the 1992 Olympic medal ceremony? Why did he refuse to endorse an African American candidate for US Senate Harvey Gantz over Jesse Helms, who was an anti-civil rights and once supported racial segregation?
to cover up the Reebok logo because it wasn't Nike (who he was sponsored by); b'c "Republicans buy sneakers too"
Spelman decided to drop organized sports because of "predictable concerns about money and logistics, but also by a concern for _______. How does sport get in the way of this second concern?
to focus on fitness; $ and logistics
What was the purpose of the AIAW?
to govern women's sports
Define invented tradition.
traditions that appear or claim to be old are often quite recent in origin and sometimes invented
Where does the cheer "We are...Penn State" come from?
truth: a cheer that the cheerleaders started myth: about racism from the forfitted game vs Miami
The idea that the number of male athletes has fallen because of Title IX is _____ as well. In fact, the number of male and female NCAA student-athletes has __________.
untrue; increased
What are Pronger's 3 categories of masculinity in sport? Which categories does he argue are most and least masculine?
violence- most masculine struggle- middle (soccer) aesthetics- least masculine
What does the masculinity in football have to do with militarism? This is how ________ work: it naturalizes ideas and images that deflect attention away from other realities.
warrior-like with the quarterback being the general; militarism
Define heteronormativity and offer some examples.
when male singers say "you" in a song it's assumed he's referring to a girl; "she wants you ripped!"
What was the 1948 "Sanity Code" adopted by the NCAA? Why was it revised in the 1950's?
with the threat of several southern schools bolting from the NCAA, allowed athletic scholarships to cover tuitions and a living stipend
Define feminine apologetic
women in masculine sports have to apologize or compensate by emphasizing appropriate femininity
Russia's ski jump coach, Alexander Arefvey, espressed concern over women ski jumpers. What was his concern?
women= supposed to have kids do house work
What would happen if a school like Penn State took all the money it devotes to athletics and put it into a wellness program for all students?
wouldn't go over well for most people
