Kinesiology 3

Quadratus lumborum "Hip Hiker"

Deepest Abdominal Muscle Lateral Flexion Rotation Stabilizes pelvis and lumbar spine

Anterior compartment of ankle and foot

Dorsiflexor group - tibialis anterior, peroneus tertius, extensor digitorum longus, & extensor hallucis longus

adductor magnus origin

Edge of the entire ramus of the pubis and the ischium and the ischial tuberosity

Extension in spine

Erector Spinae

Posterior Cruciate Ligament secondary functions

Helps to support against varus and valgus forces when the collateral ligaments are injured

Ankle joint (talocrural joint) is which type of joint

Hinge or ginglymus-type joint

Which is the most mobile joints in the body?

Hip (Acetabulofemoral) joint (except glenohumeral)

Tensor Fasciae Latae strengthening

Hip abduction while lying on side

Gracilis strengthening

Hip adduction such as machines & elastic bands

gluteus maximus strengthen

Hip extension from forward-leaning position Hip extension from flexed position with knees flexed

Rectus Femoris strengthening

Hip flexion exercises Knee extension

Sartorius strengthening

Hip flexion exercises along with iliopsoas

What cartilage are involved in the hip joint?

Hyaline cartilage covers head of femur Acetabular labrum

Internal Oblique

Its fibers run perpendicular to the external oblique muscle

Bicep femoris strengthening

Knee flexion against resistance (leg curls) Slight external rotation maximizes the effect

Intracapsular Structures

Lateral & Medial Menisci Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments These ligaments provide static stability

Tibiofemoral Joint lateral articulation

Lateral condyle of femur, tibia, and lateral meniscus

Scoliosis

Lateral curvature of the spine Typically S-shaped or C-shaped

Collateral Ligaments Lateral

Lateral femoral condyle > head of the fibula prevents varus forces on knee

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

Lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle > posterior portion of the imtercondylar eminence

Tensor Fasciae Latae stretching

Lean into wall

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

Posterior medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle > anterior intercondylar eminence of tibia

bicep femoris stretching

Maximally extend knee while flexing and internally rotating hip

Tibiofemoral Joint medial articulation

Medial condyle of femur, tibia, and medial meniscus

Collateral Ligaments medial

Medial femoral condyle > medial aspect of the tibia Protects the valgus forces

Two longitudinal arches

Medial longitudinal arch Lateral longitudinal arch Long arches may be high, medium, or low

Kyphosis leads to

Osteoporosis Syndromes Disk Degeneration

Posterior Cruciate Ligament primary functions

Prevents posterior displacement of tibia on a fixed femur Hyperextension of the knee

Anterior Cruciate Ligament primary role

Prevents the anterior displacement of the tibia on a fixed femur

The Intervertebral Disc does two thing

1 Shock absorbers (transmit loads) 2 Allow for spinal bending (flexibility)

Thigh divided into

3 compartments by intermuscular septa

Swing phase

40% of the gait cycle Time the limb is non-weight bearing From TO (Preswing) to Heel strike (Initial Contact)

Gait

A series of rhythmical, alternating movements of the limbs and trunk that causes a forward progression of the center of gravity (CoG) "balance point" of body

Adductor Magnus Muscle action (medial)

Adduction of hip, extension of hip

hip adduction agonists

Adductor Brevis Adductor Longus Adductor Magnus Gracilis

medial muscles

Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis

thigh Medial compartment

Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Pectineus Gracilis

Anterior Cruciate Ligament secondary role

Aid in prevention of varus and valgus forces of the knee when there is injury to the collateral ligaments

tensor fasciae latae origin

Anterior iliac crest and surface of the ilium just below crest

rectus femoris origin

Anterior inferior iliac spine Groove (posterior) above the acetabulum

sartoris insertion

Anterior medial condyle of tibia

Exercise Cautions of iliopsoas Avoid:

Avoid: Double leg raises Straight leg sit-up Iliopsoas contracts strongly pulling low back forward possibly injuring low back

what kind of joint is the hip joint?

Ball and socket joint

Intervertebral discs have a ____________ interior

gelatinous interior, nucelus pulposus

Tibiofemoral Joint classified as

ginglymus joint (hinge joint)

subtalar is which type of joint

gliding or arthrodial

pectineus origin

Space on front of pubis above crest

Erector Spinae Muscles from medial to lateral

Spinalis Muscles Longissimus Iliocostalis

Adductors strengthening

Squeezing thighs together against resistance Hip adduction

Ankle joint (talocrural joint) includes

Talus, distal tibia, & distal fibula (fibia and tibula sit on top of talus)

IT Band Friction Syndrome

The continual rubbing of the band over the lateral femoral epicondyle, combined with the repeated flexion and extension of the knee during running may cause the area to become inflamed.

Ligamentum teres

The ligament of the head of the femur contains within it the acetabular branch of the obturator artery provides blood to head of femur

Cadence and time for gait cycle are related:

The longer the period of time for the gait cycle, the slower the cadence.

Posture

The position in which a person holds himself or herself in an upright or seated position Relative alignment of body segments with one another

When are the two secondary curves formed?

The two secondary curves are formed second (after birth). These curves are lordotic, which means concave posteriorly and convex anteriorly.

Stance:Midstance (MS)

When body is directly over the limb the body's center of gravity truly lies over the base of support (limb bearing all weight)

Stance:Loading Response

When entire sole of foot contacts ground

Stance:Terminal Stance

When heel leaves the ground but ball of foot remains in contact - the heel rises from the ground

Stance: Initial Contact:

When the heel strikes the ground Sometimes called foot/heel strike

Stance:PreSwing:

When toe leaves the ground - corresponds to the gait cycle's second period of double limb support

Plantar fascia (plantar aponeurosis)

a broad ligament structure extending from medial calcaneal tuberosity to proximal phalanges of the toes

The parkinsonian gait is characterized by

a flexed and stooped posture with flexion of the neck, elbows, metacarpophalangeal joints, trunk, hips, and knees

Compartment Syndrome

a serious condition that involves increased pressure in a muscle compartment. Start ti compress nerves and vesels when swollen it can lead to muscle and nerve damage and problems with blood flow.

if there are exaggerated curves

added stress to muscles, ligaments, joints, discs, nerves

Adductor Longus Muscle action (medial)

adduction of hip, assists in flexion of hip

Adductor brevis muscle action (medial)

adduction of hip, assists in flexion of hip

gracilis muscle (medial)

adduction of hip, weak flexion of knee, assists with flexion of hip

External Oblique insertion

anterior half of crest of ilium, inguinal ligament, crest of pubis, fascia of rectus abdominus at lower front

gracilis origin

anterior medial edge of descending ramus of pubis

gracilis insertion

anterior medial surface of tibia below condyle

adductor longus origin

anterior pubis just below the crest

sartorius origin

anterior superior iliac spine and notch just below spine of ilium

gluteus minimus insertion

anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur

Lower leg - divided into 4 compartments

anterior, lateral, superficial posterior, deep posterior

Patellofemoral Joint classified as

arthrodial (gilding joint)

As pelvic moves there is also movement where?

at hip - it all works as a chain

Flexor Digitorum Longus insertion

base of distal phalanx of each four lesser toes

Flexor Hallucis Longus insertion

base of distal phalanx of large tow undersurface

When are the primary curves formed and known as what?

before birth These curves are known as kyphotic, which means concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly.

The hip joint is relatively stable due to

bony architecture, strong ligaments, and large supportive muscles

External Oblique origin

borders of lower eigth ribs at side of chest dovetailing with serratus anterior muscle

Longissimus

capitis, cervicis, thoracis

Iliocostalis

cervicis, thoracis, lumborum

internal oblique insertion

coastal cartilages of eighth, ninth, and tenth ribs, linea alba

what combination makes pronation

combination of talocrual dorsiflexion, subtalar everesion, and forefoot abduction (toe out)

what combination makes supination

combination of talocrual plantarflexion, subtalar inversion and forefoot adduction (toe in)

If there are changes in one curve

compensation in joints above and below

compressive forces are shared between

convex curves and supporting soft tissue It Absorb, distribute, and dissipate loads throughout

The antalgic gait is characterized by a

decrease in the stance period on the involved side in an attempt to eliminate the weight from the involved leg and use of the injured body part as much as possible (limpimg)

The difference in joint actions between walking and running are a matter of

degree and coordination.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) can occur due to

direct or indirect contact. it can't heal on its own and needs surgery

Anterior ankle & foot action

dorsiflex

Tibialis Anterior action

dorsiflexion of ankle*, inversion of foot

running Difference from walking is that there is no

double support phase.

What kind of contraction during deceleraing actions?

eccentric

Two joint muscles most effect when

either the origin or insertion is stabilized Ex: hamstrings: knee flexion more forceful when the hip fixed when lengthened Ex: Rectus femoris more powerful knee extensor when trunk leans backward

peroneus longus (fibularis) action

eversion of foot*, plantarflexion of ankle

lateral ankle and foot action

evertors

Kyphosis

excessive curve of thoracic spine appearance of rounded shoulders

Gluteal region action

extend and rotate hip

thigh posterior compartment action

extend hip, flex knee

Transverse arch

extends across foot from 1st metatarsal to the 5th metatarsal

Extensor Digitorum Longus action

extension of four lesser toes*, dorsiflexion of ankle, eversion of foot

Extensor Hallucis Longus action

extension of great toe*, dorsiflexion of ankle, weak inversion of foot

Biceps Femoris Muscle action (posterior)

extension of hip, external rotation of hip, external rotation of flexed knee, flexion of knee

vastus intermedius action

extension of knee

vastus lateralis action

extension of knee

vastus medialis action

extension of knee

Gluteus Maximus Muscle Action

extension rotation of hip, extension of hip

Six deep lateral rotator muscles action

external rotation of hip

Rest of articular capsule is

extracapsular ligaments.

Compartment Syndrome needs what surgery

fasciotomy

gliding nature of patella on

femoral condyles

in stance phase: The second period of double limb support occurs in the

final 10 to 12 percent of stance phase.

Flexor Digitorum Longus action

flexion of 4 lesser toes*, inversion of foot, plantarflexion of ankle

Flexor Hallucis Longus action

flexion of great toe*, inversion of foot, plantarflexion on ankle

Pectineus Muscle action (medial)

flexion of hip, adduction of hip, external rotation of hip

Rectus Femoris action (anterior)

flexion of hip, extension of the knee

Ilipsoas muscle action

flexion of hip, external rotation of femur

sartorius action (anterior)

flexion of hip, flexion of knee, abduction, external rotation

semimembranosus muscle action (posterior)

flexion of knee, extension of hip, internal rotation of hip, internal rotation of flexed knee

semitendionosus muscle action (posterior)

flexion of knee, extension of hip, internal rotation of hip, internal rotation of flexed knee

politeus muscle action

flexion of knee, internal roatation of flexed knee

Functions of the Spine:

Provides structural support a base of support for the head and transmits the entire weight of the upper body (including the arms) to the pelvis Protects the spinal cord Allows movement Provides shock absorption

Tibiofibular joint

Syndesmotic amphiarthrodial joint

Rectus Femoris used in

Running, jumping, hopping, skipping Contraction of gluteal muscles (hamstrings) counteracts rectus femoris' tendency to flex hip

All hamstring muscles originate on

ischial tuberoisty of pelvis

semimembranosus origin

ischial tuberosity

semitendinosus origin

ischial tuberosity

bicep femoris origin

ischial tuberosity, Lower half of linea aspera, lateral condyloid ridge

Menisci of the Knee functions

joint stability (disperse body weight and shock absorber) joint movement (reduce friction) nurtitional aspect

Quadriceps muscles vital in

jumping functions as a decelerator when decreasing speed to change direction when coming down from a jump

Ankle joint (talocrural joint) Greater range of dorsiflexion with

knee flexed (reduces gastrocnemius tension)

Hamstring muscle group is responsible for

knee flexion

Trendelenburg Gait: The normal stabilizing affect of these muscles is

lost and the patient demonstrates an excessive lateral tilt in which the trunk is thrust laterally in an attempt to keep the center of gravity over the stance leg

Q-Angle

greater for females vs. males

Non-Contact Injury :Those who demonstrate a high valgus moment during a drop landing are at

greater risk for noncontact ACL injuries

Running is associated with

greater speeds the forces that go through the foot when it lands can be substantially greater than during walking

peroneus longus origin

head and upper twothirds of lateral surface of tibia

thigh medial compartment action

hip adductors

The tensor fascia latae is heavily utilized in activities such as

horse riding, hurdling and water skiing.

Which ligaments provide primary resistance to the dislocation of the hip?

iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments

what ligaments prevent the hip from going into an extended position, abduction and adduction

iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligament

Anterior muscles

iliopsoas, pectineus, rectus femoris, and sartorius

poor imbalance creates

imbalance which leads to increased stress which leads to less efficiency

Cadence can be measured

in the number of steps for a period of time (usually steps/min).

in stance phase: The first period of double limb support begins at

initial contact, and lasts for the first 10 to 12 percent of the cycle.

Parkinsonian Gait : The patient has difficulty

initiating movements and walks with short steps with the feet barely clearing the ground. This results in a shuffling type of gait with rapid steps

Tibialis Anterior insertion

inner surface of medial cuneiform base of first metatarsal bones

Transverse Abdominis

innermost layer beneath external and internal obliques

Tibialis Posterior action

inversion of foot*, plantarflexion of ankle

medial ankle and foot action

invertors

ilipsoas origin

lower borders of transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae 1-5 (psoas major and minor) inner surface of the ilium (iliacus) sides of the bodies of the last thoracic T12 and all the lumbar vertebrae L1-5, intervetrebral fibrocartilages, and base of sacrum (psoas major and minor)

Tibialis Posterior insertion

lower inner surfaces of navicular and cuneiform bones, bases of second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bones

adductor brevis insertion

lower two thirds of the pectineal line of the femur and the upper half of the medial lip of the linea aspera

vastus medialis insertion

medial half of the upper border of the patella and patellar tendon to the tibial tuberosity

Equinus gait (toe-walking),

one of the more common abnormal patterns of gait of patients with spastic diplegia, (neuromuscular condition)

The internal and external obliques are referred to as

opposite-side rotators. When the trunk rotates left, the external obliques (on the right) contract. When the trunk rotates to the right, the external oblique fibers (on the left) activate the movement.

Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot all

originate & insert within the foot

Some problems that arise when the tensor fascia latae is tight or shortened are

pelvic imbalances that lead to pain in hips, as well as pain in the lower back and knees

right arch

pev cavus

left arch

pev planis

Six deep lateral external rotators

piriformis, obturator externus, obturator internus, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, & quadratus femoris

Posteriorly ankle and foot action

plantarflex

soleus action

plantarflexion of ankle (deep to gastroc)

Gastrocnemius action

plantarflexion of ankle*, flexion of knee

gluteus medius insertion

posterior and middle surfaces of greater trochanter of femur

Gluteus maximus origin

posterior one fourth of the crest of ilium, posterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx near the ilium, and fascia of the lumbar area

Gastrocnemius insertion

posterior surface of calcaneous

soleus insertion

posterior surface of calcaneus

politeus muscle origin

posterior surface of lateral condyle of femur

Tibialis Posterior origin

posterior surface of upper half of interosseous membrane, adjacent surfaces of tibia and fibula

Gastrocnemius origin

posterior surfaces of two condyles of femur

semimembranosus insertion

posteromedial surface of the medial tibial condyle

lateral muscles action

primarily hip abduction

medial muscle actions

primarily hip adduction

Posterior muscles action

primarily hip extension, knee flexion

thigh anterior compartment action

primarily hip flexion and knee extensors

Anterior muscles action

primarily hip flexion, secondary knee extension

Posterior muscles & action

primarily knee flexion Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Sartorius Gracilis Popliteus Gastrocnemius

Shape of the Adult Spine curve

primary and secondary

Distal malleoli of tibia & fibula Enlarged &

protrude horizontally & inferiorly

Tibiofibular joint joined at both

proximal & distal tibiofibular joints

soleus origin

proximal twothirds of posterior surfaces of tibia and fibula

Anterior and lower one fifth:

pubis

Distal malleoli of tibia & fibula serve as

pulley for posterior tendons to increase mechanical advantage of muscles in performing inversion & eversion actions

Quadriceps muscle group consists of 4 muscles

rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus intermedius vastus medialis

Two joint muscles

rectus femoris, bicep femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, sartorius, gracilis, gastrocnemius

Hip flexion all ligaments are

relaxed

Non-Contact Injury decelerate with

rotational force

Hamstring muscle group consists of 3 muscles

semitendinosus - medial, internal rotator semimembranosus - medial, internal rotator biceps femoris - lateral, external rotator

Hamstring group consists of 3 muscles and is responsible for what action

semitendinosus - medial, internal rotator semimembranosus - medial, internal rotator biceps femoris - lateral, external rotator responsible for knee flexion

During gait, CoG moves from

side to side and from superior to inferior.

A posture muscle dominated by

slow-twitch type 1 fibers

Plantar fascia (plantar aponeurosis) acts as a

spring when bouncing propelling you from one place to another

Plantar fascia (plantar aponeurosis) assist in

stabilizing the medial longitudinal arch and in propelling the body forward

Ligaments and a strong, dense interosseus membrane between tibia & fibula shafts provide

support

step length

the distance covered between heel strike of one limb and heel strike of another limb

stride length

the distance covered between the successive heel strike of one limb and heel strike of same limb

The patella (kneecap) moves up and down in a groove between

the femoral condyles as the quadriceps muscle group contracts and relaxes.

A key difference between walking and proper running is how

the foot muscles work and, in particular, the energy used for propulsion.

scolisis occurs most oftne during

the growth spurt just before puberty

The IT band is crucial to stabilizing

the knee during running.

According to the Guide to Physical Therapy Practice gait is defined as

the manner in which a person walks, characterized by rhythm, step length, stride length, and cadence.

Antigravity Muscles

the muscles that maintain the posture characteristic of a given animal species. In most mammals and especially in bipeds, they are the extensor muscles. by their tone resist the constant pull of gravity in the maintenance of normal posture

Cadence:

the speed of gait/walking rate

The patella (kneecap) is located in

the tendon of the quadriceps

Intervertebral discs have a _______________ ring

thichk fibrosus which is annulus fibrosis which consists of serveal layers on fibrocartilage

scoliosis usually involves

thoracic or lumbar veretbrae and sometimes both

Dense fascia

tightly surrounds & binds each

Extensor Hallucis Longus insertion

top of base of distal phalanx of great toe

Extensor Digitorum Longus insertion

tops of middle and distal phalanges of four lesser toes

hip extension all ligaments become

tout

There is shear forces at

transition zones which lead to potential breakdown sites

peroneus longus insertion

undersurface of medial cuneiform and metatarsal bones

semitendinosus insertion

upper anterior medial surface of tibia

vastus intermedius insertion

upper boreder of patella and the patellar tendon to the tibial tuberoisty

internal oblique origin

upper half og inguinal ligament anterior two thirds of crest of ilium, lumbar fascia

politeus muscle insertion

upper posterior medial surface of tibia

vastus intermedius origin

upper tow thirds of anterior surface of femur

The pelvic bone is divided in which 3 areas

upper two fifths: ilium posterior and lower two fifths: ischium

Tibialis Anterior origin

upper twothirds of lateral surface of tibia

strength or power of quadriceps muscle may be indicated by

vertical jump test

ambulation

walking and similar weight bearing movement

Gluteus Medius/Minimus functions in

walking, running, hopping, skipping and maintains proper hip alignment

trendelenburg gait

weak hip abductors (gluteus medius and minimus) patient demonstrates an excessive lateral tilt because weakness at muscles

Trendelenburg Gait is due to

weakness of the hip abductors (gluteus medius and minimus) (one side of pelvis lower tilt)

What does the hip joint function in?

weight bearing and locomotion

in stance phase Some or all of the body's

weight borne on the limb

Gluteus Medius/Minimus must be

well-developed and strong for proper ambulation

vastus medialis origin

whole length of linea aspera and medial condyloid ridge

adductor magnus insertion

whole length of linea aspera, inner condyloid ridge and adductor tubercle

Female pelvis compared to male pelvis

wider & shallower pubic arch >90 degrees

Are hamstring sprains very common?

yes

Is hip joint very stable?

yes

Is there an articulation between the fibula and femur

no

Antalgic Gait can result from

numerous causes including joint inflammation or an injury to the muscles tendons and ligaments of the lower extremity

Gluteus maximus insertion

oblique ridge on lateral surface of the greater trochanter and iliotibial band of fascia latae

tensor fasciae latae insertion

one fourth of the way down the thigh into the iliotibial tract which in tirn inserts on Gerdys tubercle of the anterolateral tibial condyle

Hamstring muscles function in

acceleration (running muscles)

Adductors stretching

Abduct and internally rotate hip

Which two childhood activities cause the creation of the cervical and lumbar lordoses?

1) Lifting the head requires the spinal joints of the neck to extend so that its weight is balanced over the trunk. 2) Sitting up requires the spinal joints of the low back to extend so that its weight is balanced over the pelvis.

Prerequisites of Gait

1. the ability to support or assume upright position 2. the ability to maintain balance in an upright postion during static and dynamic situation 3. the ability to develop or create new step forward

A typical gait cadence in younger to middle aged adults is

110-120 steps/min, while a typical gait cycle time (time to complete one complete stride) is approximately 1 s.

Gracilis stretching

Abduct and internally rotate hip (similar to other adductors) but with knee extended

Non-Contact Injury males vs. females

An eight-fold non-contact ACL injury occurrence in females as compared to males

Where is the pelvic girdle connected? (right and left pelvic bones - ilia)

Connected posteriorly by sacrum

Rectus Abdominis strengthening

Bent-knee sit-ups, crunches, isometrics Bending knee shortens iliopsoas and decreases hip flexor contribution Full sit-ups (beyond full lumbar flexion) involve hip flexors primarily Twisting utilizes obliques

Exercise Cautions of iliopsoas Substitute

Bent-leg sit-up Iliopsoas action down when hips are flexed

thigh Posterior compartment (hamstring)

Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

Non-Contact Injury Predisposing factors

Biomechanical- Smaller femoral notch, smaller ACL, increased ligament laxity Muscular- Engaging the rectus femoris muscle early

Spinalis Muscles

Capitis, cervicis & thoracis

secondary curve

Cervical curve Lumbar curve

Purpose of gait is to move the

CoG.

Lordosis causes may include

Congenital deformities Bone growth disorders Weak abdominal musculature Tight hip flexors

Lordosis

Excessive curve of lumbar spine Increases compressive forces on lumbar spine

Sartorius stretching

Extreme hip extension, adduction and internal rotation with knee extended

What bones are involved in hip joint?

Femur Acetabulum (ilium, ischium, pubis)

Menisci of the Knee

Fibrocartilage discs that compensate for the irregular shapes of the bone

Transverse Abdominis actions

Flattens (compresses) abdomen Valsalva maneuver (tightening thorax while holding breathe), pregnancy - helps deliver baby Thoracic and pelvic stability Natural "weight belt" Pull abdominal contents toward spine (suck in)

Deep posterior compartment of ankle and foot

Flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, popliteus & tibialis posterior All are plantarflexors & invertors except popliteus

Stance phase

From Initial Contact of one limb to Preswing of same limb (60% of gait cycle)

Pectineus stretching

Fully abduct the hip while fully extended and externally rotated

Rectus Femoris strecthing

Fully flex knee while extending hip

Superficial posterior compartment of ankle and foot

Gastrocnemius, soleus, & plantaris - plantarflexors

hip extension agonists

Gluteus Maximus Biceps Femoris (Long Head) Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

hip abduction agonsists

Gluteus Medius Tensor Fasciae Latae Gluteus Maximus Gluteus Minimus

Posterior muscles

Gluteus maximus Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

Gluteal region muscles

Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimi Tensor fascia latae

Lateral muscles

Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus External rotators Tensor fasciae latae

These muscles are distinct in the abdomen, but usually indistinguishable in the thigh

Iliacus Psoas major Psoas minor

Iliopsoas Consists of 3 muscles

Iliacus, psoas major, psoas minor

Swing:Initial swing

Immediately following PreSwing Limb CoG begins accelerating forward to move in front of the body's CoG Sometimes called acceleration phase

Gluteus Maximus in Action is important in

Important in running, hopping, skipping, jumping Used when standing from squatting position

vastus lateralis origin

Intertrochanteric line, anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter, upper half of the linea aspera and the entire lateral intermuscular septum

Subtalar action

Inversion & eversion occurs here

Pectineus strengthening

Leg raises (like iliopsoas) Hip adduction exercises (machine or elastic band

Gluteus Medius/Minimus Strengthening

Leg raises while lying on side Hip abduction using machines or elastic bands

What is found in the center of the acetabulum?

Ligamentum teres along with the posterior branch of the obturator artery

Swing:Midswing (MSw):

Limb passes directly beneath the body. Tibia is perpendicular to the ground.

Swing:Terminal swing:

Limb passes in front of the body in preparation for initial contact (HS). Sometimes called deceleration phase.

The hip joint has what kind of arrangement and reinforced by what

Multiaxial arrangement and Reinforced by extremely strong & dense ligamentous capsule, especially anteriorly

Adductors in Action are not

Not heavily used in ordinary activities Swimming breast stroke Horseback riding

Lateral compartment of ankle and foot

Peroneus longus & peroneus brevis (two most powerful evertors)

Gluteus Medius/Minimus Stretching

Place hip in extreme adduction both in front of and behind opposite leg

Ankle joint (talocrural joint) action

Plantarflexion/dorsiflexion

Hip Flexion agonists

Psoas Iliacus (Iliopsoas) Rectus Femoris Pectineus Sartorius Tensor Fasciae Latae

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall (Boundaries of the abdominal cavity)

Rectus abdominis External oblique Internal oblique Transverse abdominis Quadratus lumborum (trunk stabilizer)

Lumbar Flexion agonists

Rectus abdominis External oblique Internal oblique

Lumbar Rotation agonists

Rectus abdominis External oblique abdominal Internal oblique abdominal

thigh Anterior compartment (quad)

Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius Vastus lateralis Sartorius

Functions of the Foot

Requires great stability/ rigidity Bears weight of body Absorbs shock from motion Propels body through space Provides flexibility Adapts to uneven ground

pectineus insertion

Rough line leading from lesser trochanter to linea aspera

Cervical Flexion / Rotation agonists

Sternocleidomastoid

primary curve

Thoracic curve Sacrococcygeal curve

In general gait deviations fall under four headings:

Those caused by weakness Those caused by abnormal joint position or range of motion Those caused by muscle contracture Those caused by pain

Sports & activities requiring powerful external rotation of femur

Throwing, swinging bat or racquet support or planted leg

Knee Joint Complex Articular Surfaces

Tibiofemoral Patellofemoral Proximal Tibiofibular (patella)

Goal of Core Training

To train the core muscles to work in an efficient and coordinated fashion in order to maintain correct alignment of the spine and pelvis while the limbs are moving.

Foot and Arch Exercises

Towel crunch Marble pick up Standing toe curls

subtalar includes

Transverse tarsal, intertarsal & tarsometatarsal joints (talus sits on calcaneous) (Minimal movement)

gluteus medius action

abduction of hip

Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle action

abduction of hip flexion of hip

gluteus minimus muscle action

abduction of hip, flexion of hip

tear

ankle plants and tried to rotate: affects ligaments that bring together fibula and tibula

Hamstring muscles are ______ to quadricepts muscles at knee

antagonists

Quadriceps muscle group is located in which compartment of the thigh

anterior

Correct mechanics makes the most effective use of the body's

forces and levers which Conserves you energy and makes most effective use of your body

Equinus gait (toe-walking), is characterized by

forefoot strike to initiate the cycle and premature plantar flexion in early stance to midstance

ACL prevents from ________ and PCL prevents from sliding ________

forward, backward

How can the pelvic girdle be rotated?

forward, backward, and laterally to optimize positioning of the hip

adductor brevis origin

front of the inferior public ramus just below the origin of the longus

Abdominal wall muscles do not go from bone to bone but attach

into an aponeurosis (fascia) around rectus abdominis area.

Male pelvis compared to female is

larger and heavier larger articular surfaces For larger muscle attachments

The ROM in running is usually

larger especially at the knees

vastus lateralis insertion

lateral border of patella, patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity

bicep femoris insertion

lateral condyle of tibia, head of fibula

Extensor Digitorum Longus origin

lateral condyle of tibia, head of fibula upper twothirds of anterior surface of fibula

glteus medius origin

lateral surface ilium just below crest

gluteus minimus origin

lateral surface of ilium below the origin of gluteus medius

iliopsoas insertion

lesser trochanter of femur and shaft just below (iliacus and psoas major) Pectineal line and iliopectineal eminence (psoas minor)

what in foot & ankle maintain arches

ligaments

Flexor Digitorum Longus origin

middle third of posterior surface of tibia

adductor longus instertion

middle third of the linea aspera

Extensor Hallucis Longus origin

middle two thirds of medial surface of anterior fibula

Flexor Hallucis Longus origin

middle two thirds of posterior surface of fibula

Atf

most common damaged

rectus femoris insertion

superior aspect of the patella and patellar tendon to the tibial tuberosity