Kinesiology 3
Quadratus lumborum "Hip Hiker"
Deepest Abdominal Muscle Lateral Flexion Rotation Stabilizes pelvis and lumbar spine
Anterior compartment of ankle and foot
Dorsiflexor group - tibialis anterior, peroneus tertius, extensor digitorum longus, & extensor hallucis longus
adductor magnus origin
Edge of the entire ramus of the pubis and the ischium and the ischial tuberosity
Extension in spine
Erector Spinae
Posterior Cruciate Ligament secondary functions
Helps to support against varus and valgus forces when the collateral ligaments are injured
Ankle joint (talocrural joint) is which type of joint
Hinge or ginglymus-type joint
Which is the most mobile joints in the body?
Hip (Acetabulofemoral) joint (except glenohumeral)
Tensor Fasciae Latae strengthening
Hip abduction while lying on side
Gracilis strengthening
Hip adduction such as machines & elastic bands
gluteus maximus strengthen
Hip extension from forward-leaning position Hip extension from flexed position with knees flexed
Rectus Femoris strengthening
Hip flexion exercises Knee extension
Sartorius strengthening
Hip flexion exercises along with iliopsoas
What cartilage are involved in the hip joint?
Hyaline cartilage covers head of femur Acetabular labrum
Internal Oblique
Its fibers run perpendicular to the external oblique muscle
Bicep femoris strengthening
Knee flexion against resistance (leg curls) Slight external rotation maximizes the effect
Intracapsular Structures
Lateral & Medial Menisci Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments These ligaments provide static stability
Tibiofemoral Joint lateral articulation
Lateral condyle of femur, tibia, and lateral meniscus
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of the spine Typically S-shaped or C-shaped
Collateral Ligaments Lateral
Lateral femoral condyle > head of the fibula prevents varus forces on knee
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
Lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle > posterior portion of the imtercondylar eminence
Tensor Fasciae Latae stretching
Lean into wall
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
Posterior medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle > anterior intercondylar eminence of tibia
bicep femoris stretching
Maximally extend knee while flexing and internally rotating hip
Tibiofemoral Joint medial articulation
Medial condyle of femur, tibia, and medial meniscus
Collateral Ligaments medial
Medial femoral condyle > medial aspect of the tibia Protects the valgus forces
Two longitudinal arches
Medial longitudinal arch Lateral longitudinal arch Long arches may be high, medium, or low
Kyphosis leads to
Osteoporosis Syndromes Disk Degeneration
Posterior Cruciate Ligament primary functions
Prevents posterior displacement of tibia on a fixed femur Hyperextension of the knee
Anterior Cruciate Ligament primary role
Prevents the anterior displacement of the tibia on a fixed femur
The Intervertebral Disc does two thing
1 Shock absorbers (transmit loads) 2 Allow for spinal bending (flexibility)
Thigh divided into
3 compartments by intermuscular septa
Swing phase
40% of the gait cycle Time the limb is non-weight bearing From TO (Preswing) to Heel strike (Initial Contact)
Gait
A series of rhythmical, alternating movements of the limbs and trunk that causes a forward progression of the center of gravity (CoG) "balance point" of body
Adductor Magnus Muscle action (medial)
Adduction of hip, extension of hip
hip adduction agonists
Adductor Brevis Adductor Longus Adductor Magnus Gracilis
medial muscles
Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis
thigh Medial compartment
Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Pectineus Gracilis
Anterior Cruciate Ligament secondary role
Aid in prevention of varus and valgus forces of the knee when there is injury to the collateral ligaments
tensor fasciae latae origin
Anterior iliac crest and surface of the ilium just below crest
rectus femoris origin
Anterior inferior iliac spine Groove (posterior) above the acetabulum
sartoris insertion
Anterior medial condyle of tibia
Exercise Cautions of iliopsoas Avoid:
Avoid: Double leg raises Straight leg sit-up Iliopsoas contracts strongly pulling low back forward possibly injuring low back
what kind of joint is the hip joint?
Ball and socket joint
Intervertebral discs have a ____________ interior
gelatinous interior, nucelus pulposus
Tibiofemoral Joint classified as
ginglymus joint (hinge joint)
subtalar is which type of joint
gliding or arthrodial
pectineus origin
Space on front of pubis above crest
Erector Spinae Muscles from medial to lateral
Spinalis Muscles Longissimus Iliocostalis
Adductors strengthening
Squeezing thighs together against resistance Hip adduction
Ankle joint (talocrural joint) includes
Talus, distal tibia, & distal fibula (fibia and tibula sit on top of talus)
IT Band Friction Syndrome
The continual rubbing of the band over the lateral femoral epicondyle, combined with the repeated flexion and extension of the knee during running may cause the area to become inflamed.
Ligamentum teres
The ligament of the head of the femur contains within it the acetabular branch of the obturator artery provides blood to head of femur
Cadence and time for gait cycle are related:
The longer the period of time for the gait cycle, the slower the cadence.
Posture
The position in which a person holds himself or herself in an upright or seated position Relative alignment of body segments with one another
When are the two secondary curves formed?
The two secondary curves are formed second (after birth). These curves are lordotic, which means concave posteriorly and convex anteriorly.
Stance:Midstance (MS)
When body is directly over the limb the body's center of gravity truly lies over the base of support (limb bearing all weight)
Stance:Loading Response
When entire sole of foot contacts ground
Stance:Terminal Stance
When heel leaves the ground but ball of foot remains in contact - the heel rises from the ground
Stance: Initial Contact:
When the heel strikes the ground Sometimes called foot/heel strike
Stance:PreSwing:
When toe leaves the ground - corresponds to the gait cycle's second period of double limb support
Plantar fascia (plantar aponeurosis)
a broad ligament structure extending from medial calcaneal tuberosity to proximal phalanges of the toes
The parkinsonian gait is characterized by
a flexed and stooped posture with flexion of the neck, elbows, metacarpophalangeal joints, trunk, hips, and knees
Compartment Syndrome
a serious condition that involves increased pressure in a muscle compartment. Start ti compress nerves and vesels when swollen it can lead to muscle and nerve damage and problems with blood flow.
if there are exaggerated curves
added stress to muscles, ligaments, joints, discs, nerves
Adductor Longus Muscle action (medial)
adduction of hip, assists in flexion of hip
Adductor brevis muscle action (medial)
adduction of hip, assists in flexion of hip
gracilis muscle (medial)
adduction of hip, weak flexion of knee, assists with flexion of hip
External Oblique insertion
anterior half of crest of ilium, inguinal ligament, crest of pubis, fascia of rectus abdominus at lower front
gracilis origin
anterior medial edge of descending ramus of pubis
gracilis insertion
anterior medial surface of tibia below condyle
adductor longus origin
anterior pubis just below the crest
sartorius origin
anterior superior iliac spine and notch just below spine of ilium
gluteus minimus insertion
anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur
Lower leg - divided into 4 compartments
anterior, lateral, superficial posterior, deep posterior
Patellofemoral Joint classified as
arthrodial (gilding joint)
As pelvic moves there is also movement where?
at hip - it all works as a chain
Flexor Digitorum Longus insertion
base of distal phalanx of each four lesser toes
Flexor Hallucis Longus insertion
base of distal phalanx of large tow undersurface
When are the primary curves formed and known as what?
before birth These curves are known as kyphotic, which means concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly.
The hip joint is relatively stable due to
bony architecture, strong ligaments, and large supportive muscles
External Oblique origin
borders of lower eigth ribs at side of chest dovetailing with serratus anterior muscle
Longissimus
capitis, cervicis, thoracis
Iliocostalis
cervicis, thoracis, lumborum
internal oblique insertion
coastal cartilages of eighth, ninth, and tenth ribs, linea alba
what combination makes pronation
combination of talocrual dorsiflexion, subtalar everesion, and forefoot abduction (toe out)
what combination makes supination
combination of talocrual plantarflexion, subtalar inversion and forefoot adduction (toe in)
If there are changes in one curve
compensation in joints above and below
compressive forces are shared between
convex curves and supporting soft tissue It Absorb, distribute, and dissipate loads throughout
The antalgic gait is characterized by a
decrease in the stance period on the involved side in an attempt to eliminate the weight from the involved leg and use of the injured body part as much as possible (limpimg)
The difference in joint actions between walking and running are a matter of
degree and coordination.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) can occur due to
direct or indirect contact. it can't heal on its own and needs surgery
Anterior ankle & foot action
dorsiflex
Tibialis Anterior action
dorsiflexion of ankle*, inversion of foot
running Difference from walking is that there is no
double support phase.
What kind of contraction during deceleraing actions?
eccentric
Two joint muscles most effect when
either the origin or insertion is stabilized Ex: hamstrings: knee flexion more forceful when the hip fixed when lengthened Ex: Rectus femoris more powerful knee extensor when trunk leans backward
peroneus longus (fibularis) action
eversion of foot*, plantarflexion of ankle
lateral ankle and foot action
evertors
Kyphosis
excessive curve of thoracic spine appearance of rounded shoulders
Gluteal region action
extend and rotate hip
thigh posterior compartment action
extend hip, flex knee
Transverse arch
extends across foot from 1st metatarsal to the 5th metatarsal
Extensor Digitorum Longus action
extension of four lesser toes*, dorsiflexion of ankle, eversion of foot
Extensor Hallucis Longus action
extension of great toe*, dorsiflexion of ankle, weak inversion of foot
Biceps Femoris Muscle action (posterior)
extension of hip, external rotation of hip, external rotation of flexed knee, flexion of knee
vastus intermedius action
extension of knee
vastus lateralis action
extension of knee
vastus medialis action
extension of knee
Gluteus Maximus Muscle Action
extension rotation of hip, extension of hip
Six deep lateral rotator muscles action
external rotation of hip
Rest of articular capsule is
extracapsular ligaments.
Compartment Syndrome needs what surgery
fasciotomy
gliding nature of patella on
femoral condyles
in stance phase: The second period of double limb support occurs in the
final 10 to 12 percent of stance phase.
Flexor Digitorum Longus action
flexion of 4 lesser toes*, inversion of foot, plantarflexion of ankle
Flexor Hallucis Longus action
flexion of great toe*, inversion of foot, plantarflexion on ankle
Pectineus Muscle action (medial)
flexion of hip, adduction of hip, external rotation of hip
Rectus Femoris action (anterior)
flexion of hip, extension of the knee
Ilipsoas muscle action
flexion of hip, external rotation of femur
sartorius action (anterior)
flexion of hip, flexion of knee, abduction, external rotation
semimembranosus muscle action (posterior)
flexion of knee, extension of hip, internal rotation of hip, internal rotation of flexed knee
semitendionosus muscle action (posterior)
flexion of knee, extension of hip, internal rotation of hip, internal rotation of flexed knee
politeus muscle action
flexion of knee, internal roatation of flexed knee
Functions of the Spine:
Provides structural support a base of support for the head and transmits the entire weight of the upper body (including the arms) to the pelvis Protects the spinal cord Allows movement Provides shock absorption
Tibiofibular joint
Syndesmotic amphiarthrodial joint
Rectus Femoris used in
Running, jumping, hopping, skipping Contraction of gluteal muscles (hamstrings) counteracts rectus femoris' tendency to flex hip
All hamstring muscles originate on
ischial tuberoisty of pelvis
semimembranosus origin
ischial tuberosity
semitendinosus origin
ischial tuberosity
bicep femoris origin
ischial tuberosity, Lower half of linea aspera, lateral condyloid ridge
Menisci of the Knee functions
joint stability (disperse body weight and shock absorber) joint movement (reduce friction) nurtitional aspect
Quadriceps muscles vital in
jumping functions as a decelerator when decreasing speed to change direction when coming down from a jump
Ankle joint (talocrural joint) Greater range of dorsiflexion with
knee flexed (reduces gastrocnemius tension)
Hamstring muscle group is responsible for
knee flexion
Trendelenburg Gait: The normal stabilizing affect of these muscles is
lost and the patient demonstrates an excessive lateral tilt in which the trunk is thrust laterally in an attempt to keep the center of gravity over the stance leg
Q-Angle
greater for females vs. males
Non-Contact Injury :Those who demonstrate a high valgus moment during a drop landing are at
greater risk for noncontact ACL injuries
Running is associated with
greater speeds the forces that go through the foot when it lands can be substantially greater than during walking
peroneus longus origin
head and upper twothirds of lateral surface of tibia
thigh medial compartment action
hip adductors
The tensor fascia latae is heavily utilized in activities such as
horse riding, hurdling and water skiing.
Which ligaments provide primary resistance to the dislocation of the hip?
iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments
what ligaments prevent the hip from going into an extended position, abduction and adduction
iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligament
Anterior muscles
iliopsoas, pectineus, rectus femoris, and sartorius
poor imbalance creates
imbalance which leads to increased stress which leads to less efficiency
Cadence can be measured
in the number of steps for a period of time (usually steps/min).
in stance phase: The first period of double limb support begins at
initial contact, and lasts for the first 10 to 12 percent of the cycle.
Parkinsonian Gait : The patient has difficulty
initiating movements and walks with short steps with the feet barely clearing the ground. This results in a shuffling type of gait with rapid steps
Tibialis Anterior insertion
inner surface of medial cuneiform base of first metatarsal bones
Transverse Abdominis
innermost layer beneath external and internal obliques
Tibialis Posterior action
inversion of foot*, plantarflexion of ankle
medial ankle and foot action
invertors
ilipsoas origin
lower borders of transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae 1-5 (psoas major and minor) inner surface of the ilium (iliacus) sides of the bodies of the last thoracic T12 and all the lumbar vertebrae L1-5, intervetrebral fibrocartilages, and base of sacrum (psoas major and minor)
Tibialis Posterior insertion
lower inner surfaces of navicular and cuneiform bones, bases of second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bones
adductor brevis insertion
lower two thirds of the pectineal line of the femur and the upper half of the medial lip of the linea aspera
vastus medialis insertion
medial half of the upper border of the patella and patellar tendon to the tibial tuberosity
Equinus gait (toe-walking),
one of the more common abnormal patterns of gait of patients with spastic diplegia, (neuromuscular condition)
The internal and external obliques are referred to as
opposite-side rotators. When the trunk rotates left, the external obliques (on the right) contract. When the trunk rotates to the right, the external oblique fibers (on the left) activate the movement.
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot all
originate & insert within the foot
Some problems that arise when the tensor fascia latae is tight or shortened are
pelvic imbalances that lead to pain in hips, as well as pain in the lower back and knees
right arch
pev cavus
left arch
pev planis
Six deep lateral external rotators
piriformis, obturator externus, obturator internus, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, & quadratus femoris
Posteriorly ankle and foot action
plantarflex
soleus action
plantarflexion of ankle (deep to gastroc)
Gastrocnemius action
plantarflexion of ankle*, flexion of knee
gluteus medius insertion
posterior and middle surfaces of greater trochanter of femur
Gluteus maximus origin
posterior one fourth of the crest of ilium, posterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx near the ilium, and fascia of the lumbar area
Gastrocnemius insertion
posterior surface of calcaneous
soleus insertion
posterior surface of calcaneus
politeus muscle origin
posterior surface of lateral condyle of femur
Tibialis Posterior origin
posterior surface of upper half of interosseous membrane, adjacent surfaces of tibia and fibula
Gastrocnemius origin
posterior surfaces of two condyles of femur
semimembranosus insertion
posteromedial surface of the medial tibial condyle
lateral muscles action
primarily hip abduction
medial muscle actions
primarily hip adduction
Posterior muscles action
primarily hip extension, knee flexion
thigh anterior compartment action
primarily hip flexion and knee extensors
Anterior muscles action
primarily hip flexion, secondary knee extension
Posterior muscles & action
primarily knee flexion Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Sartorius Gracilis Popliteus Gastrocnemius
Shape of the Adult Spine curve
primary and secondary
Distal malleoli of tibia & fibula Enlarged &
protrude horizontally & inferiorly
Tibiofibular joint joined at both
proximal & distal tibiofibular joints
soleus origin
proximal twothirds of posterior surfaces of tibia and fibula
Anterior and lower one fifth:
pubis
Distal malleoli of tibia & fibula serve as
pulley for posterior tendons to increase mechanical advantage of muscles in performing inversion & eversion actions
Quadriceps muscle group consists of 4 muscles
rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus intermedius vastus medialis
Two joint muscles
rectus femoris, bicep femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, sartorius, gracilis, gastrocnemius
Hip flexion all ligaments are
relaxed
Non-Contact Injury decelerate with
rotational force
Hamstring muscle group consists of 3 muscles
semitendinosus - medial, internal rotator semimembranosus - medial, internal rotator biceps femoris - lateral, external rotator
Hamstring group consists of 3 muscles and is responsible for what action
semitendinosus - medial, internal rotator semimembranosus - medial, internal rotator biceps femoris - lateral, external rotator responsible for knee flexion
During gait, CoG moves from
side to side and from superior to inferior.
A posture muscle dominated by
slow-twitch type 1 fibers
Plantar fascia (plantar aponeurosis) acts as a
spring when bouncing propelling you from one place to another
Plantar fascia (plantar aponeurosis) assist in
stabilizing the medial longitudinal arch and in propelling the body forward
Ligaments and a strong, dense interosseus membrane between tibia & fibula shafts provide
support
step length
the distance covered between heel strike of one limb and heel strike of another limb
stride length
the distance covered between the successive heel strike of one limb and heel strike of same limb
The patella (kneecap) moves up and down in a groove between
the femoral condyles as the quadriceps muscle group contracts and relaxes.
A key difference between walking and proper running is how
the foot muscles work and, in particular, the energy used for propulsion.
scolisis occurs most oftne during
the growth spurt just before puberty
The IT band is crucial to stabilizing
the knee during running.
According to the Guide to Physical Therapy Practice gait is defined as
the manner in which a person walks, characterized by rhythm, step length, stride length, and cadence.
Antigravity Muscles
the muscles that maintain the posture characteristic of a given animal species. In most mammals and especially in bipeds, they are the extensor muscles. by their tone resist the constant pull of gravity in the maintenance of normal posture
Cadence:
the speed of gait/walking rate
The patella (kneecap) is located in
the tendon of the quadriceps
Intervertebral discs have a _______________ ring
thichk fibrosus which is annulus fibrosis which consists of serveal layers on fibrocartilage
scoliosis usually involves
thoracic or lumbar veretbrae and sometimes both
Dense fascia
tightly surrounds & binds each
Extensor Hallucis Longus insertion
top of base of distal phalanx of great toe
Extensor Digitorum Longus insertion
tops of middle and distal phalanges of four lesser toes
hip extension all ligaments become
tout
There is shear forces at
transition zones which lead to potential breakdown sites
peroneus longus insertion
undersurface of medial cuneiform and metatarsal bones
semitendinosus insertion
upper anterior medial surface of tibia
vastus intermedius insertion
upper boreder of patella and the patellar tendon to the tibial tuberoisty
internal oblique origin
upper half og inguinal ligament anterior two thirds of crest of ilium, lumbar fascia
politeus muscle insertion
upper posterior medial surface of tibia
vastus intermedius origin
upper tow thirds of anterior surface of femur
The pelvic bone is divided in which 3 areas
upper two fifths: ilium posterior and lower two fifths: ischium
Tibialis Anterior origin
upper twothirds of lateral surface of tibia
strength or power of quadriceps muscle may be indicated by
vertical jump test
ambulation
walking and similar weight bearing movement
Gluteus Medius/Minimus functions in
walking, running, hopping, skipping and maintains proper hip alignment
trendelenburg gait
weak hip abductors (gluteus medius and minimus) patient demonstrates an excessive lateral tilt because weakness at muscles
Trendelenburg Gait is due to
weakness of the hip abductors (gluteus medius and minimus) (one side of pelvis lower tilt)
What does the hip joint function in?
weight bearing and locomotion
in stance phase Some or all of the body's
weight borne on the limb
Gluteus Medius/Minimus must be
well-developed and strong for proper ambulation
vastus medialis origin
whole length of linea aspera and medial condyloid ridge
adductor magnus insertion
whole length of linea aspera, inner condyloid ridge and adductor tubercle
Female pelvis compared to male pelvis
wider & shallower pubic arch >90 degrees
Are hamstring sprains very common?
yes
Is hip joint very stable?
yes
Is there an articulation between the fibula and femur
no
Antalgic Gait can result from
numerous causes including joint inflammation or an injury to the muscles tendons and ligaments of the lower extremity
Gluteus maximus insertion
oblique ridge on lateral surface of the greater trochanter and iliotibial band of fascia latae
tensor fasciae latae insertion
one fourth of the way down the thigh into the iliotibial tract which in tirn inserts on Gerdys tubercle of the anterolateral tibial condyle
Hamstring muscles function in
acceleration (running muscles)
Adductors stretching
Abduct and internally rotate hip
Which two childhood activities cause the creation of the cervical and lumbar lordoses?
1) Lifting the head requires the spinal joints of the neck to extend so that its weight is balanced over the trunk. 2) Sitting up requires the spinal joints of the low back to extend so that its weight is balanced over the pelvis.
Prerequisites of Gait
1. the ability to support or assume upright position 2. the ability to maintain balance in an upright postion during static and dynamic situation 3. the ability to develop or create new step forward
A typical gait cadence in younger to middle aged adults is
110-120 steps/min, while a typical gait cycle time (time to complete one complete stride) is approximately 1 s.
Gracilis stretching
Abduct and internally rotate hip (similar to other adductors) but with knee extended
Non-Contact Injury males vs. females
An eight-fold non-contact ACL injury occurrence in females as compared to males
Where is the pelvic girdle connected? (right and left pelvic bones - ilia)
Connected posteriorly by sacrum
Rectus Abdominis strengthening
Bent-knee sit-ups, crunches, isometrics Bending knee shortens iliopsoas and decreases hip flexor contribution Full sit-ups (beyond full lumbar flexion) involve hip flexors primarily Twisting utilizes obliques
Exercise Cautions of iliopsoas Substitute
Bent-leg sit-up Iliopsoas action down when hips are flexed
thigh Posterior compartment (hamstring)
Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus
Non-Contact Injury Predisposing factors
Biomechanical- Smaller femoral notch, smaller ACL, increased ligament laxity Muscular- Engaging the rectus femoris muscle early
Spinalis Muscles
Capitis, cervicis & thoracis
secondary curve
Cervical curve Lumbar curve
Purpose of gait is to move the
CoG.
Lordosis causes may include
Congenital deformities Bone growth disorders Weak abdominal musculature Tight hip flexors
Lordosis
Excessive curve of lumbar spine Increases compressive forces on lumbar spine
Sartorius stretching
Extreme hip extension, adduction and internal rotation with knee extended
What bones are involved in hip joint?
Femur Acetabulum (ilium, ischium, pubis)
Menisci of the Knee
Fibrocartilage discs that compensate for the irregular shapes of the bone
Transverse Abdominis actions
Flattens (compresses) abdomen Valsalva maneuver (tightening thorax while holding breathe), pregnancy - helps deliver baby Thoracic and pelvic stability Natural "weight belt" Pull abdominal contents toward spine (suck in)
Deep posterior compartment of ankle and foot
Flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, popliteus & tibialis posterior All are plantarflexors & invertors except popliteus
Stance phase
From Initial Contact of one limb to Preswing of same limb (60% of gait cycle)
Pectineus stretching
Fully abduct the hip while fully extended and externally rotated
Rectus Femoris strecthing
Fully flex knee while extending hip
Superficial posterior compartment of ankle and foot
Gastrocnemius, soleus, & plantaris - plantarflexors
hip extension agonists
Gluteus Maximus Biceps Femoris (Long Head) Semitendinosus Semimembranosus
hip abduction agonsists
Gluteus Medius Tensor Fasciae Latae Gluteus Maximus Gluteus Minimus
Posterior muscles
Gluteus maximus Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus
Gluteal region muscles
Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimi Tensor fascia latae
Lateral muscles
Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus External rotators Tensor fasciae latae
These muscles are distinct in the abdomen, but usually indistinguishable in the thigh
Iliacus Psoas major Psoas minor
Iliopsoas Consists of 3 muscles
Iliacus, psoas major, psoas minor
Swing:Initial swing
Immediately following PreSwing Limb CoG begins accelerating forward to move in front of the body's CoG Sometimes called acceleration phase
Gluteus Maximus in Action is important in
Important in running, hopping, skipping, jumping Used when standing from squatting position
vastus lateralis origin
Intertrochanteric line, anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter, upper half of the linea aspera and the entire lateral intermuscular septum
Subtalar action
Inversion & eversion occurs here
Pectineus strengthening
Leg raises (like iliopsoas) Hip adduction exercises (machine or elastic band
Gluteus Medius/Minimus Strengthening
Leg raises while lying on side Hip abduction using machines or elastic bands
What is found in the center of the acetabulum?
Ligamentum teres along with the posterior branch of the obturator artery
Swing:Midswing (MSw):
Limb passes directly beneath the body. Tibia is perpendicular to the ground.
Swing:Terminal swing:
Limb passes in front of the body in preparation for initial contact (HS). Sometimes called deceleration phase.
The hip joint has what kind of arrangement and reinforced by what
Multiaxial arrangement and Reinforced by extremely strong & dense ligamentous capsule, especially anteriorly
Adductors in Action are not
Not heavily used in ordinary activities Swimming breast stroke Horseback riding
Lateral compartment of ankle and foot
Peroneus longus & peroneus brevis (two most powerful evertors)
Gluteus Medius/Minimus Stretching
Place hip in extreme adduction both in front of and behind opposite leg
Ankle joint (talocrural joint) action
Plantarflexion/dorsiflexion
Hip Flexion agonists
Psoas Iliacus (Iliopsoas) Rectus Femoris Pectineus Sartorius Tensor Fasciae Latae
Muscles of the Abdominal Wall (Boundaries of the abdominal cavity)
Rectus abdominis External oblique Internal oblique Transverse abdominis Quadratus lumborum (trunk stabilizer)
Lumbar Flexion agonists
Rectus abdominis External oblique Internal oblique
Lumbar Rotation agonists
Rectus abdominis External oblique abdominal Internal oblique abdominal
thigh Anterior compartment (quad)
Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius Vastus lateralis Sartorius
Functions of the Foot
Requires great stability/ rigidity Bears weight of body Absorbs shock from motion Propels body through space Provides flexibility Adapts to uneven ground
pectineus insertion
Rough line leading from lesser trochanter to linea aspera
Cervical Flexion / Rotation agonists
Sternocleidomastoid
primary curve
Thoracic curve Sacrococcygeal curve
In general gait deviations fall under four headings:
Those caused by weakness Those caused by abnormal joint position or range of motion Those caused by muscle contracture Those caused by pain
Sports & activities requiring powerful external rotation of femur
Throwing, swinging bat or racquet support or planted leg
Knee Joint Complex Articular Surfaces
Tibiofemoral Patellofemoral Proximal Tibiofibular (patella)
Goal of Core Training
To train the core muscles to work in an efficient and coordinated fashion in order to maintain correct alignment of the spine and pelvis while the limbs are moving.
Foot and Arch Exercises
Towel crunch Marble pick up Standing toe curls
subtalar includes
Transverse tarsal, intertarsal & tarsometatarsal joints (talus sits on calcaneous) (Minimal movement)
gluteus medius action
abduction of hip
Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle action
abduction of hip flexion of hip
gluteus minimus muscle action
abduction of hip, flexion of hip
tear
ankle plants and tried to rotate: affects ligaments that bring together fibula and tibula
Hamstring muscles are ______ to quadricepts muscles at knee
antagonists
Quadriceps muscle group is located in which compartment of the thigh
anterior
Correct mechanics makes the most effective use of the body's
forces and levers which Conserves you energy and makes most effective use of your body
Equinus gait (toe-walking), is characterized by
forefoot strike to initiate the cycle and premature plantar flexion in early stance to midstance
ACL prevents from ________ and PCL prevents from sliding ________
forward, backward
How can the pelvic girdle be rotated?
forward, backward, and laterally to optimize positioning of the hip
adductor brevis origin
front of the inferior public ramus just below the origin of the longus
Abdominal wall muscles do not go from bone to bone but attach
into an aponeurosis (fascia) around rectus abdominis area.
Male pelvis compared to female is
larger and heavier larger articular surfaces For larger muscle attachments
The ROM in running is usually
larger especially at the knees
vastus lateralis insertion
lateral border of patella, patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity
bicep femoris insertion
lateral condyle of tibia, head of fibula
Extensor Digitorum Longus origin
lateral condyle of tibia, head of fibula upper twothirds of anterior surface of fibula
glteus medius origin
lateral surface ilium just below crest
gluteus minimus origin
lateral surface of ilium below the origin of gluteus medius
iliopsoas insertion
lesser trochanter of femur and shaft just below (iliacus and psoas major) Pectineal line and iliopectineal eminence (psoas minor)
what in foot & ankle maintain arches
ligaments
Flexor Digitorum Longus origin
middle third of posterior surface of tibia
adductor longus instertion
middle third of the linea aspera
Extensor Hallucis Longus origin
middle two thirds of medial surface of anterior fibula
Flexor Hallucis Longus origin
middle two thirds of posterior surface of fibula
Atf
most common damaged
rectus femoris insertion
superior aspect of the patella and patellar tendon to the tibial tuberosity