Government Chapters 1 - 3

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A choice that government makes in response to some issue on its agenda is called A) public policy. B) selective selection. C) a law. D) stimulus-response. E) rational choice theory.

A public good is defined as A) something in which any member of society can share. B) something provided by the government that cannot be provided by the private sector. C) a choice that government makes in response to a political issue. D) a public policy that is good for the nation as a whole. E) all of the above

A system in which many groups make themselves heard and felt somewhere in the policy process is A) pluralistic. B) direct democracy. C) hyperpluralistic. D) elitist. E) bureaucratic.

According to Thomas Jefferson, which of the following is an inalienable right? A) Liberty B) Taxes C) Justice D) Jurisprudence E) Incontinence

After the American Revolution, state legislatures were composed of A) significantly more middle-class representatives and fewer wealthy members compared to before the war. B) revolutionary war militiamen. C) about the same ratio of wealthy members and not so wealthy members as before the war. D) significantly more landless laborers and poor farmers than any other group. E) a higher percentage of wealthy planters, lawyers, and merchants than ever before.

All governments A) provide public goods and socialize citizens into the political and social system. B) ensure safety on the high seas and promote free enterprise. C) maintain national parks and a national defense. D) guarantee a capitalist economy and collect taxes. E) hold elections.

All of the following are examples of how federalism decentralizes our policies EXCEPT A) federal income tax. B) regulation of abortion. C) death penalty. D) funding of education. E) homeland security.

All of the following are parts of the policymaking system EXCEPT A) public goods. B) policymaking institutions. C) linkage institutions. D) peopleʹs political interests. E) policy.

Among the factors that contributed to economic turmoil under the Articles of Confederation was the A) postwar depression that left many small farmers unable to pay their debts and threatened mortgage foreclosures. B) decreasing economic viability of slavery. C) power shift from middle-class farmers to wealthy landowners. D) state legislatures that favored creditors and created more debt. E) All of these factors contributed to the economic turmoil.

An example of public policymaking would be A) Congress and the president deciding not to act on the AIDS crisis. B) a majority of the public supporting the idea of government dealing with unemployment. C) the president meeting with the heads of oil companies. D) the press creating public concern about racial discrimination. E) all of the above

At the center of all theories of elite domination of politics is A) big business. B) the Congress. C) the nouveau riche. D) the Trilateral Commission. E) the president.

At the top of the political agenda during the period of the Articles of Confederation was A) economic issues. B) social-equality issues. C) military issues. D) voting rights issues. E) slavery.

Beginning in 1781, the United States was governed under the A) Articles of Confederation. B) Mayflower Compact. C) Basic Law of 1781. D) British Constitution. E) current United States Constitution.

Business interests have traditionally found their demands received most favorably by A) state governments. B) the courts. C) Congress. D) the president. E) cities.

Elite and class theory holds that A) all societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule. B) power is dispersed among many institutions. C) in a democracy the majority class must overthrow the government and rule by itself if government is to be freed from the control of the rich. D) there is little consensus in policymaking among elites. E) politics is the basis of elite power.

Escalating campaign costs are a challenge to democracy because A) it is believed that PAC contributions affect the way members of Congress vote on single issues. B) they are associated with more technical policies. C) they lead to policy gridlock. D) they reflect diverse interests. E) they make it easier for candidates to raise money.

Federal policies to regulate food and drugs, build interstate highways, protect consumers, try to clean up dirty air and water, and do many other things are all justified as ________ of Congress. A) implied powers B) categorical grants C) constitutionally specified powers D) reserved powers E) enumerated powers

Federalism is A) a system of shared power by the state and national governments. B) the same as unitary government. C) sole government authority in the national government. D) sole government authority in the states. E) a three-branch government with a system of checks and balances.

Fiscal federalism is A) the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system. B) the distinct separation of national government spending versus state and local government spending. C) the federal governmentʹs regulation of the money supply and interest rates. D) the federal income tax. E) a sharing of local and national resources practiced in other countries but not in the United States.

Governments in the modern world, whether democratic or not, are similar in doing all of the following EXCEPT A) protecting citizensʹ civil liberties. B) maintaining a national defense. C) providing public goods. D) collecting taxes. E) providing public services.

Grants for specific programs distributed according to community demographic factors, such as population or income, are A) formula grants. B) categorical grants. C) revenue sharing grants. D) project grants. E) block grants.

Hyperpluralists believe that the dominant player in American politics is A) groups. B) the president. C) the government. D) the media. E) rich individuals.

Hyperpluralists would argue that A) too many influential groups cripple governmentʹs ability to govern. B) society is divided along class lines. C) group competition will result in a rough approximation of the public interest. D) wealth is the basis of power. E) too few groups lead to a proliferation of governments.

In 1995, the Republican majority in Congress, in contrast to previous Democratic Congresses, A) limited the use of unfunded mandates. B) prohibited the states from using unfunded mandates. C) limited the use of block grants. D) avoided funded mandates. E) all of the above

In Annapolis, Maryland, in 1786, delegates from five states met to discuss A) the problems of the national government under the Articles of Confederation. B) the need to declare independence from England. C) the need for a Bill of Rights. D) the issue of slavery. E) all of the above

In determining congressional representation and taxation, the Constitution A) counted slaves as three-fifths of a person. B) did not count slaves. C) counted slaves the same as free persons. D) was silent on the issue of how slaves would be counted, instead leaving the issue to each state to decide. E) counted slaves as one-half of a person.

In setting the broad rules of the game of politics, constitutions A) are never neutral; they give some participants advantages over others. B) are fair and impartial. C) allow all participants the same political opportunities. D) have no effect on the distribution of power in society. E) are constantly changing.

John Locke believed that the ʺend of governmentʺ was A) preservation of property. B) majority rule. C) equality of man. D) pursuit of happiness. E) ʺthe beginning of life.ʺ

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published A) The Communist Manifesto. B) A Theory of Democracy. C) The Federalist Papers. D) Poor Richardʹs Almanac. E) War and Peace.

Most of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention regarded what as the greatest threat to government? A) factions B) kings C) slaves D) foreign adversaries E) charismatic leaders

Most of the governments in the world today are ________, in which all power resides in the central national government. A) unitary B) federalist C) nationalist D) confederations E) fiscal

On the whole, federal grant distribution follows the principle of A) universalism. B) stinginess. C) cronyism. D) to the victors go the spoils. E) needs-testing.

One type of linkage institution is A) an interest group. B) a government. C) a bureaucracy. D) a legislature. E) all of the above

Opposition to ratification of the Constitution was based on the belief that it would A) provide for elite control, endanger liberty, and weaken the states. B) produce more democratic elements than desirable for a strong central government. C) give too much power to the states. D) promote pluralism, which would threaten liberty. E) all of the above

Populism emphasizes A) the people. B) the elected officials. C) representative democracy. D) the meritocracy. E) prosperity.

Ratification of the Constitution A) needed the approval of nine states. B) needed the approval of a majority of the people. C) occurred when it was approved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention. D) needed the approval of all the states. E) was by two-thirds vote of the Continental Congress.

Right after the Revolutionary War, a dramatic change swept through the new country resulting in A) a dramatic increase in democracy and freedom. B) a population shift from the cities to the country. C) a population shift from country to city. D) an explosion in prosperity. E) full-scale industrialization.

Robert Putnamʹs claim that Americans are now ʺbowling aloneʺ is a criticism of A) pluralism. B) elite theory. C) hyperpluralism. D) social network theory. E) none of the above

Sometimes states tackle problems that are generally considered national problems. This is most likely to occur when the federal government acts in a way that most state residents do not like. An example of this is A) state funding for stem cell research in California. B) lowering the minimum wage. C) collecting taxes on purchases made on the Internet. D) restrictions on the chemicals that can be used for developing digital photographs. E) local school board policies about which textbooks are appropriate.

States are responsible for most public policies dealing with each of the following issues EXCEPT A) economic issues. B) social issues. C) police powers. D) family issues. E) moral issues.

The American Revolution A) did not drastically alter the colonistsʹ way of life. B) produced great societal change. C) was won quickly and decisively by the superior American troops. D) created class conflicts that split society. E) was fought between a large army of colonials and a small British army.

The Articles of Confederation were adopted by A) the Continental Congress. B) President George Washington. C) a small, self-appointed committee of the nationʹs political leaders. D) the British Parliament. E) the Continental Army under command of General George Washington.

The Connecticut Compromise at the Constitutional Convention A) resolved the impasse between those who favored the New Jersey Plan and those who preferred the Virginia Plan. B) added the Bill of Rights to the Constitution in order to lessen concerns about too much power for the new government. C) settled the dispute over whether slavery should be allowed in the final constitution. D) threw out the idea of having a monarchy in the United States, opting instead for an indirectly elected president. E) involved all of these elements.

The Constitution states that Congress has the power to establish post offices. This is an example of A) enumerated powers. B) delegated powers. C) implied powers. D) reserved powers. E) shared powers.

The Federalist Papers were A) essays in support of ratification of the constitution. B) essays written that were critical of the constitution. C) newspapers which backed the Federalist party in early United States elections. D) the original name of the constitution written by the Constitutional Convention. E) the notes that George Washington took at the Constitutional Convention.

The McCulloch v. Maryland case dealt with what specific grievance? A) a state taxing a national bank B) toll bridges on interstate roads C) the location of Marylandʹs capital city D) a state coining its own money E) import taxes on goods made in other states

The Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison (1803) asserted the power of the Court to A) check the actions of the other branches through judicial review. B) nullify constitutional amendments. C) confirm presidential appointments. D) determine its own size and makeup. E) impeach the president.

The United States government under the Articles of Confederation can best be described as A) weak and ineffective. B) overly prone to intervention in foreign affairs. C) overly bureaucratic. D) dictatorial. E) a personal tool of George Washington.

The Virginia and New Jersey Plans introduced at the Constitutional Convention differed mainly over whether A) states should send equal numbers of representatives to Congress. B) there should be a president. C) the states or the national government should regulate interstate commerce. D) there should be a legislative branch at the national level. E) slavery should be permitted in the country.

The amendments that have been added to the Constitution have made it A) more egalitarian and democratic. B) more elitist and undemocratic. C) more protective of property rights. D) weaker and less significant to American society. E) much more like the European constitutions it originally condemned.

The development of the two-party system is an example of informal constitutional change through A) political practice. B) technology. C) judicial interpretation. D) increasing demands on policymakers. E) all of the above

The enumerated powers of Congress and the national government are those A) specifically spelled out in the Constitution. B) set out in the first ten amendments. C) involving taxes, spending, and fiscal policy. D) not specifically spelled out in the Constitution, but nonetheless acknowledged. E) requiring ratification by the states.

The first two weeks of the Constitutional Convention were spent debating A) the nature of republican government. B) the economic structure of the new government. C) the terms of Britainʹs surrender. D) military issues and the need for a standing army. E) practical political issues.

The foundation of John Lockeʹs philosophy was that human beings A) derive their rights from nature. B) have rights that are granted them by government. C) determine their own rights. D) derive their rights from God. E) are granted their rights by their King.

The largest item in the United States government budget, consuming more than one-fifth of spending, is A) Social Security payments. B) foreign aid. C) education spending. D) national defense. E) welfare for the poor.

The main instrument the national government uses to influence state governments is A) grants-in-aid. B) mandates. C) judicial review. D) the Tenth Amendment. E) presidential decrees.

The most important effect of the constitutional amendments has been to A) expand liberty and equality. B) reinforce elite control of government. C) expand the powers of the states. D) strengthen the capitalist economy. E) all of the above

The national government has exclusive control over foreign and military policy, the postal system, and monetary policy, while the states have exclusive control over other specific areas. This division of responsibilities reflects A) dual federalism. B) divided government. C) tripartite federalism. D) cooperative federalism. E) fiscal federalism.

The primary author of the Declaration of Independence was A) Thomas Jefferson. B) Benjamin Franklin. C) James Madison. D) King George III. E) George Washington.

The principal type of federal aid for states and localities is A) categorical grants. B) disaster loans. C) revenue sharing. D) block grants. E) urban renewal grants.

The process from above is A) a policymaking system. B) political decision making. C) a policy agenda. D) a government. E) a linkage institution.

The requirement of a drinking age provision before states can receive federal highway aid is an example of A) a string attached to categorical grants. B) an important element of the ʺformulaʺ used to calculate formula grants. C) a project grant supported by the interest groups. D) the efforts of state agencies to get federal funds. E) an unfunded mandate.

The separation of powers and the checks and balances established by the Constitution A) allow almost all groups some place in the political system where their demands for public policy can be heard. B) have acted to discourage the growth of groups in American society. C) have made the United States one of the most democratic countries in the world. D) create so many obstacles that groups have no place for their policy demands to be heard. E) are basically undemocratic since only elites can formulate policies within the system.

The supremacy clause A) establishes the Constitution, laws of the national government, and treaties as the supreme law of the land. B) establishes the Supreme Court as the final arbiter in all civil and criminal disputes. C) declares that the national government is superior to the states in every concern. D) states that powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by the states, are reserved to the states. E) states that the people are the supreme authority in the United States and that the government shall be subservient to them.

The writers of the United States Constitution A) were distrustful of democracy. B) sought to establish the most democratic system they could. C) were interested in promoting equality above all else. D) patterned our government after Britainʹs except for the King. E) believed in majority rule.

Thomas Jeffersonʹs phrase ʺlife, liberty, and the pursuit of happinessʺ was a modification of John Lockeʹs phrase ʺLife, liberty, and ________.ʺ A) property B) God C) heaven D) health E) equality

Two key elements of the Madisonian model were to A) keep most of the government beyond the control of a popular majority and separate the powers of different institutions. B) promote state power while separating the powers of different national institutions. C) keep as much of the government as possible beyond the control of a popular majority and extend the right to vote to everyone. D) combine the powers of different institutions and create a powerful presidency. E) require a system of checks and balances and extend democracy.

Under the Articles of Confederation most governmental power rested in A) the state governments. B) the national government. C) the president. D) the Congress. E) all of the above

What was the original, sole, and express purpose of the convention in Philadelphia? A) to revise the Articles of Confederation B) to choose the first president C) to negotiate the peace treaty with Great Britain D) to abolish the Articles of Confederation E) to grant women the right to vote

Which of the following categories is the largest expenditure in the federal budget? A) Social Security B) Medicaid C) environment D) national defense E) homeland security

Which of the following federal policies exemplifies the implied powers of Congress? A) environmental protection law B) income tax C) the regulation of interstate commerce D) the provision of an army and a navy E) all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a standard operating procedure of cooperative federalism today? A) distinctly separated powers of state and national governments B) federal grants-in-aid C) shared administration of programs D) shared financing of government E) federal guidelines imposed on states

Which of the following is NOT an effect of federalism? A) It simplifies the governmental system. B) Courts are called upon to be referees, and they gain power. C) It decentralizes political power. D) It creates more access points to government. E) It increases bureaucracy.

Which of the following is NOT true about categorical grants? A) The federal government is less likely to apply conditions to these grants today than in the 1970s. B) There are several hundred specific purposes or categories for which these grants can be used. C) Virtually every one is enshrouded in rules and regulations for its use. D) A project grant is the most typical type of categorical grant. E) Categorical grants are monies that can be spent in broad categories of functions.

Which of the following statements about federalism is FALSE? A) Federalism was hotly debated at the Constitutional Convention. B) Eighteenth-century Americans had little experience in thinking of themselves as Americans first and state citizens second. C) There was no other practical choice in 1787 but to create a federal system of government. D) Loyalty to state governments was so strong that the Constitution would have been resoundingly defeated had it tried to abolish them. E) None of the above; all are TRUE.

Which of the following statements about taxes is TRUE? A) One out of every three dollars earned by an American citizen is used to pay taxes. B) Despite the image presented by the media, survey data reveal that Americans feel they are getting their moneyʹs worth for the taxes they pay. C) About one-tenth of the average American citizenʹs salary goes to taxes. D) The tax burden in the United States is higher than in most other democratic nations. E) All of these are true.

Which of the following statements about the Anti-Federalists is FALSE? A) The Anti-Federalists were basically unpatriotic and un-American. B) The Anti-Federalists fought to prevent ratification of the new constitution. C) The Anti-Federalists believed that the new government was an enemy of freedom. D) The Anti-Federalists believed the new government would erode fundamental liberties. E) The Anti-Federalists believed the new Constitution was a class-based document.

Which of the following statements about the state governments is accurate? A) They carry out virtually all the functions they always have, while the national government has taken on new functions. B) The national government has taken away nearly all the functions the states used to perform. C) The national government has taken away about half the functions the states used to perform. D) There has been a sharp decrease in the proportion of gross national product spent by states and localities since 1929. E) Their policy functions have nearly been taken over by the national government.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Federal grants can put an unwanted financial burden on states. B) When Congress imposes a program on the states, it also provides the funds for the program. C) Congress decreased funding of Medicaid in the 1980s to relieve state financial burdens. D) States are always seeking increases in grant programs. E) all of the above

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) The American states have unitary governments. B) Federalism is the typical way nations organize their governments. C) Great Britain has a federal system. D) Most European countries are confederations. E) none of the above

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the 55 delegates who attended the Constitutional Convention? A) Most were residents of the western frontiers. B) They were all men. C) A significant number were urbanites. D) Many were college graduates. E) They were mostly wealthy planters.

Which of the following was NOT a source of revenue for the United States government under the Articles of Confederation? A) taxes levied by the Continental Congress B) printing its own money C) selling off western lands D) state governments E) All of the above were revenue sources.

Which of these is a linkage institution? A) USA Today B) the presidentʹs cabinet C) the House of Representatives D) the ambassador to France E) all of the above

Which of these was NOT a principle established in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland? A) State governments are forbidden spending more money than they raise each year, while there is no such requirement on the national government. B) The national government can establish a national bank, even though the Constitution does not say it can. C) The national government is supreme to the states when it is acting within its sphere of action. D) The national government has certain implied powers that go beyond its enumerated powers. E) State laws preempt national laws when the national government clearly exceeds its constitutional powers and intrudes upon state powers.

Which of these was NOT among John Lockeʹs key philosophical concepts? A) checks and balances B) limited government C) natural rights D) consent of the governed E) property rights

Which one of the following countries has federalism as its method of governing? A) Canada B) China C) France D) Kenya E) No other country uses federalism.

A marriage license issued in one state is valid and honored in all states under the constitutional provision of A) separation of powers. B) full faith and credit. C) national supremacy. D) national licensure. E) privileges and immunities.

A political party is a key ________ in Americaʹs democratic system. A) stimulus-response B) linkage institution C) input D) majoritarian inhibitor E) output

About ________ of the funds state and local governments spend comes from the federal government. A) 33 percent B) 25 percent C) 50 percent D) 75 percent E) 90 percent

According to Frederick Jackson Turner, the existence of the frontier in American history most directly resulted in A) the abolition of slavery. B) a strong preference for limited government. C) the environmental movement. D) the space program. E) the civil rights movement.

According to G.K. Chesterston, the United States is the only country in the world that is founded on A) heredity. B) a creed. C) isolationism. D) civic virtue. E) religious principles.

According to the text, the diversity of political interests in America is resulting in A) a decrease in political participation. B) policy gridlock. C) the breakdown of the educational system. D) an increase in political participation. E) a cultural renaissance.

After the Revolution, James Madison observed that ʺthe most common and durable source of faction has been A) urban and rural divisions.ʺ B) the various and unequal divisions of property.ʺ C) aristocracy.ʺ D) the British army.ʺ E) racial inequalities.ʺ

Almost every policy the national government has adopted has originated with A) the Senate. B) the states. C) the House of Representatives. D) the Supreme Court. E) the president.

American government is viewed most positively by the A) socialist theory. B) pluralist theory. C) positivist philosophy. D) hyperpluralist theory. E) elite and class theory.

During the American Revolution, Patrick Henry said A) ʺWe fight for truth, justice, and the American way!ʺ B) ʺGive me liberty or give me death.ʺ C) ʺI regret that I have but one life to give for my country.ʺ D) ʺOur fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.ʺ E) ʺLive free or die.ʺ

Each of the following is considered a disadvantage of federalism for democracy EXCEPT A) local interests may be able to thwart national majority support of certain policies. B) powerful interests in a state can use the state as a power base to promote their interests. C) voter turnout rates in state and local elections are even lower than in national elections. D) large number of governments in the United States make exercising democratic control more difficult. E) policy diversity can discourage states from providing services that would otherwise be available.

Enumerated powers are those that are A) reserved for the states. B) stated in the Constitution. C) implied in the Constitution. D) involving money matters. E) granted specifically to the president.

Federalism is a way of organizing a nation so that A) power is centralized in state and local government. B) both national and state levels of government have authority over the same land and people. C) there is one federal government and all regional governments are administrative subunits of it. D) power is centralized in the national government. E) there are three branches of government and a system of checks and balances.

Federalism is advantageous for democracy for each of the following reasons EXCEPT A) allows for a greater diversity of opinion to be reflected in public policies. B) increases the number of decisions and compromises made at the national level. C) increases access to government. D) allows more opportunities for political participation. E) allows customization of policies for local needs.

From clean-air legislation to welfare reforms, the states constitute a ________ to develop and test public policies and share the results with other states and the national government. A) major roadblock B) national laboratory C) neglected resource D) last chance E) severe reluctance

Funding for the interstate highway system is an example of A) dual federalism. B) cooperative federalism. C) tripartite federalism. D) a unitary system of government. E) national federalism.

How is a unitary system different from a federal one? A) The national government can coin money, conduct foreign relations, and declare war. B) The national government can change the boundaries of states, or abolish them. C) State governments have political autonomy and can nullify national laws. D) Administrative subunits, such as states, can collect taxes, conduct elections, and make laws independently of the national government. E) both B and C

How many governments are there in the United States? A) 538 B) over 100,000 C) 51 D) one E) 50

In John Lockeʹs philosophy, the requirements that standing laws be known and private property be preserved A) are always threatened by democratic government. B) impose two major limits on government. C) are unenforceable when government is limited. D) must be sacrificed in the interest of democracy. E) could only be enforced by a powerful king.

In Saenz v. Roe, the Supreme Court ruled that A) California was required to recognize the legality of same sex marriages. B) California could not require a new resident to wait one year before being eligible for welfare benefits. C) California could withhold educational benefits from children of illegal immigrants. D) California was required to offer bilingual education programs in the public elementary schools. E) California could not provide welfare benefits to illegal immigrants.

In ________ federalism, the powers and policy assignments of the different levels of government are distinct, like a layer cake. A) fiscal B) dual C) tripartite D) cooperative E) anti-

In cooperative federalism, A) states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres. B) responsibilities are mingled and distinctions are blurred between the levels of government. C) powers and policy assignments of the layers of government are distinct. D) states are supreme over the national government. E) both A and B

In response to complaints from state and local governments about the paperwork and requirements attached to most grants, Congress has established ________ to support programs in areas like community development and social services. A) formula grants B) block grants C) project grants D) categorical grants E) computerized grant applications

In the Constitution, the powers to coin money, to enter into treaties, and to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states were given to A) neither the individual states nor the national government. B) the national government. C) the individual states. D) the Senate only. E) both the individual states and the national government.

Increased technical expertise is a challenge to democracy because A) it is difficult to have an informed ʺnon-technicalʺ public debate on technical issues. B) it goes against the tenets of pluralist political theory. C) it violates the notion of one man, one vote. D) elected officials find it hard to understand technical experts. E) interest groups have a difficult time securing technical expertise.

John Lockeʹs ideas on natural rights were related to human law in that A) natural rights were less important than human law. B) natural rights were considered higher than human law. C) human law was the source of natural rights. D) human law protected property rights, making human law equal to natural rights. E) human law and natural rights were unimportant after revolution.

Laws that directly regulate abortion, drinking ages, marriage and divorce, or sexual behavior are policy prerogatives that belong to A) the bureaucracy. B) the states. C) Congress. D) local governments. E) federal courts.

Medicaid and Aid for Families with Dependent Children are examples of A) categorical grants. B) formula grants. C) project grants. D) state grants. E) block grants.

Most delegates to the Constitutional Convention believed that the secret of good government is a A) centralized government. B) balanced government. C) government that is open and not secretive. D) popularly controlled government. E) strong executive.

National, state, and local governments in America spend almost ________ of the gross domestic product. A) 3 percent B) 30 percent C) all D) 10 percent E) none

Only the national government is allowed to A) levy taxes. B) regulate commerce with foreign nations. C) take private property for public purposes. D) make and enforce laws. E) all of the above

Over a third of Americaʹs wealth is owned by A) the United States government. B) one percent of the population. C) a third of the population. D) seven percent of the population. E) Japanese investors.

Over the last 125 years the people of the United States have turned increasingly to the national government to solve problems or provide assistance because A) the Tenth Amendment gave increased power to the national government. B) a problem or policy often requires the authority and resources of the national government. C) of corruption at the state level. D) we have a unitary government. E) of persistent corruption in state and local government.

People who worry about PACs are most especially concerned about A) the decline in American voter turnout. B) the close connection between money and politics. C) too much democracy being dangerous to social stability. D) the role Party Affairs Councils play in elections. E) single-issue voters.

Political issues A) are always acted upon by the government. B) arise when people disagree about a problem or public policy choices made to combat a problem. C) are limited in number in the United States. D) usually emerge out of group consensus on a problem. E) all of the above

Political knowledge A) is greater among youth than the elderly. B) fosters political tolerance. C) is not that important in a democracy. D) is generally high in the United States. E) none of the above

Project grants A) have no strings attached. B) are awarded on the basis of competitive applications. C) are distributed according to a specific formula. D) are automatically given to states and communities. E) all of the above

Ratification of the Constitution was done by A) the voters in each state casting open ballots. B) special conventions in each state. C) the state legislatures approving the document. D) approval by the Supreme Court. E) majority vote of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention.

Reflecting the natural rights philosophy, the Declaration of Independence stated that governments derive their just powers from A) God. B) the consent of the governed. C) tradition. D) their elected leaders. E) a Constitution.

Regarding the right to vote in national elections, the framers of the Constitution A) required that all free, adult males with property worth at least $50 be allowed to vote. B) decided to leave it up to the individual states to determine voter qualifications in their own states. C) finally granted women the right to vote. D) included a requirement that all free, adult males be allowed to vote. E) provided that free men and women over the age of 20 be allowed to vote.

Some scholars have suggested that a consequence of separation of powers and checks and balances has been A) the inability of groups to get their grievances heard. B) fragmented policymaking processes. C) the tyranny of the majority. D) streamlined, but hasty, government decision making. E) political instability.

The Anti-Federalists believed that the new constitution A) was a thinly disguised attempt to abolish a federal form of government in the United States. B) was an enemy of freedom and designed to give control of the government to a rich elite. C) created a new government too weak to be effective, and they preferred a monarchy to ensure stability. D) was too democratic and would lead to tyranny of the masses against the wealthy. E) with whatever faults it might have, was the young nationʹs best hope for a workable government.

The Constitution was ratified by A) popular vote in each of the states. B) special conventions in each of the states. C) the electoral college. D) state representatives to the Constitutional Convention. E) the state legislatures.

The Constitutional Convention dealt with slavery by A) prohibiting it only north of the Mason-Dixon line. B) recognizing it by providing for the return of escaped slaves. C) prohibiting it after twenty years. D) counting the slaves as a full part of the population for the purposes of representation in the House. E) emancipating slaves on the principle of equality.

The Declaration of Independence A) contained completely new ideas on political philosophy. B) became one of the most important statements of American political philosophy. C) took several months to write. D) blamed the British parliament for abuses on the colonies. E) all of the above

The Declaration of Independence argued that A) nations are indivisible and a people must never secede from their mother nation. B) people should revolt when they suffer deep injustices. C) the British parliament was to blame for the evils imposed upon the colonists. D) people should always work peacefully within the system to redress any grievances they have. E) revolution is justifiable whenever people become angry with their government.

The Declaration of Independence was a A) valid legal document under British law. B) bitter attack against the British king for abuses said to have been done to the colonists over a long period of time. C) proclamation from King George III granting the American colonists the right to form their own nation. D) thoughtful, cautious explanation of why independence might be a good idea if certain demands were not met. E) last effort by the American colonists to get back on good terms with England, while only threatening independence.

The Madisonian requirement that each branch of government acquire the consent of the others for many of its actions created a system of A) confederated government. B) checks and balances. C) constitutional republic. D) cross-cutting requirements. E) separation of powers.

The National Defense Education Act, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, and the Interstate Highway System are all examples of A) dual federalism. B) cooperative federalism. C) triangulation. D) layer cake federalism. E) unitary federalism

The Supreme Court case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) A) established Baltimore as the capital of Maryland. B) stated that the Constitution gave Congress implied powers. C) established the principle of judicial review. D) established the supremacy of state governments. E) recognized that Congress was limited to its enumerated powers.

The United States Constitution A) lists the executive departments that are required to advise the president. B) does not prescribe the function and structure of government in detail. C) is one of the oldest and longest constitutions in the world. D) gives particular detail to the function of the judiciary. E) was modeled on the British Constitution.

The ________, offered as a proposal at the Constitutional Convention, called for each state to be equally represented in Congress. A) Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) B) New Jersey Plan C) Connecticut Compromise D) three-fifths compromise E) Virginia Plan

The constitutional requirement that the states return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment is known as A) forfeiture. B) extradition. C) privileges and immunities. D) full faith and credit. E) the elastic clause.

The failure of the Equal Rights Amendment showed that A) Congress was unwilling to support a measure opposed by a strong minority of the public. B) a national majority in favor of an amendment is not sufficient to add it to the Constitution. C) most states did not want to grant constitutional equality to women. D) we are a democracy, and majority opinion prevails. E) men are pigs, still unwilling to grant women equal rights.

The largest percentage of federal grants to states and localities is in the area of A) defense. B) health. C) transportation. D) education. E) homeland security.

The list of problems to which political leaders are paying serious attention is a(n) A) problem set. B) policy agenda. C) issue constellation. D) legislative package. E) none of the above

The primary goal of the American Revolution was to A) establish a new political system. B) restore rights the colonists felt were already theirs as British subjects. C) create a new economic order. D) institutionalize new social values based on equality. E) establish property rights.

The primary thrust of the original intent and wording of the Tenth Amendment is that A) state legislatures have the ultimate authority to determine what a state governmentʹs powers are. B) states have certain powers that the national government cannot encroach upon. C) the national government can take control of a state government during a national emergency. D) national laws override state laws when there is a conflict between the two. E) both the states and national government are bound by the limitations in the Bill of Rights.

The proportion of the United States gross national product spent by state and local governments has ________ since 1929. A) increased at a much faster rate compared to the national government B) increased, but not nearly as fast as the national governmentʹs C) dropped considerably D) remained steady E) dropped slightly

The view of human nature most prevalent among the Founding Fathers was that A) men abhor power and the burdens that come with it. B) people are self-interested in acquiring wealth and power. C) human nature can be perfected, given the right social and political institutions. D) people are basically cooperative and community-oriented. E) people are disorganized and without vision.

The workings of the federal system are sometimes called A) internal relations. B) intergovernmental relations. C) intrastate relations. D) interstate relations. E) international relations.

Those who met at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 were A) a mix of wealthy and middle-class Americans. B) wealthy planters, lawyers, and merchants. C) overwhelmingly middle-class farmers. D) primarily British officials overseeing the implementation of the new government agreed to in the peace treaty. E) split evenly between Democrats and Republicans.

Today, the national government spends roughly ________ of the gross domestic product. A) 15 percent B) 20 percent C) 2.5 percent D) 9 percent E) 44 percent

Under the Articles of Confederation, power in the states began to shift to the hands of A) merchants and lawyers. B) middle-class farmers and craft workers. C) governors. D) low-income landowners. E) new industrialists.

Under the Madisonian model, people desiring change A) find a government that is highly responsive and acts quickly and decisively. B) must usually have a sizable majority. C) have no chance of victory. D) need only win at one point in the policymaking process. E) need just a simple majority over 50 percent.

What view of human nature did the delegates at the Constitutional Convention have? A) Humans are basically good. B) Cynical view: human beings are selfish and greedy. C) There is no human nature and humans are the product of their environment. D) Human nature is basically evil. E) Altruistic view: humans are deeply concerned about each othersʹ welfare, apart from their own self-interests.

Which of the following is FALSE about the Constitution? A) It creates many government access points where groups can attempt to initiate or block policy changes. B) It discourages hyperpluralism. C) It places many limits on the governmentʹs powers. D) It protects individual liberty. E) It creates government gridlock and inaction.

Which of the following is FALSE about the United States government under the Articles of Confederation? A) Each state had only one vote in Congress. B) Most authority rested with the United States Congress rather than the state governments. C) The Congress had only one house. D) There was no president. E) All of these are false.

Which of the following is an example of a confederation? A) state governments in the United States B) the United Nations C) OPEC D) Britain E) France

Which of the following statements about federal block grants is FALSE? A) Block grants were created to lessen the paperwork and strings attached to many grants-in-aid. B) Congress has established an unlimited number of block grants to support narrowly defined programs. C) The Republican Congress is increasing block grants. D) States have discretion in deciding how to spend block grant money. E) They provide the states more flexibility in spending.

Which of the following statements about federalism is false? A) In cooperative federalism, sometimes even blame is shared when programs do not work well. B) The American system has always been neatly separated into purely state and purely national responsibilities. C) In cooperative federalism, policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. D) Cooperative federalism today rests on several standard operating procedures. E) None; all are true.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Federalism reduces decision making and conflict at the national level. B) Federalism reduces the opportunities for political participation. C) Federalism allows the diversity of opinion within the country to be reflected in different public policies among the states. D) There are over a half million elected officials in the United States as a result of the federal system. E) The federal system ensures that each state can establish a power base to promote its interests.

Which of the following takes the most positive view of democracy in the United States? A) democratic centralism B) pluralist theory C) hyperpluralism D) democratic positivism E) elite theory

Which of the following was NOT a problem with the national government under the Articles of Confederation? A) the threat of some of the Continental Army to establish George Washington as king B) the lack of power given to state legislatures C) the lack of an executive to lead the nation D) the inability of the central national government to regulate foreign trade or regulate the national economy E) the unwillingness of the states to send money requisitioned by the central national government

Which of the following would NOT be considered a contemporary challenge to American democracy? A) complexity of the issues B) the threat of communism C) the use of money in politics D) political participation rates E) diversity

Who issued the Declaration of Independence? A) the Constitutional Convention of 1776 B) the Continental Congress C) President George Washington D) the 13 colonial legislatures E) General George Washington

________ arise when people disagree about a problem or a public policy choice made to combat a problem. A) Revolutions B) Political issues C) Social crises D) Governments E) Wars

________ is the process by which policy comes into being and evolves over time. A) Democracy B) A policymaking system C) A constellation D) The bureaucracy E) Government

A form of governmental structure in which the national government is weak and most or all power is in the hands of its components (e.g., states) is known as A) federalism. B) statist. C) a confederation. D) parliamentary. E) a unitary government.

A project grant is A) money awarded for public housing in urban areas of the nation. B) awarded more or less automatically to states or communities. C) awarded on the basis of competitive application. D) restricted to construction projects. E) distributed on the basis of population, per capita income, percentage of rural population, or some other factor.

A unitary system is a way of organizing government so that A) power is concentrated in state and local governments. B) national and state governments have separate powers over different areas and people. C) power is concentrated in a central government. D) both national and state levels of government have authority over the same land and people. E) every single government is independent of the others and possesses its own specialized power and authority.

All of the following are ingredients of a pluralistic democracy EXCEPT A) group competition for policy benefits. B) bargaining and compromise. C) majority rule. D) multiple access points to policymakers. E) separation of powers.

Americaʹs ________ society makes it more sensible to have Social Security administered on a national rather than a state-by-state basis. A) electronic B) free enterprise C) mobile D) multi-ethnic E) aging

At the end of the Revolutionary War, A) captured British troops were herded into large prison camps where they served life sentences for their treachery. B) a strong, new national government began immediately to keep the economy running smoothly with careful regulation. C) a postwar depression severely hurt small farmers and many others. D) the condition of the economy was largely the same as it had been before the war. E) a period of tremendous economic prosperity began.

At the time of the constitutional convention, slavery A) existed only in Georgia and the Carolinas. B) was permitted in all thirteen states. C) was illegal only in Massachusetts. D) was prohibited north of the Mason-Dixon line. E) was prohibited by the Connecticut Compromise, which was never put into effect.

Expansions of mandated programs by the national government present especially difficult funding problems for A) Congress. B) federal taxpayers. C) state and local governments. D) foreign governments. E) the recipient of the service or program.

Federal regulation of state governments is usually accomplished through A) United States Supreme Court decisions. B) presidential decrees. C) attaching conditions to grants it gives them. D) federalization of a stateʹs national guard. E) direct, executive orders.

Federal support for public education is an example of a A) pragmatic federalism. B) dual federalism. C) cooperative federalism. D) layer cake federalism. E) separation of powers

In contrast to the Democratic Congress of recent decades, the new Republican majority in Congress is passing more federal aid in the form of A) revenue sharing. B) categorical grants. C) block grants. D) tax credits. E) tax expenditures.

In evaluating American democracy, hyperpluralists A) claim that competing groups vying for power make for generally efficient, honest government. B) claim that society is governed solely by an upper-class elite. C) claim that too many influential groups cripple governmentʹs ability to govern. D) believe that the public interest is nearly always translated into public policy in the United States. E) none of the above

In its McCulloch v. Maryland decision, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of A) judicial restraint. B) judicial review. C) the supremacy of the national government over the states. D) the supremacy of the states over the national government. E) Maryland in a dispute with the national government.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the proclamation of statesʹ rights was usually made by those opposing the national governmentʹs efforts in the area of A) the Vietnam War. B) abortion rights. C) civil rights for African Americans. D) the interstate highway system. E) the Korean War.

Many politicians believe that single-issue groups A) stimulate the political system to solve public policy problems. B) are essential to democracy. C) complicate efforts to seek the middle ground on various issues. D) play a unifying role in American politics. E) do not affect policymaking.

Of all the funds spent by state and local governments, federal aid accounts for about A) two-thirds. B) one-half. C) one-fourth. D) three percent. E) one-third.

One advantage of the Internet for democracy is that it A) provides less information than newspapers. B) makes it easy to avoid political topics. C) makes it easier for citizens to communicate directly with government. D) will provide more political information to political elites. E) none of the above

One recently controversial application of the ʺfull faith and creditʺ provision of the Constitution is for A) extradition. B) birth certificates. C) same gender marriages. D) bigamy. E) abortion

Parties and interest groups A) determine which issues are on the policy agenda. B) are not particularly interested in the policy agenda. C) work hard to get the issues they want on the policy agenda. D) have no effect on the policy agenda. E) determine the congressional agenda.

Pluralist theory contends that in the United States A) society is governed solely by an upper-class elite. B) too many influential groups cripple governmentʹs ability to govern. C) many groups vie for power with no one set of groups dominating. D) the many members of Congress dominate a singular official such as the president. E) because most citizens fail to pay attention to serious issues, government has become an elite institution.

Political parties are an important example of the A) Third Amendment. B) formal amendment process. C) unwritten constitution. D) wishes of the founders. E) rigidity of the Constitution.

Programs such as Medicaid and Aid for Families with Dependent Children, where applicants automatically qualify for aid if they meet the requirements, are examples of A) dual federalism. B) project grants. C) formula grants. D) block grants. E) welfare.

Since the ratification of the Constitution, American federalism has gradually changed from A) cooperative to dual federalism. B) state domination to national domination. C) dual to cooperative federalism. D) a unitary to a federal system. E) a federal system to a unitary one.

Single-issue groups A) are rapidly losing prominence in American politics. B) usually run their own candidates for public office. C) have little sympathy for compromising. D) help facilitate the construction of a cohesive national public policy. E) are highly regarded by political scientists for their contributions to democracy.

Spending on public education illustrates A) cooperation between states and federal government for unified policy. B) the advantages of fiscal federalism. C) the diversity in the quality of education among states as a result of federalism. D) the national curriculum that exists in the United States. E) advantages of relying on states to supply public services.

Standard operating procedures in cooperative federalism include each of the following EXCEPT A) shared administration. B) shared costs. C) federal funding with no strings attached. D) federal guidelines. E) categorical and block grants.

The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution A) during the ratification process, before final ratification of the constitution. B) during the Constitutional Convention, at the insistence of Thomas Jefferson. C) after the ratification process was complete, and partly to fulfill a promise to those who supported ratification. D) in 1865 after the union victory in the Civil War. E) piece by piece during the first hundred years of its operation.

The British levied new taxes on its North American colonies in the eighteenth century in order to pay for A) maintaining the elegant lifestyle of the British royalty. B) conquest of territories in Africa and Asia. C) defending new territories obtained after the French and Indian War. D) tax cuts and social welfare programs for residents of the British Isles. E) the rising cost of tea.

The Constitution requires that states give ________ to the public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings of every other state. A) privileges and immunities B) due process C) full faith and credit D) some consideration E) extradition

The Constitutionʹs supremacy clause A) does not apply to state and local matters. B) gives the states superiority over the national governmentʹs Constitution and laws. C) made the Constitution, the laws of the national government, and the national governmentʹs treaties the supreme law of the land. D) is vague about which level of government should prevail in a dispute involving federalism. E) makes the president supreme in any constitutional conflicts with the other two branches.

The Declaration of Independence says that ʺall men are created equal.ʺ Which aspect of the American creed does this suggest? A) Individualism B) Egalitarianism C) Liberty D) Capitalism E) Populism

The Founding Fathers believed that a major source of political conflict was the A) governmentʹs attempt to preserve private property. B) absence of majority rule. C) unequal distribution of property. D) religious differences in society. E) Indian tribes.

The Madisonian system A) is a form of direct democracy. B) encourages change. C) has a conservative bias favoring the status quo. D) discourages moderation and compromise. E) both C and D

The Supreme Court case of Gibbons v. Ogden A) defined the meaning of the elastic clause. B) settled the contested presidential election of 1824. C) defined commerce as virtually every form of commercial activity. D) established the principle of implied powers. E) established the supremacy of the national government.

The Supreme Court case of Printz v. United States A) enhanced the powers of Congress by expanding its interpretation of commerce. B) denied Congress the power of regulating guns in school zones. C) voided the congressional mandate in the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act requiring local community officials to conduct background checks on prospective gun purchasers. D) affirmed the provisions of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. E) none of the above

The United States government owns ________ of the land in the United States A) all B) 5 percent C) one-third D) 2 percent E) none

The delegates to the Constitutional Convention did not worry about preserving individual rights for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A) every state had its own bill of rights. B) they were constructing a limited government that could not threaten personal freedoms. C) they included a bill of rights in Article V. D) they dispersed power so that each branch or level could constrain the other. E) the various states were already doing a sufficient job of protecting individual rights.

The main instrument the national government uses for both aiding and influencing states and localities is A) judicial decisions. B) politics. C) grants-in-aid. D) mandates. E) revenue sharing.

The main type of federal aid to state and local governments is in the form of A) block grants. B) formula grants. C) categorical grants. D) project grants E) revenue sharing.

The most common type of categorical grant is A) block grants. B) a rescission fund. C) project grants. D) disaster relief. E) revenue sharing.

The policymaking institutions of the American national government include all of the following EXCEPT A) the Supreme Court. B) the presidency. C) political parties. D) Congress. E) the Senate.

The supremacy clause of the Constitution states that all of the following are the supreme law of the land, EXCEPT A) laws of the national government (when consistent with the Constitution). B) the United States Constitution. C) state constitutions. D) treaties of the national government (when consistent with the Constitution). E) both C and D

Two of the most important principles of democratic theory are majority rule and A) the plurality rule. B) judicial review. C) minority rights. D) majority restraint. E) Robertsʹ Rules of Order.

Voter turnout matters because A) federal funds are allocated on the basis of the number of voters in a congressional district. B) better candidates are selected when more people vote. C) politicians pay more attention to those who vote than to those who do not vote. D) it makes citizens feel better. E) it makes our country look better.

Which of the following is NOT a contemporary theory of democracy? A) hyperpluralism B) class theory C) democratic centralism D) pluralism E) elite theory

Which of the following statements about judicial interpretation is FALSE? A) Judicial interpretation can profoundly affect how the Constitution is understood. B) The power of judicial review gives courts the right to decide whether legislative actions are in accord with the Constitution. C) The power of judicial interpretation is explicitly stated in the Constitution. D) In the case of Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court decided it would be the one to decide constitutional disputes. E) none of the above

Which of the following statements about public goods is FALSE? A) The government usually provides public goods. B) Public goods are things that everyone can share. C) Individuals have powerful incentives to provide public goods. D) Public goods are not profitable. E) Public goods are indivisible and nonexclusive.

Which of the following statements about the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is FALSE? A) The ERA was opposed by many southern states. B) The ERA was proposed by Congress in 1978. C) Public opinion polls showed little support for the ERA after 1960. D) The ERA was first proposed in 1923. E) The ERA never became part of the Constitution.

Which of the following was NOT a problem with the national government under the Articles of Confederation? A) the unwillingness of the states to send money requisitioned by the central national government B) the lack of an executive to lead the nation C) the lack of power given to state legislatures D) the inability of the central national government to regulate foreign trade or regulate the national economy E) None of these were problems at the time.

Which of the following was NOT occurring in the states during the time of the Articles of Confederation? A) abolishment of religious qualifications for holding office B) adoption of bills of rights C) upper-class dominance D) expanded political participation E) all of the above

Which of the following was NOT one of the economic difficulties the writers of the Constitution attempted to address? A) some states kept printing virtually worthless money B) the tariffs states had erected against one another to protect their state-made products C) lack of unemployment compensation and welfare payments D) the difficulty of the Continental Congress in raising money from the states E) All of these were dealt with in the Constitution.

Which state boycotted the Constitutional Convention? A) Texas, because it took too long to get to Philadelphia B) Virginia C) Rhode Island D) No state boycotted. E) Both Virginia and Rhode Island boycotted.

________ have usually found the individual state governments to be more sympathetic than the national government to their demands. A) Feminists B) Civil rights advocates C) Business interests D) Those favoring the closing of military bases E) Supporters of organized labor

A key question that confronts government regarding different public policy choices is A) whether an appropriate linkage institution is willing to frame a policy. B) which is the most complicated one to deal with. C) which is the least complicated one to deal with. D) whether or not government should do anything about them. E) all of the above

A means of selecting policymakers and or organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the publicʹs preferences is A) government. B) politics. C) public administration. D) democracy. E) all of the above

A number of states have sued the federal government for reimbursement of funds on the grounds that A) overcrowded prisons are a form of cruel and unusual punishment. B) Trick question! States cannot sue the federal government. C) it has no right to charter a national bank. D) the federal government isnʹt preventing illegal immigration into their states. E) the Federal Reserve Board has pushed interest rates too high, increasing state borrowing costs.

A tuition difference between in-state and out-of-state students is an example of A) dual federalism. B) federal exceptions to the full faith and credit provision. C) full faith and credit being extended to all students. D) how states make exceptions to the privileges and immunities clause. E) project grants to the states.

According to hyperpluralists, the increasing caseloads of federal and state courts demonstrate A) the high status of attorneys in the United States. B) the inability to control the bureaucracy in implementing policy. C) that groups are more likely to appeal to different institutions in order to gain policy benefits. D) the expanding scope of government in the United States. E) the increasing complexity of our social networks.

After the Revolution, power in the state legislatures shifted A) from merchants to lawyers. B) from the poor to the wealthy. C) from radicals to conservatives. D) from the wealthy to those with more moderate incomes. E) from the upper to the lower chambers.

All governments A) have written constitutions. B) are elected. C) have a legislature. D) provide services. E) have a president.

An interest group so single-minded that its members often vote on only one issue, ignoring a politicianʹs stand on everything else, is known as A) a one-issue group. B) a uni-issue group. C) a hot-button group. D) a single-issue group. E) a mono-issue group.

As a result of our federal form of government, the death penalty in the United States A) is mandatory. B) is in violation of the Eighth Amendment. C) is permissible at the federal level, but banned at the state level. D) varies substantially by state. E) is permissible because it is not considered cruel and unusual punishment.

As originally established by the Constitution, the House of Representatives had how many members from each state? A) seven B) one C) two D) It depended on the stateʹs population. E) none

As the framers wrote the Constitution they had no practical choice but to adopt a federal system for all but which of the following reasons? A) The confederation had clearly failed in managing the countryʹs problems. B) The population was too dispersed for a unitary system to work. C) Americansʹ loyalty to state governments was stronger than it was to the United States. D) America had always had a federal system and it would have been too radical and disruptive a change to adopt another system. E) The countryʹs transportation and communication systems were too primitive for a unitary government to work.

By eighteenth-century standards, life was ________ for most people in the United States at the time of the Revolution. A) hell both politically and economically B) politically oppressive C) ideal D) not bad E) an economic nightmare

Compared to the government under the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution gave the central government A) far fewer powers. B) total control of the economy. C) about the same economic powers. D) more economic powers. E) almost no economic powers.

Extradition is the requirement that states A) provide sanctuary for federal criminals. B) cannot discriminate against citizens of other states. C) recognize each others public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings. D) must return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment. E) enforce federal law within their state.

Federal aid to state and local governments accounts for how much of federal spending? A) 33 percent B) 50 percent C) 2 percent D) 18 percent E) 75 percent

Federal policies to regulate food and drugs, build interstate highways, and protect consumers are all justified as A) presidential prerogatives. B) enumerated powers of Congress. C) delegated powers of Congress. D) implied powers of Congress. E) both C and D

How has the electoral college changed from the original intent of the framers? A) Affirmative action programs have made the student body much more diverse, although standards have also been lowered. B) The president must now be elected by two-thirds vote of the electoral college rather than a simple majority. C) The number of electors has decreased dramatically. D) Almost all electors now vote for the presidential candidate who wins the most popular votes in their state. E) Today, the electors vote for whom they personally feel would make the best president.

If the allocation of power in a cooperative federal system were compared to a cake it would be most like A) a layer cake with two distinct layers. B) a single-layer cake. C) a cake walk: who gets what is random. D) fifty marbled cupcakes. E) a layer cake with many layers.

If the allocation of power under dual federalism were compared to a cake it would be most like A) a marbled cake where the flavors blend into each other. B) an angel food cakefluffy with little substance. C) New York cheesecakeheavy and crushing under its own weight. D) a layer cake, with two distinct layers. E) a cupcake.

In ________ federalism, the powers and policy assignments of different levels of government are like a marble cake, with mingled responsibilities and blurred distinctions between layers of government. A) fiscal B) mixed C) dual D) cooperative E) tripartite

In cooperative federalism, in order to qualify for federal grant money, cities and states must A) match federal funding dollar for dollar. B) propose standard operating procedures. C) allow federal agencies to administer the funds. D) follow federal guidelines for adopting and enforcing federal laws. E) all of the above

In order to put the national economy on sound footing, the Constitution obligated the new government to ________ all the government debts incurred under the Continental Congress. A) forgive B) renegotiate at lower interest rates C) renegotiate at higher interest rates D) repay E) negate

In our federal system, the powers of the state governments are ultimately granted by A) their stateʹs Supreme Court. B) the people of their state. C) their state legislature. D) the United States Constitution. E) the United States government.

Informal changes to the Constitution have reflected changes in all of the following EXCEPT A) technology. B) political practice. C) judicial interpretation. D) constitutional amendments. E) none of the above

John Locke believed in each of the following EXCEPT A) limited government. B) consent of the governed. C) natural rights. D) divine right of kings. E) both C and D

Madisonian principles in the Constitution were based on A) statesʹ rights. B) a concentration of power, so that the minority faction could dominate the government. C) the belief that government should always be dominated by the majority. D) concern that government would be dominated by a majority or minority faction. E) the ideas of a group of professors at Madison University.

Many elite and class theorists believe that ________ of Americans control most government policy decisions. A) 5 percent B) a majority C) the vast middle class D) 1 percent E) 10 percent

Medicaid is an example of A) a federal grant program that produces considerable competition between the states. B) a federal grant program that receives little support from the political parties. C) a federal block grant. D) a federal grant program that puts an economic strain on the states. E) all of the above

Over time, there has been a gradual change from a dual federalism to a(n) ________ federalism. A) unitary B) single C) tripartite D) cooperative E) fiscal

Politics is defined by Harold Lasswell as A) conflict in society. B) the exercise of power. C) the resolution of conflict in a way that serves the public. D) who gets what, when, and how. E) a course of action to solve a problem.

Since 1929, the national governmentʹs share of American governmental expenditures has A) dropped. B) remained the same. C) approached nearly 100 percent. D) grown rapidly. E) grown at a slower rate than the statesʹ share.

The American Revolution was based upon the ideas of A) intellectual slaves. B) intellectual frontiersmen. C) George Washington. D) European political thinkers. E) American farmers.

The American Revolution was different from the French, Russian, and Iranian revolutions in that A) it was much bloodier. B) it was much shorter. C) it did not result in a change of government. D) it produced little societal change. E) It was different in all these ways.

The Constitution prohibited the states from doing each of the following EXCEPT A) harboring runaway slaves. B) placing duties on imports from other states. C) printing paper money. D) establishing a republican form of government. E) interfering with lawfully contracted debts.

The Constitutionʹs provision that Congress has the right to ʺmake all laws necessary and proper for carrying into executionʺ its powers is often referred to as the A) enumerated powers. B) heart of fiscal federalism. C) Unwritten Amendment. D) elastic clause. E) privileges and immunities.

The Declaration of Independence was primarily A) a treaty with France for war against Britain. B) an original philosophical treatise on politics. C) an outline for a new government. D) a polemic, announcing and justifying a revolution. E) the United Statesʹ first constitution.

The debate at the Philadelphia Convention over eligibility to vote was resolved by A) allowing all males, but no females to vote. B) requiring voter registration before one would be eligible to vote. C) requiring universal manhood suffrage. D) leaving it up to the individual states. E) permitting all citizens over 21 to vote.

The effects a policy has on people and problems is called A) policy outputs. B) policy implementation. C) policy issues. D) policy impacts. E) policy agenda.

The fact that a driverʹs license from one state is valid in other states is an example of A) privileges and immunities. B) extradition. C) implied powers. D) full faith and credit. E) unmandated reciprocity.

The fact that the former Republican majority in Congress prefers block grants to categorical grants indicates that A) they want to increase federal aid to state governments. B) they want federal money to be spent at the neighborhood level rather than the state level. C) they want to decrease federal aid to state governments. D) they want the federal government to exercise less authority over the states. E) they intend to raise more money from state governments to reduce the federal budget deficit.

The framers of the Constitution gave the chief economic policymaking role to A) the courts. B) the Federal Reserve Board. C) the president. D) Congress. E) the states.

The governmentʹs responses in the wake of Hurricane Katrina underscores A) the neccesity of complying with the letter and the spirit of the Third Amendment. B) the tensions between Congress and the president. C) the ability of the U.S. military to mobilize and deploy quickly. D) the complexity of American federalism. E) all of the above

The most fundamental element of democratic theory is A) ʺpower to the people!ʺ B) government efficiency. C) equality. D) majority rule. E) access to information.

The nature of groups and the government in hyperpluralist theory is A) strong government and strong groups. B) weak groups and strong government. C) weak groups, strong elites, and weak government. D) strong groups and weak government. E) too few groups result in the creation of many governments.

The one element of government that Madisonʹs plan placed within direct control of the voters was the A) Senate. B) presidency. C) Congress. D) House of Representatives. E) Supreme Court.

The overall set of shared values in a society is known as A) individualism. B) value added voting. C) populism. D) political culture. E) collectivism.

The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system is called A) economic federalism. B) dual federalism. C) cooperative federalism. D) fiscal federalism. E) monetary federalism.

The power to directly regulate such things as drinking ages, marriage and divorce, and sexual behavior has been granted A) to all governments by the Bill of Rights. B) to the national government. C) to the president. D) to state governments. E) to both the state and national governments.

The primary goal of the American Revolution was A) to gain control over the coloniesʹ trade with foreign nations. B) to cut taxes. C) to win the right to print paper money that could be used to pay off debts. D) to restore the colonistsʹ rights as British subjects. E) to gain control of the western frontier.

The principle of the supremacy of federal law over state law was affirmed in A) Marbury v. Madison. B) the Tenth Amendment. C) United States v. Darby. D) McCulloch v. Maryland. E) the presidential election of 1804.

The principle that the national government has certain implied powers that go beyond its enumerated powers was first elaborated in the Supreme Courtʹs decision in A) United States v. the States. B) Gibbons v. Ogden. C) Miranda v. Arizona. D) McCulloch v. Maryland. E) Marbury v. Madison.

The system of checks and balances in the Constitution means that A) a majority can easily manipulate the system, but a minority cannot. B) changes in government policy can be made with relative ease, with few obstacles to stop a popular new force. C) we have a direct democracy, with all branches equally accessible to strong public pressure. D) change usually comes slowly, if at all, and moderation and compromise are typical in our political system. E) each branch of government has its own powers independent of the other.

The theory that argues that group competition results in a rough approximation of the public interest in public policy is A) hyperpluralist theory. B) balance of power theory. C) elite and class theory. D) pluralist theory. E) bureaucratic theory.

The theory that sees wealth as the basis of power is the A) democratic theory. B) hyperpluralist theory. C) Jeffersonian theory. D) elite and class theory. E) pluralist theory.

The ʺpower of the fewʺ in the United States today is likely to refer to A) high-level bureaucrats. B) elected officials. C) property holders. D) technical experts. E) a silent majority.

There is a tremendous gap between youth and the elderly in all of the following EXCEPT A) political knowledge. B) political participation. C) political interest. D) volunteering. E) media use.

To propose a formal amendment to the Constitution, one needs to have a A) three-quarters vote in Congress. B) national convention requested by half of the states. C) majority vote of the Supreme Court. D) two-thirds vote in Congress. E) the presidentʹs approval.

Today, the national government spends about A) a tenth of our gross domestic product. B) a half of our gross domestic product. C) 100 percent of our gross domestic product. D) a fifth of our gross domestic product. E) a third of our gross domestic product.

Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress had the power to A) levy taxes. B) overturn state laws. C) regulate commerce. D) maintain an army and navy. E) all of the above

Under the Articles of Confederation, most power rested with the A) the British Parliament. B) president. C) United States Senate. D) state legislatures. E) Continental Congress.

What was the main criticism of the national bank created by the United States government? A) It was printing too much worthless paper money which debtors were using to pay off their debts. B) It was charging exorbitant interest rates on its loans. C) It was borrowing too much money, putting the United States government hopelessly in debt. D) It was an instrument of the elite and gave the national government too much control of the economy. E) It did not efficiently distribute money to the states.

When compared with the rest of the world, America has a relatively low A) number of offices up for election. B) number of candidates who seek office. C) frequency of elections. D) voter turnout in elections. E) all of the above

Which of the following does NOT characterize the standard operating procedure of cooperative federalism today? A) federal guidelines B) grants-in-aid C) shared costs D) separate and distinct roles for the national and state governments E) shared administration

Which of the following individuals have suggested that pluralist theory is less descriptive of American politics than in the past? A) Anthony King B) Robert Dahl C) Alexis de Tocqueville D) Robert Putnam E) Thomas Jefferson

Which of the following is NOT a linkage institution? A) political parties B) the media C) interest groups D) Congress E) All of these are linkage institutions.

Which of the following is NOT one of the cornerstones of an ideal democracy? A) a constitution B) effective participation C) citizen control of the agenda D) economic equality E) equality in voting

Which of the following is NOT true? A) Few countries have federal systems. B) Most federal systems are democracies. C) Authoritarian regimes generally do not use federalist systems. D) No unitary governments are democratic. E) Only some democracies use federal systems.

Which of the following statements about a governmentʹs policy agenda is FALSE? A) When you vote, you are partly looking at whether a candidate shares your agenda or not. B) Bad news gets an issue on the policy agenda more quickly than good news. C) When people confront government officials with problems to be solved, they are trying to influence the governmentʹs policy agenda. D) A governmentʹs policy agenda tends to remain constant over time. E) None of the above; all are true.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) The federal government has given billions of dollars in subsidies to private industries. B) The national government took a direct interest in economic affairs from the very founding of the republic. C) As the country became more industrialized many interests asked the national government to restrain monopolies and encourage open competition. D) As the country became more industrialized and urbanized, economic interest groups turned to the state governments rather than the federal government for help. E) The national government has increasingly involved itself in the economic marketplace.

Which of these was NOT one of the big three disagreements at the Constitutional Convention? A) what to do about slavery B) who should have the right to vote C) whether or not the states should have an equal number of votes in Congress D) whether the courts should have the power of judicial review E) issues of equality

A broad program for community development would most likely be supported through a(n) A) formula grant. B) enterprise zone. C) project grant. D) categorical grant. E) block grant.

A major purpose of the economic provisions in the Constitution was to A) promote a more equal distribution of wealth in the country. B) guarantee the states a significant economic role. C) preserve and strengthen the farm economy to the disadvantage of manufacturing. D) establish a comprehensive set of social welfare programs to assist people in times of need. E) create a strong national government so as to bring stability out of economic chaos.

A small band of farmers in western Massachusetts took up arms in what is remembered as A) the Farmersʹ Revolt. B) King Georgeʹs War. C) the Boston Tea Party. D) the Whiskey Rebellion. E) Shaysʹ Rebellion.

Abraham Lincoln announced in his 1861 inaugural address that he would willingly support a constitutional amendment to A) prohibit states from seceding from the Union. B) return the United States to a confederation, with greater powers given to the states. C) establish the United States as a unitary system, where states would have to obey all national government decisions. D) outlaw slavery. E) guarantee slavery.

According to James Madison and many of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention, what is the primary source of political conflict? A) ignorance B) stupidity C) emotions D) religious beliefs E) unequal distribution of wealth

According to the Constitution, each state was entitled to how many senators? A) as many as it wanted to send B) none C) one D) It depended on the stateʹs population. E) two

After the Revolution, a major power shift occurred in the states from ________ to ________. A) the broad middle class; a handful of wealthy individuals B) countryside; city C) city; countryside D) the east coast; the western interior E) wealthy individuals; broad middle class

Constitutional amendments are usually ratified by A) state conventions called by two-thirds vote in Congress. B) a national convention. C) a majority of the Supreme Court. D) a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress. E) legislatures of three-fourths of the states.

Contracts between business firms can be enforced across state boundaries as part of the constitutional provision of A) interstate compacts. B) privileges and immunities. C) implied powers of the states. D) extradition. E) full faith and credit.

Delegates to the Constitutional Convention generally agreed on each of the following EXCEPT A) questions of human nature. B) the need for a limited government. C) the object and nature of a republican government. D) causes of political conflict. E) issues of equality.

During the colonial period, A) Americans experienced less freedom than citizens of most European nations. B) Britain was involved in nearly every aspect of American politics. C) Americans were burdened with cumbersome feudal and hierarchical restraints. D) Americans suffered one of the lowest standards of living in the world. E) the King and Parliament generally confined themselves to governing the coloniesʹ foreign and trade policies.

Each of the following violations of individual rights is forbidden in the original Constitution EXCEPT A) passing ex post facto laws. B) strict limits on the prosecution of treason. C) passing bills of attainder. D) suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. E) suspension of freedom of speech.

Federalism contributes to democracy by each of the following ways EXCEPT A) easing the burdens on the national government so it can function more effectively. B) increasing the opportunities for government to be responsive to demands for policies. C) increasing access to government. D) having state governments add thousands of elected offices for which citizens may vote or run. E) providing a means for unified public policy.

Federalism is A) unique to the United States alone. B) practiced by about half the nations worldwide. C) practiced in about half the American states. D) practiced by nearly all of the 190 nations worldwide. E) practiced by fewer than 20 nations worldwide.

Government is defined as the A) organization that brings problems to the attention of public officials. B) body that is concerned with economic problems while leaving social problems to other institutions of society. C) agency that implements policies that have been enacted by other institutions of the political system. D) executive branch and its agencies. E) institutions and processes through which public policies are made for society.

Grants that are given more or less automatically to states or communities, which have discretion in deciding how to spend the money are called A) project grants. B) discretionary grants. C) formula grants. D) categorical grants. E) block grants.

In a democratic society, parties, elections, interest groups and the media are all examples of ________ between the preferences of citizens and the governmentʹs policy agenda. A) cross-pollination B) inputs and outputs C) ideological bridges D) obstacles E) linkage institutions

In determining the power of Congress to regulate commerce in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), the Supreme Court A) prohibited Congress from regulating business activity on the grounds it violated private property rights. B) listed the implied powers of Congress and the national government. C) defined commerce very narrowly in considering the right of Congress to regulate it. D) listed the enumerated powers of Congress and the national government. E) defined commerce very broadly, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity.

In dual federalism, A) the state governments assume greater fiscal responsibility. B) there are only two branches of government. C) the federal government assumes greater fiscal responsibility. D) powers are shared between states and the federal government. E) states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres.

In post-Revolutionary America, state governors were often selected by A) judges. B) the president. C) heredity. D) the people directly. E) state legislatures.

Lockean thought and the Declaration of Independence are similar in that both A) recognize the right of the people to determine their own form of government, short of resorting to revolution. B) were developed in the late 1700s. C) value the preservation of private property. D) seek common ideals in government through the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. E) support the concept of natural rights and the idea that government be built on the consent of the governed.

On the issue of slaves, the Constitution specified A) that a gradual end to slavery must be worked out by Congress and the states within ten years. B) that slavery would be banned beginning in 1800. C) a boundary, known as the Mason-Dixon line, south of which slavery would be legal. D) Nothing. It was too controversial a subject and the delegates could not agree on anything regarding it. E) that slaves would count as three-fifths persons for counting the nationʹs population and determining seats in the House.

One of the primary reasons for the comparatively small scope of American government is A) liberalism. B) pluralism. C) judicial review. D) capitalism. E) individualism.

PAC stands for A) Partisan Assistance Contribution. B) Party Affairs Council. C) Policy Advisory Commission. D) Politically Active Constituency. E) Political Action Committee.

Public policy is defined as a A) policy directed at more than one person. B) course of action to solve a problem. C) set of rules and regulations issued by a government agency. D) course of action by a political party. E) choice that government makes in response to an issue.

Representation refers to A) majority rule. B) all policy views being included in political debate. C) the protection of minority rights in a pluralist system. D) electing office-holders in fair and free elections. E) the correspondence between the few leaders and the many followers in a democracy.

Shaysʹ Rebellion was A) the most decisive battle of the Revolution, after which British troops were never again able to mount a major offensive against American troops. B) a slave uprising in Virginia. C) an uprising by small merchants demanding credit. D) an uprising by Revolutionary War veterans demanding pensions. E) an uprising by farmers to prevent judges from foreclosing on farms.

The American Revolution A) was heavily influenced by the earlier successes of the French Revolution. B) strongly reflected the widespread class conflict that would eventually lead to deadly riots for two generations. C) was very similar to the French, Russian, and Iranian Revolutions. D) was a radical social movement that drastically altered the colonistsʹ way of life. E) was an essentially conservative movement that did not drastically alter the colonistsʹ way of life.

The British government stepped up its controls over the American colonies with new taxes and stronger commerce regulations right after A) King Phillipʹs War. B) the assassination of the Duke of Windsor. C) King Georgeʹs War. D) the Civil War. E) the French and Indian War.

The Tenth Amendment A) declares that the national government is superior to the states in every concern. B) establishes the Constitution, laws of the national government, and treaties as the supreme law of the land. C) establishes the Supreme Court as the final arbiter in all civil and criminal disputes. D) establishes the number of electoral votes each state can cast in the electoral college. E) states that powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by the states, are reserved for the states.

The United States national government spends about ________ a year. A) $4 billion B) $250 billion C) $1,000,000,000,000 D) $500 billion E) $2.8 trillion

The ability of groups to prevent the government from taking actions adverse to their interests leads to what the text calls A) Dahlʹs ʺideal democratic process.ʺ B) elite dominance. C) budget deficits. D) enlightened understanding. E) policy gridlock.

The efforts of Candy Lightner and Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) to raise the legal drinking age to 21 are an example of A) the supremacy of state government to regulate its own affairs. B) the constitutional authority of the national government to impose policies on state governments. C) states acting as policy innovators. D) the unconstitutionality of age discrimination. E) the ability of the national government to influence state policy.

The federal system A) decreases judicial power. B) centralizes our politics. C) decreases opportunities for political participation. D) decreases the number of government officeholders. E) decentralizes our politics.

The government designed at the Constitutional Convention allowed the voters to directly elect A) both the House and Senate. B) the president and all members of Congress. C) only the Senate. D) only the president. E) only the House of Representatives.

The justification for separation from England in the Declaration of Independence was based heavily on the ideas of the English philosopher A) Lord North. B) Henry VIII. C) Oliver Cromwell. D) David Hume. E) John Locke.

The rapid growth of the national government is largely due to the fact that A) the diversity of interests within and among the states require a national focus. B) states are constitutionally prohibited from maintaining independent defense forces and policies. C) the states have failed to adequately represent their interests. D) the Constitution requires that most programs be administered by the national government. E) most problems and policies require the authority and resources of the national government.

The sole purpose of government, according to John Locke, was to A) promote the common good. B) prevent anarchy. C) educate its people. D) protect individuals from violence. E) protect natural rights.

Things that are indivisible, nonexclusive, and that everyone can share are called A) intangible property. B) socialized. C) community property. D) communist. E) public goods.

Those who argue that the United States is in the midst of a culture war argue that Americans are becoming increasingly A) isolationist. B) secular. C) hypocritical. D) egalitarian. E) polarized.

Today, roughly ________ of the gross domestic product is spent by state and local governments. A) 7.5 percent B) 25 percent C) 10 percent D) 15 percent E) 1 percent

What was the significance of the Annapolis meeting? A) It was the first national convention of women demanding the right to vote. B) It issued the Declaration of Independence. C) It dissolved the Continental Congress. D) It selected George Washington as the first post-Revolutionary president. E) It issued the original call for the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.

Which of the following is established by the written Constitution? A) the right to an abortion B) media coverage of the House and Senate C) political parties D) All of these are mentioned in the written Constitution. E) None of these are mentioned in the written Constitution.

Which of the following is most equitably distributed in America? A) income B) access to education C) taxes D) credit E) federal aid to states and cities

Which of the following is most fundamentally critical of American democracy? A) traditional democratic theory B) democratic negativism C) pluralist theory D) critical democratic theory E) elite and class theory

Which of the following situations was NOT considered an economic problem by the writers of the Constitution? A) States put up tariffs against products from other states. B) Paper money was virtually worthless in some states. C) The economy was in a recession. D) States were passing laws favoring debtors over creditors. E) National taxes were too high.

Which of the following statements best describes voter turnout in the United States? A) Among democratic nations, the United States leads the world in voter turnout. B) Voter turnout in the United States is constitutionally mandated. C) Voters are usually a microcosm of the entire body of American citizens. D) Most American voters consider politics as critical to their interests. E) The United States has one of the lowest voter turnout rates in the world.

Which of these is NOT a criterion of traditional democratic theory, as formulated by Robert Dahl? A) freedom of speech and press B) One person gets one vote. C) Citizenship must be open to all within a nation. D) Those who participate in political organizations must be representative of the general population. E) Citizens must make rational choices.

Which of these is NOT among the factors that tend to lead to the creation of a federal form of government in a country? A) large population B) diverse population C) large land area D) the existence of multiple religions E) industrialization

Which of these is NOT considered a challenge to democracy by the textbook? A) the diversity of the American people B) the level of political participation by Americans C) PACs D) the specialization of knowledge held by experts E) the tendency of the American political system to change rapidly

Which of these is TRUE about the United States Constitution? A) It centralizes political power. B) It is superseded only by decrees of the president. C) It sets neutral rules for the game of politics. D) All of these are true. E) None of these are true.

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