Kinesiology Exam 2
Cribb cried ...
"foul" and was allowed 2 additional minutes recover and regain his upright position. Cribb went on to win 16 rounds later. ** During the 31st round, Molineaux hit his head on the ring post attempting to avoid Cribb as he was falling. He suffered a fractured skull.
American boxers were called
"pugilists" strongly influenced by the English; matches staged by slave owners
English referred to it as _____________________ - brought it outdoors, changed the court dimensions
"real tennis" or "court tennis"
French called it ______ and played indo
"tenez"
How the game was spread:
(1) Visitors to YMCA Training School (2) YMCA Newsletter (3) YMCA graduates
League of IV
(1st college athletic conference) Other "conferences"
Foundation of the attitudes toward health was: "Mens sana en corpore sano" translated as
"a healthy mind resides in a healthy body." The development of the "professional" is a phenomenon of this century.
Volleyball: The 2nd Sport of the YMCA
1895, William Morgan, Holyoke MA YMCA Lunch-time rec sport
By _____ public institutions for boys and girls were established
1900
Football Rules Committee's Solution to Reduce Injuries
1906 meeting Amos Alonzo Stagg Forward pass However, passing was not used much. Why? "fat" football (hard to throw) Rules made it a "high risk" play
Notre Dame becomes "America's Team"
1913: Defeats Army using forward pass Knute Rockne Travels across the US to play Promotes ND via the press
Football: A Game for College Men
1st ever football game: Princeton vs. Rutgers (1869) More like soccer/rugby than today's FB Large teams, emphasis on kicking Private colleges in New England and two men change the game Walter Camp (Father of American Football) 11 players on a team Line of scrimmage Yards and downs Marking the field Selecting All American team
Dwight Davis
20 year old student from harvard. Organized game between america and england and winner received a trophy called the "Davis Cup"
Baseball: many myths surround the origin of baseball
Abner Doubleday created baseball in 1839 in Cooperstown, NY - this story was created by Albert Spalding (former major league pitcher and sporting goods magnate) Spalding thought baseball should have an American pedigree and this would ultimately help his profit in his sporting goods store. Early forms played by adults and kids: base or goal ball, rounders, townball 1791 law in Pittsfield, MA prohibiting baseball within 80 yards of town hall Described in 1839 book, "The Boys and Girls Book of Sports" Evidence of varied forms played throughout the east and frontier
Baseball Becomes a Sport Alexander Cartwright's Knickerbockers
Alexander Cartwright and his friends "The Knickerbockers" (1842) Establish rules for play Moved their field to the Elysian Fields in Hoboken, NJ Begins play as an "organized club" Rules included: 9 players on the field Bases 90 feet apart Game consisted of 21 counts (outs) with change after 3 outs Ball must be "pitched for the bat" Homerun? Fly ball?
With regard to football,
American football gradually evolved from rugby and soccer; these two sports were played at Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Rutgers, and Columbia, Walter Camp replaced the rugby "scrummage" with the line of scrimmage, Walter Camp determined that football would be played by assigning eleven players on a team, with specific positions
Throughout the 19th century
Americans became less resistant to the idea that adults could use their "spare time" for recreational play and sport, America experienced a cultural revolution and sport changed along with everything else, the rise of Muscular Christianity was a positive force in the development of sport and physical education
rules (basketball)
Ball may be thrown in any direction No moving once you hold the ball No pushing, holding, etc. of other players Ball out of bounds put into play by first player to get it A game is two 15-min periods
Sport from 1860 to Early 1900s Baseball after the Civil War
Baseball spread by soldiers during Civil War After the Civil War: Baseball played throughout the US Becomes a game of the people Called the "National Pastime" Teams of adult men form competitive teams Style of play changes (from having fun, playing a game, recreation - to emphasize winning, even if it meant cheating, bending the rules, trickery, verbal intimidation) These competitive teams form the basis of professional team sport in the US Create a negative perception of sport professionals
Tom Molineaux
Born a slave in 1784; won his freedom by fighting in 1809 (25 years old) but only if he won He left for England and under Bill Richmond's tutelage began serious training. The British fighters often used adopted false names so that losses to people like Molineaux would not be so embarrassing.
FB is established as THE COLLEGE SPORT
Bowl games US military academies evolve into FB powers Big stadiums and crowds
Football Spreads and Addresses Violence
By late 1800s, FB spread throughout the US Michigan, Illinois, Chicago, California, Texas A&M, LSU, Tulane, Ole Miss, HBCUs Rose Bowl (1902) President Theodore Roosevelt Meeting of universities with FB (1906) 60 colleges meet (1910), form Intercollegiate Athletic Assoc
Massachusetts (Pilgrims)
Came in search of new life, adventure and religious freedom Puritan Work Ethic Prohibited sporting activities such as sledding, football, dancing, swimming, ninepins, shuffleboard Strong desire to set up schools Absolutely no Sunday amusements Games for children had moral teachings Taverns were a major social center
Pennsylvania
Came in search of religious freedom Quakers: Society of Friends (William Penn) This territory welcomed settlers from several European countries (Sweden, Germany, France, Scotland, Ireland) Peace loving - ice skate, swim, hunt & fish
New York (New Amsterdam)
Came to the New World with a strong commercial spirit - wealth seekers Good food, drink & gambling Bowling (ninepins), tennis, cricket, horseracing, ice skating Had a strong family and community values as well as frugality and diligence
Gymnastics in colleges and public gymnasiums
Charles Follen Follower of Jahn and friend of Beck Hired to teach German at Harvard Opens turnplatz there, introduces German Gymnastics to Harvard students Boston opens first public gymnasium in US, hires Follen to run it
Professional baseball
Cincinnati Red Stockings (1869) Other "barnstorming" teams Black players? 1871: National Association of Professional Base Ball Clubs; became National League in 1876 W.A. Hulbert & A.G. Spalding Tried to "clean up professional baseball" 1882: American Association of Base Ball Clubs; American League in 1901 Rougher, wilder league
American Higher Education
Colleges/Universities get into the business of training PE teachers (shift away from liberal arts) YMCA Training School (Springfield, MA) Newcomb College (Tulane University) The first "PE leaders/thinkers emerge" Dudley Sargent (designs strength training equipment, founds "Harvard Fatigue Lab") William Anderson, M.D. in 1885 (organizes meeting of college PE faculty to discuss the "Battle of the Systems")
1700's
Colonies fight for independence/expansion
1922, George Halas buys
Decator team, moves it
Amherst College (MA)
Department of Hygiene and Physical Education Edward Hitchcock, MD as first faculty member
One cohesive image did not exist
Differences in language, lifestyle, geographic regions, overall culture
1500's
Discovery of the new world
Virginia
Economic opportunity rather than for religious freedom Tobacco main crop Horse racing was most popular sport Physical activity embraced African slaves provided labor & were jockeys and boxers Popular activities: foxhunting, horse racing, hunting, fishing, rowing, cock fighting, boxing, shooting matches, and dancing
The American System
Economic, technological and sociological events The quest for the good life Civil rights > human rights Required physical education Community sports program President Theodore Roosevelt
Separate but Equal: How would free African Americans now fit into US society?
Educational system Jim Crow Laws Plessy vs. Ferguson Impact of separate but equal on education
Youth Sport Programs
Educators & religious leaders supported health and social values YMCA's Boys Club Pee Wee leagues
After beating the best North America had to offer, Molineaux went to
England in 1810. Fought the British champion, Tom Cribb
1800s
Era of Good Feeling
1800-1860
Era of Good Feelings; Establishment of government Cities grow in the North LA purchase Immigration Migration west Telegraph, railroad, steamboats
Horseracing captures hearts
Even though legal before 1823, it did not capture the hearts of Americans until the famous 1823 race between Eclipse (North) and Sir Henry (South). This race served as a model throughout the 1820's. Harness racing (or trotting) became popular when horse racing declined in the 1830's (many people owned trotters while only the wealthy could afford thoroughbred racehorses).
True or False: The ball game, cricket was more popular in America than it was in England
False
James Dwight
Father of American Tennis
The emergence of "Turner Societies"
German immigrants in Mass and NY bring gymnastics/volksturnen to the US, form exercise groups
Pioneers of American Physical Education
German immigrants>Turnverein>Jahn Charles Follen - Harvard>first gym Charles Beck - Round Hill school
Isaac Murphy
Greatest rider in American thoroughbred horse racing hand rider rather than a whip rider 1st victory in 1875; in 1884, won six races on four different horses, including the Kentucky Derby; in 1890, became the first rider to win three Kentucky Derbies was at the top of his profession (which commanded the largest spectator attendance of any sport in America) died of heart failure in 1896 at age 35
Sport in the Early 1800s: The Beginning of Organized Sport in the US
HORSE RACING Popular in established cities Gambling made it controversial Banned in many northern cities Became more popular in the south Rich horse owners **Importing/breeding/training of horses for racing Slave jockeys & trainers
Development of Organized Sport in the 19th Century
Horseracing & Harness Racing Cycling Ball Games: Cricket, Baseball and Football Amateur Sports: Rowing Boxing Track & Field - Athletics
volleyball
Introduced at YMCA Training School later that year and re-named volleyball Around 1900, introduced in Canada, in Cuba by US Army, in Japan by Japanese grad of the YMCA Training School 1916 (Philippines): offensive strategy of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced. The Filipinos developed the "bomba" or kill, and called the hitter a "bomberino".
Senda Berenson, Smith College
Introduced basketball to women and modified rules 3 zones 6 or 9 players on a team Stealing not allowed
invention of basketball
James Naismith in 1891 At YMCA Training School, Springfield MA (Young Men's Christian Association) Peach baskets
Moses Fleetwood Walker
Known as the first black player to compete in the major leagues before the color barrier set in during the late 1880s
Prior to the Civil War: Baseball
Known mostly in New England Played by "gentlemen"
Cycling
Latter part of 19th century, cycling was both a popular pastime and a serious competitive sport. The bicycle provided a means of transportation as well as a mode of racing - cycling stars were idolized in America, Europe and Australia.
what was volleyball initially called
Minonette (or mintonette) 6'6" net No limit on players Game = 9 innings (each inning = 3 serves by each team) No limit on number of hits before ball crossed net
What happened in the 28th round?
Molineaux hit Cribb with a hard right; the Englishman went down and the 30 second count started and Cribb failed to "come to a scratch"
1863
Ned Cuthbert ran from 1st to 2nd without waiting for the batter to get a hit: "Hey you can't do that!" Pitching changes: Underhand pitching to make the batter miss Overhand pitching Candy Cummings Bunt
Quick Rule Changes (basketball)
Pivot allowed (1893) Dribble allowed (1896) 5 players on a team (1897)
The Popularity and Problems of College Football
Play in first 20 years localized in private New England colleges Harvard vs Yale first big rivalry Violent game with many injuries (18 killed in 1905). Popular: lots of spectators on campus Few rules about who could play/coach
During the Civil War: Baseball
Played by soldiers in both Union and Confederate Armies Spontaneous games to pass time and some documented games between companies/regiments.
Dio Lewis (homeopathic physician)
Public speaker, fitness promoter, exercise leader Exercise classes using beanbags, dumbbells, calisthenics 1861: Opens "Boston Normal Institute for PE" (Boston) (preparation of 1st PE teachers)
The Reconstruction Era Civil War to Early 1900s
Reconstruction (physically and socially) Technology (electricity, telephone, printing press, radio, moving pictures) Relocation of American Indian population Legislated schooling Increased demand for teachers Focus/purpose of college education changed (job training: teachers, engineers, technical needs)
The start of school Physical Education
Round Hill School, Northhampton, MA, 1823 Fitness-based rationale Charles Beck (hired to teach Latin & gymnastics)
The first collegiate football game was played on November 6, 1869, between
Rutgers and Princeton
1600's
Settling the New World
New England Colonies-Prominent in the life of Native Americans
Sports, Physical Education and Dance Associated with religious ceremonies, festive celebrations and social relaxation
Catharine Beecher
Teacher at colleges for women (female seminaries) Teaches her students calisthenics Promotes exercise for women Connects exercise to religious responsibility
Baseball Becomes Popular in NY Area as an "adult recreational sport"
Teams form throughout NY area Adult recreational sport for "gentlemen" 1858: Games between "all star" teams (admission charged) Players ran the league (no owners).
Harold "Red" Grange
The Galloping Ghost Stars at University of Illinois; best known college player of the time Signs with Bears Barnstorming tour; Grange gets ½ of the gate Thousands attend Pro FB legitimized
Cycling The Story of Marshall (Major) Taylor
The first "superstar" of cycling Parents were descended from slaves; father was employed by a wealthy and prominent white family as their coachman; Taylor had the good fortune of being educated in the family's home; was friends with the family's son and played with his toys; before long Taylor was performing stunts In 1892, at 14 Taylor was hired by the owner of a cycling shop to perform his stunts to attract customers. Nickname "Major" came from the soldier's uniform he wore. Moved from Indianapolis to Massachusetts because of racism when he was 17; however, the League of American Wheelmen (LAW) enacted a "whites only" rule - membership His success as an African American athlete offended whites Story of how he had to race!
Taverns and Inns
These were the American version of English pubs, German beer halls and European inns. Taverns were built about a day's ride by horseback from each other (from Canada to GA). The social center of town Meeting, socializing, entertainment and diversion from work Animal baiting (turkey shoots), cockfighting, billiards, darts, cards, dice were popular Betting
Gender Equity& Disabilities
Title IX - 1972 - no person could be excluded from any program receiving federal money Coed PE classes PL 94-142 - 1975 - PE made available to every child regardless of disability Amateur Sports Act - 1978 USOC create programs for disabled
America's first well known pugilist was
Tom Molineaux
True or False: Early American football was a violent sport, which is a characteristic of the way football is played today
True
Women in Sport
Victorian attitudes Physical concerns Popular sports
Father of American football
Walter Camp
As a result of the Civil War: Baseball
Was spread across the country Was spread to be played by all social classes (not only "gentlemen") Become recognized as "The National Pastime"
YMCA
YMCAs open in cities Appeal to youth through sport and exercise Mind - body - spirit motto Through exercise and sport, youth can learn values, and hear the Christian word
Mary Outerbridge
brought tennis to America in 1874 mother of American tennis
Ben Franklin
education of youth
Rules put into play to govern college athletics university/faculty control
eligibility to play/coach academic standards to play
Major concern of 19th century Americans was
health
American Professional Football League forms
in 1920 Ralph Hays' Hupmobile Agency (Canton, OH) Jim Thorpe, President 11 teams from blue-collar towns in OH, PENN, NY
The development of sport in the early nineteenth century tended toward
it was generally agreed that playful recreations in the early 1800's tended toward games and less competitive activities, while the concept of competitive sport as we know it today became more prevalent during the late 1800's
Most popular sport was
lacrosse (baggataway)
Footraces serves as a source of
motivation and pride, preparation for war, pursuit of game animals and delivery of messages
Faculty committees formed to oversee athletics
property damage injuries gambling control
Dialogue began between physicians and physical educators over the
relationship between mind and body with regard to health.
Elysian Fields
site of 1st organized baseball game
Tom Cribb
the world heavyweight champion in front of more than 20,000 fans. Billed as the "fight of the century."
Harness (trotting) racing
was a popular sport during the 19th century, appealed to all social classes because many people owned trotters, was the leading spectator sport in the early 1800's
baseball
was played as early as the colonial period, did not become popular in America until the early to mid-1800's, initially was not considered a "manly activity" because it was generally considered a game for children
