Kinesiology Exam 3
True statement about a person performing a closed skill
The individual performing the skill is self paced.
process of information processing model in order.
1. input 2. decision making 3. output 4. feedback
Identify a performance characteristic associated with skill learning as identified by Magill and Anderson.
Adaptability
Readiness
Can be defined in terms of physiological factors influencing an individuals ability and willingness to learn.
Emerging stage
Emerging stage of developmental sequences approach reflects the time needed to develop different aspects of the skill being learned.
What should a teacher do when a plateau occurs in an individual's performance.
He or she should be cognizant of the conditions under which a learner makes little or no apparent progress in the activity.
feedback
In the context of the information processing model, feedback is information about the performance of a movement and its quality, appropriateness or outcome.
locomotor skills commonly seen in elementary school children
Jumping, Running, Walking
A learner tries to understand the nature goal of an activity.
Occurs in the cognitive stage of learning.
A learner works on mastering the timing needed for a skill.
Performance characteristic of learners during the associative stage of learning.
how should practice sessions be structured to promote optimal conditions for learning?
Practices should be organized so that distracting elements are eliminated from the setting.
1. lack of motivation 2. Loss of interest
Reasons for the occurrence of plateaus in an individual's performance.
autonomous
Stage of learning is reached after much practice where a learner can perform a skill consistently with few errors.
Generalizability
The ability of an individual to modify a skill to adapt to changing demands in the environment is themed as.
True
according to the dynamical systems model, characteristics of individual, environment and task interact to influence movement.
negative reinforcement
belittling an individual's unsuccessful effort to perform a skill and discontinuing this behavior when an individual successfully executes the skill.
in the context of motor learning, how can instructors help learners understand the task to be learned?
by helping learners establish and executive or motor plan for action.
providing sufficient practice opportunities
can help in learners' development
false
continual reinforcement tends to be more effective than random reinforcement.
Adams's closed loop theory
explained how feedback is used to update the cognitive representation of movement and improve subsequent performances of the motor skill.
Positive transfer
in the context of motor learning, positive transfer occurs when a previous experience or skill aids in the learning of a new skill.
kicking
involves imparting force to an object by the foot and leg.
Catching
involves the use of hands to stop and gain control of an object.
striking
involves using a. body part to apply force to a stationary object.
Positive reinforcement
is given following a desired response
Motor control
is the study of the neurophysiological and behavioral processes affecting the control of skilled movements.
negative reinforcement
is withheld following a desired response
schmidts schema theory
it proposed the idea that movement patterns such as kicking or throwing could be generalized to a variety of sports and settings.
the dynamical systems theory
it suggested that the nueromuscular system plays a prominent role in the selection of physical movements.
maturational period
marked the beginning of the growth of motor development as an area of study within physical education.
internal motives
motives such as the desire to develop one's body to have fun or test ones limits.
external motives
motives such as the desire to win awards, to appease parental pressures for participation, or to win money.
bending
movement that occurs at the joints of the body in which body parts are brought closer together.
in the context of fundamental motor skills _______ skills are typically done from a relative stationary position, using a stable base of support.
nonlocomotor
the effectiveness of a push is enhanced by________
proper body position
positive reinforcement
providing encouragement, praise, commendation, or a pat on the back following successful execution of a skill.
in the context of nonlocomotor movements_______ is a forceful action designed to decrease the distance between the body and an object.
pulling
motivation
refers to a condition within an individual that initiates activity directed toward a goal.
Closed skills
skills performed in a stable and predictable environment
a locomotor skill.
sliding
which of the following would be considered a manipulative skill.
striking
in the context of nonlocomotor movements, a__________ is a circular or pendular movement of a body part or the entire body around a stationary center point.
swing
Transfer of learning
the influence of having previously practiced or performed a skill or skills on the learning of a new skill
what happens after visual, auditory, kinesthetic and other sensory information is transmitted through the nervous system to the brain.
the information is sifted, evaluated and interpreted.
True statement about a person performing an open skill.
the performer of the skill must adapt his or her responses to the ever-changing environment.
input
the process of obtaining information from the environment.
Enhanced coordination
the proficient stage of the developmental sequences approach is marked by_______
characteristic of the initial stage of the developmental sequences approach.
there is little body rotation or sometimes exaggerated use of the body.
the law of effect
thorndikes research on learning in 1927, which became a significant development during the early period of motor learning and motor control.
the range of twisting movement is determined by the_______
type of joint