Kinesiology Final - OTH1014

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Scapulohumeral Rhythm

*3 points*: - Relationship between shoulder girdle and shoulder joint - The first 30 degrees is pure shoulder motion. - After the first 30 degrees, every 2 degrees of shoulder flexion or abduction must be accompanied by 1 degree of upward rotation of the scapula (2 : 1 ratio)

Ellipsoidal/Condyloid Joint (Synovial Joint)

*Biaxial joint* flex/ext, abduction/adduction ex: wrist, MCP

Saddle Joint (Synovial Joint)

*Biaxial joint* flexion/extension abduction/adduction ex: THUMB CMC (C My Chicken)

Plane Joint (Synovial Joint)

*Nonaxial joint* linear, gliding movement ex: intercarpals

Middle Deltoid (Shoulder Joint Muscles)

*O*: Acromion process *I*: Deltoid tuberosity *A*: Shoulder abduction

Anterior Deltoid (Shoulder Joint Muscles)

*O*: Lateral Third of the clavicle *I*: Deltoid Tuberosity *A*: Shoulder flexion, horizontal adduction

Posterior Deltoid (Shoulder Joint Muscles)

*O*: Spine of Scapula *I*: Deltoid tuberosity *A*: Shoulder extension, horizontal abduction

Lower Trapezius (Shoulder Girdle Muscles)

*O*: Spinous process of middle and lower thoracic vertebrae *I*: base of scapular spine *A*: scapular depression and upward rotation

Supraspinatus Muscle (Shoulder Joint Muscles)

*O*: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula *I*: Greater tubercle of the humerus *A*: Shoulder abduction

Pectoralis Minor (Shoulder Girdle Muscles)

*O*: anterior surface of ribs *I*: coracoid process of scapula *A*: scapular depression, protraction, downward rotation, tilt

Pectoralis Major (Shoulder Joint Muscles)

*O*: clavicle (clavicular portion) sternum (sternal portion) *I*: Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus *A*: Shoulder adduction, internal rotation, horizontal adduction

Serratus Anterior (Shoulder Girdle Muscles)

*O*: lateral surface of the upper eight ribs *I*: vertebral border of the scapula, anterior surface *A*: scapular protraction and upward rotation

Upper Trapezius (Shoulder Girdle Muscles)

*O*: occipital bone *I*: lateral third of clavicle *A*: scapular elevation, upward rotation

Middle Trapezius (Shoulder Girdle Muscles)

*O*: spinous process of C7 through T3 *I*: scapular spine *A*: scapular retraction

Rhomboids (Shoulder Girdle Muscles)

*O*: spinous process of C7 through T5 *I*: vertebral border of scapula *A*: scapular retraction, elevation, and downward rotation

Levator Scapula (Shoulder Girdle Muscles)

*O*: transverse process of first 4 cervical vertebras *I*: superior angle *A*: scapular elevation and downward rotation

Sternoclavicular Joint

*The shoulder girdle's ONLY direct attachment to the trunk* *synovial joint

Ball and Socket Joint (Synovial Joint)

*Triaxial/multiaxial joint* flex/ext abd/add rotation ex: hip

Hinge Joint (Synovial Joint)

*Uniaxial joint* Angular motion in one plane around axis flexion/extension ex: elbow, knee

Pivot Joint (Synovial Joint)

*Uniaxial joint* pronation/supination rotation ex: atlas/axis, radius/ulna

Carpometacarpal Joint of the Fingers (CMC)

- Articulation between distal row of carpals (trapezoid, trapezium, capitate, hamate) and metacarpals of the fingers - Non-axial joint; provide stability

Metacarpal Phalangeal Joint of the Fingers (MCP)

- Biaxial - Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction with middle finger used as a reference point - Rounded heads of metacarpals' articulation with base of proximal phalanges

Important Bones of the Skull

- Frontal - Temporal - Parietal - Occipital

CMC Joint of Thumb

- Trapezium bone articulating with 1st metacarpal (saddle joint) - Allows 5 motions of thumb: - flexion/extension - abduction/adduction, opposition *Opposition*: tip of thumb moving toward the tips of fingers

Thumb CMC Abduction (Which Muscles?)

- abductor pollicis brevis - abductor pollicis longus

Anatomical Snuffbox (Which Muscles?)

- abductor pollicis longus - extensor pollicis longus - extensor pollicis brevis

Thumb CMC Adduction (Which Muscles?)

- adductor pollicis

Shoulder Flexion (Which Muscles...?)

- anterior deltoid - pectoralis major

Shoulder Horizontal Adduction (Which Muscles...?)

- anterior deltoid - pectoralis major

Elbow Flexion (Which Muscles?)

- biceps brachii - brachialis - brachioradialis

Forearm Supination (Which Muscles?)

- biceps brachii - supinator

Hamstring Muscles

- biceps femoris - semitendinosus - semimembranosus

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

- connects to the anterior aspect of the tibia - one of the most common injuries to the knee - named for connection to distal attachment

Lower Trapezius (Scapular Motions...?)

- depression - upward rotation

Finger MCP Abduction (Which Muscles?)

- dorsal interossei

Levator Scapulae (Scapular Motions...?)

- elevation - downward rotation

Upper Trapezius (Scapular Motions...?)

- elevation - upward rotation

Shoulder Girdle Motions

- elevation (linear) - depression (linear) - protraction (linear) - retraction (linear) - upward rotation - downward rotation - tilt

Wrist Extension (Which Muscles?)

- extensor carpi ulnaris - extensor carpi radialis longus

Finger DIP Extension (Which Muscles?)

- extensor digitorum

Finger MCP Extension (Which Muscles?)

- extensor digitorum

Finger PIP Extension (Which Muscles?)

- extensor digitorum

Posterior Extrinsic Muscles of the Hand

- extensor digitorum - extensor pollicis longus - extensor pollicis brevis - abductor pollicis longus

Thumb CMC Extension (Which Muscles?)

- extensor pollicis brevis - extensor pollicis longus

Thumb MCP Extension (Which Muscles?)

- extensor pollicis brevis - extensor pollicis longus

Thumb IP Extension (Which Muscles?)

- extensor pollicis longus

DIP Motions

- flexion - extension

Elbow Motions

- flexion - extension

IP Motions

- flexion - extension

Knee Motions

- flexion - extension

MCP Motions

- flexion - extension

PIP Motions

- flexion - extension

Finger MCP Motions

- flexion - extension - abduction - adduction

Shoulder Joint Motions

- flexion - extension - abduction - adduction - horizontal abduction - horizontal adduction - internal rotation - external rotation - circumduction

Hip Motions

- flexion - extension - abduction - adduction - internal rotation - external rotation - circumduction

Wrist Motions

- flexion - extension - ulnar deviation - radial deviation

Radial Deviation (Which Muscles)

- flexor carpi radialis - extensor carpi radialis longus

Ulnar Deviation (Which Muscles?)

- flexor carpi ulnaris - extensor carpi ulnaris

Wrist Flexion (Which Muscles?)

- flexor carpi ulnaris - flexor carpi radialis

Finger DIP Flexion (Which Muscles?)

- flexor digitorum profundus

Finger MCP Flexion (Which Muscles?)

- flexor digitorum superficialis - flexor digitorum profundus

Finger PIP Flexion (Which Muscles?)

- flexor digitorum superficialis - flexor digitorum profundus

Anterior Extrinsic Muscles of the Hand

- flexor digitorum superficialis - flexor digitorum profundus - flexor pollicis longus

Thumb CMC Flexion (Which Muscles?)

- flexor pollicis brevis - flexor pollicis longus

Thumb MCP Flexion (Which Muscles?)

- flexor pollicis brevis - flexor pollicis longus

Thumb IP Flexion (Which Muscles?)

- flexor pollicis longus

Hip External Rotation (Which Muscles?)

- gluteus maximus

Hip Extension (Which Muscles?)

- gluteus maximus - semitendinosus - semimembranosus - bicep femoris (long head)

Hip Abduction (Which Muscles?)

- gluteus medius - gluteus minimus

Hip Internal Rotation (Which Muscles?)

- gluteus minimus

Antigravity Muscles

- hip extensors - knee extensors - neck and trunk extensors - trunk flexors - neck flexors *These keep the body upright in static and dynamic posture

Shoulder External Rotation (Which Muscles...?)

- infraspinatus - teres minor

Shoulder Internal Rotation (Which Muscles...?)

- latissimus dorsi - teres major - subscapularis - pectoralis major

Osteoporosis

- loss of normal bone density/mass - weakens bone

Depression (Scapula - which muscles?)

- lower trapezius - pectoralis minor

Shoulder Abduction (Which Muscles...?)

- middle deltoid - supraspinatus

Retraction (Scapula - which muscles?)

- middle trapezius - rhomboids

Angular Motion (Types of Motion)

- movement around a fixed point - all the parts of the object move through the: --- same angle --- same direction --- at the same time --- but DO NOT move the same distance *Motions in the body

Thumb CMC Opposition (Which Muscles?)

- opponens pollicis

Finger MCP Adduction (Which Muscles?)

- palmar interossei

Joint Manipulation

- passive movement - uses a high level of force to push it - under anesthesia

Hip Adduction (Which Muscles?)

- pectineus - adductor longus - adductor brevis - adductor magnus - gracilis

Shoulder Adduction (Which Muscles...?)

- pectoralis major - teres major - latissimus dorsi

Ankle Motions

- plantar flexion - dorsi flexion - inversion - eversion

Knee Flexion (Which Muscles?)

- popliteus - gastrocnemius Hamstring Group: - bicep femoris - semitendinosus - semimembranosus

Shoulder Horizontal Abduction (Which Muscles...?)

- posterior deltoid - infraspinatus - teres minor

Shoulder Extension (Which Muscles...?)

- posterior deltoid - latissimus dorsi - teres major

Forearm Pronation (Which Muscles?)

- pronator teres - pronator quadratus

Pectoralis Minor (Scapular Motions...?)

- protraction - depression - downward rotation

Serratus Anterior (Scapular Motions...?)

- protraction - upward rotation

Hip Flexion (Which Muscles?)

- rectus femoris - ilipsoas - pectineus

Quadriceps Muscles

- rectus femoris - vastus lateralis - vastus intermedialis - vastus medialis

Middle Trapezius (Scapular Motions...?)

- retraction

Rhomboids (Scapular Motions...?)

- retraction - elevation - downward rotation

Downward Rotation (Scapula - which muscles?)

- rhomboids - levator scapula - pectoralis minor

Carpal Bones (Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle)

- scaphoid - lunate - triquetrum - pisiform - trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate

Bones of Shoulder Girdle

- scapula - clavicle - sternum

Bones of Shoulder Joint

- scapula - humerus

Protraction (Scapula - which muscles?)

- serratus anterior - pectoralis minor

Forearm Motions

- supination - pronation

Rotator Cuff Muscles (SItS)

- supraspinatus - infraspinatus - teres minor - subscapularis

Elbow Extension (Which Muscles?)

- triceps

Elevation (Scapula - which muscles?)

- upper trapezius - levator scapulae - rhomboids

Upward Rotation (Scapula - which muscles?)

- upper trapezius - lower trapezius - serratus anterior

Stabilizer (Role of Muscles)

A muscle that contracts with no significant movement to maintain a posture or fixate a joint ex: back muscles during push-ups

Lumbrical Muscles (Hand Muscles)

A: Flex the MCP joint while extending the PIP and DIP joints (table top position) N: 1st and 2nd lumbricals: Median nerve 3rd and 4th lumbricals: Ulnar nerve

Scalene (Neck and Trunk Muscles)

Action: - bilaterally: assists in neck flexion - unilaterally: neck lateral flexion to the same side

Splenius Capitis/Cervicis (Neck and Trunk Muscles)

Action: - bilaterally: extend head and neck - unilaterally: rotate and laterally bend head to same side

Sternocleidomastoid (Neck and Trunk Muscles)

Action: - bilaterally: neck flexion - unilaterally: lateral flexion of the neck to the same side; rotation of head to opposite side

Internal Obliques (Neck and Trunk Muscles)

Action: - bilaterally: trunk flexion, compression of abdomen - unilaterally: lateral bending, rotation to the same side

External Obliques (Neck and Trunk Muscles)

Action: - bilaterally: trunk flexion, compression of abdomen - unilaterally: lateral bending; rotation to opposite side

Biceps Femoris (Hip Joint Muscles)

Action: - long head: hip extension, knee flexion - short head: knee flexion

Sartorius (Hip Joint Muscles)

Action: combination of hip flexion, abduction, external rotation, and knee flexion *Responsible for when you bring your ankle to your knee when sitting

Transverse Abdominis (Neck and Trunk Muscles)

Action: compression of abdomen

Semimembranosus (Hip Joint Muscles)

Action: extend hip, flex knee

Semitendinosus (Hip Joint Muscles)

Action: extend hip, flex knee

Gluteus Medius (Hip Joint Muscles)

Action: hip abduction

Gluteus Minimus (Hip Joint Muscles)

Action: hip abduction, internal rotation

Adductor Brevis (Hip Joint Muscles)

Action: hip adduction

Adductor Longus (Hip Joint Muscles)

Action: hip adduction

Adductor Magnus (Hip Joint Muscles)

Action: hip adduction

Gracilis (Hip Joint Muscles)

Action: hip adduction, assist in knee flexion

Gluteus Maximus (Hip Joint Muscles)

Action: hip extension, external rotation

Iliopsoas (Hip Joint Muscles)

Action: hip flexion

Pectineus (Hip Joint Muscles)

Action: hip flexion, adduction

Rectus Femoris (Hip Joint Muscles)

Action: hip flexion, knee extension

Rectus Femoris (Knee Joint Muscles)

Action: hip flexion, knee extension

Diaphragm

Action: inspiration Nerve: phrenic nerve

Vastus Intermedialis (Knee Joint Muscles)

Action: knee extension

Vastus Lateralis (Knee Joint Muscles)

Action: knee extension

Vastus Medialis (Knee Joint Muscles)

Action: knee extension

Gastrocnemius (Knee/Ankle Muscle)

Action: knee flexion, ankle plantar flexion *Forms Achilles tendon

Rectus Abdominis (Neck and Trunk Muscles)

Action: trunk flexion and compression of abdomen

Quadratus Lumborum (Neck and Trunk Muscles)

Action: trunk lateral bending *Effective at lateral bending (when origin is pulled toward insertion) and hip hiking or elevation on one side of the pelvis ( leg cast or fused knee)

Cocontraction (Role of Muscles)

Agonist and antagonist contract at the same time *no movement*

Cartilaginous Joints

Also called *amphiarthrodial* joints. little motion - great stability ex: vertebral joints

Synovial Joints

Also called *diarthrodial* joints contain joint capsule, synovial fluid, hyaline cartilage free motion - less stability

Types of Skeletons

Axial (80 bones) Appendicular (126 bones)

Frontal Plane

Body Direction: front/back Axis: sagittal Motion: abduction/adduction radial/ulnar deviation eversion/inversion

Sagittal Plane

Body Direction: right/left Axis: frontal Motion: flexion/extension

Transverse Plane

Body Direction: top/bottom Axis: vertical Motion: supination/pronation medial-lateral rotation right/left rotation horizontal abduction/adduction

Vertebral Column (26)

Cervical: 7 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Sacrum: 5 fused Coccyx: 4 fused

Long Bones (Types of Bones)

Composed of a long cylindrical shaft with wide protruding ends ex: tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna

Fibrous Joints

Little to no movement permitted; lots of stability **Synarthrosis** - suture joints - ex: sutures of skull

Linear Motion (Types of Motion)

Motion in SCAPULA only ex: elevation/depression protraction/retraction

Joint Play

Movement within a synovial joint cannot be reproduced by voluntary muscle contraction *Natural-occurring wiggle that the joint has*

Triceps (Forearm/Elbow Muscles)

O - Long head - Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula Lateral head - inferior to greater tubercle on the posterior humerus Medial head - Posterior humerus I - Olecranon process of the ulna A - Elbow extension N - Radial nerve

Pronator Quadratus (Forearm/Elbow Muscles)

O - Distal one-fourth of ulna I - Distal one-fourth of radius A - Pronation of the forearm N- Median nerve

Supinator (Forearm/Elbow Muscles)

O - Lateral epicondyle of humerus and adjacent ulna I - Anterior surface of the proximal radius A - Supination of forearm N- Radial nerve

Biceps Brachii (Forearm/Elbow Muscles)

O: Long head - supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula Short head - coracoid process of the scapula I: Radial tuberosity of the radius A: Elbow flexion and forearm supination N: Musculocutaneous nerve

Dorsal Interossei (Hand Muscles)

O: Adjacent metacarpals I: Base of proximal phalanx A: Abduct fingers at MCP joint N: Ulnar nerve

Flexor Pollicis Longus

O: Anterior surface of radius. I: Distal phalanx of thumb at the base A: Flexes all three joints of thumb (CMC, MCP, IP) N: Median Nerve

Teres Minor (Shoulder Joint Muscles)

O: Axillary border of scapula. I: Greater tubercle of humerus A: Shoulder external rotation, horizontal abduction.

Teres Major (Shoulder Joint Muscles)

O: Axillary border of scapula near the inferior angle. I: Crest below lesser tubercle next to the latissimus dorsi muscle attachment A: Shoulder extension, adduction, and internal rotation.

Adductor Pollicis (Hand Muscles)

O: Capitate, base of the 2nd metacarpal, palmar surface of the 3rd metacarpal. I: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb A: Adducts thumb (CMC joint) N: Ulnar nerve

Brachialis (Forearm/Elbow Muscles)

O: Distal half of the humerus, anterior surface I: Coronoid process and ulnar tuberosity of the ulna A: Elbow flexion N: Musculocutaneous nerve

Infraspinatus (Shoulder Joint Muscles)

O: Infraspinous fossa of scapula I: Greater tubercle of humerus A: Shoulder external rotation, horizontal abduction

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (Wrist Muscles)

O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus I: Base of 5th metacarpal A: wrist extension and ulnar deviation N: Radial nerve

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (Wrist Muscles)

O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus I: Base of 3rd metacarpal A: Wrist extension N: Radial nerve

Extensor Digitorum (Hand Muscles)

O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus I: Base of distal phalanx of the fingers. A: Extends all three joints of the fingers (MCP, PIP, DIP). N: Radial nerve

Brachioradialis (Forearm/Elbow Muscles)

O: Lateral supracondylar ridge on the humerus I: Styloid process of the radius A: Elbow flexion

Flexor Carpi Radialis (Wrist Muscles)

O: Medial epicondyle of humerus I: 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones A: wrist flexion and radial deviation N: median nerve

Palmaris Longus (Wrist Muscles)

O: Medial epicondyle of humerus I: Palmar fascia A: Wrist flexion N: Median nerve

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (Wrist Muscles)

O: Medial epicondyle of humerus I: Pisiform, and base of 5th Metacarpal A: Wrist flexion and ulnar deviation N: Ulnar nerve

Pronator Teres (Forearm/Elbow Muscles)

O: Medial epicondyle of the humerus and coronoid process of the ulna I: Lateral aspect of the radius A: Pronation of forearm and assists with elbow flexion N: Median nerve

Extensor Pollicis Longus (Hand Muscles)

O: Middle posterior ulna I: Base of distal phalanx of thumb A: Extends all three joints of the thumb (CMC, MCP, IP) N: Radial nerve

Extensor Pollicis Brevis (Hand Muscles)

O: Posterior surface of distal radius I: Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb A: Extends CMC and MCP joints of the thumb. N: Radial nerve

Abductor Pollicis Longus (Hand Muscles)

O: Radius I: Base of 1st metacarpal A: Thumb abduction at CMC joint N: Radial nerve

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (Hand Muscles)

O: Radius I: Sides of the middle phalanx of the four fingers. A: Flexes the MCP and PIP joints of the fingers. N: Median Nerve

Palmar Interossei (Hand Muscles)

O: Respective metacarpal I: Base of respective proximal phalanx A: Adduct fingers at MCP joint N: Ulnar nerve

Abductor Pollicis Brevis (Hand Muscles)

O: Scaphoid, Trapezium I: Proximal phalanx A: Abducts the thumb (CMC joint) N: Median nerve

Latissimus Dorsi (Shoulder Joint Muscles)

O: Spinous process of T7 through L5, posterior surface of sacrum, iliac crest, and lower three ribs. I: Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus A: Shoulder extension, adduction, internal rotation

Subscapularis (Shoulder Joint Muscles)

O: Subscapular fossa of the scapula I: Lesser tubercle of the humerus A: Shoulder internal rotation.

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (Wrist Muscles)

O: Supracondylar ridge of humerus I: Base of 2nd metacarpal bone A: Wrist extension and radial deviation N: Radial nerve

Opponens Pollicis (Hand Muscles)

O: Trapezium I: First Metacarpal A: Opposes the thumb (CMC joint) N: Median nerve

Flexor Pollicis Brevis (Hand Muscles)

O: Trapezium I: Proximal Phalanx A: Flexes the CMC and MCP joints of the thumb. N: Median Nerve

Flexor Digitorum Profundus (Hand Muscles)

O: Upper and anterior surface ulna I: Distal phalanx of the four fingers. A: Flexes all three joints of the fingers (MCP, PIP and DIP). N: Digits 2-3 = median nerve, digits 4-5 = ulnar nerve

Knee Extension (Which Muscles?)

Quadriceps Group: - rectus femoris - vastus lateralis - vastus medialis - vastus intermedialis

Soft End Feel

Soft tissue approximation muscle bulk (or fat) is compressed ex: elbow flexion

Anatomical Position vs Fundamental Position

The fundamental position is same as anatomical except arms are at the sides and facing the body

Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand

Thenar Muscles: - Flexor Pollicis Brevis - Abductor Pollicis Brevis - Opponens Pollicis Hypothenar Muscles: - Opponens Digiti Minimi Midpalm or Deep Palm Muscles: - Adductor Pollicis - Interossei (dorsal and palmar) - Lumbricals

Functional Hand Position

Wrist slightly extended, MCP and PIP flexed, thumb in opposition

Agonist/Prime Mover (Role of Muscles)

a muscle that causes motion *always active

Shoulder Abduction/Adduction (Force Coupling of Shoulder Joint and Shoulder Girdle)

abduction - *upward rotation* adduction - *downward rotation*

Irritability (Muscle Characteristics)

ability to respond to stimulus

Elasticity (Muscle Characteristics)

ability to return to normal length

Hard End Feel

abrupt limit to passive joint motion (bony end feel) ex: terminal elbow extension

Tenodesis

active wrist extension --> passive finger flexion passive wrist flexion --> passive finger extension

Synergist (Role of Muscles)

assists the agonist in providing a desired muscle action *like an understudy

Palmar Radiocarpal Ligament

attaches from anterior portion of distal radius and ulna to anterior surface of scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum bones *Important ligament for wrist stability and function by limiting wrist extension

Dorsal Radiocarpal Ligament

attaches from styloid process of radius to lunate and triquetrum. *limits the amount of flexion allowed at wrist

1st Class Lever

axis is between the force and the resistance ex: see-saw

Posterior or Dorsal (Descriptive Terminology)

back surface

Proximal (Descriptive Terminology)

closer to the trunk

Ligaments

connects bone to bone flexible but not elastic (bend but no stretch)

Tendons

connects muscle to bone

Neutralizer (Role of Muscles)

contracts to prevent unwanted motion

Convex Rule

convex surface moves in the OPPOSITE direction of body segment's motion

Kyphosis

excessive curvature of the cervical portion of the vertebral column

Lordosis

excessive curvature of the lumbar portion of the vertebral column

Compression or Approximation (Types of Joint Mobilization)

external force causing the joint surfaces to be pushed together

Traction (Types of Joint Mobilization)

external force causing the joints to pull apart

Tendon Sheath

fibrous sleeves that surround and protect tendons ex: mainly found in fingers

Shoulder Flexion/Extension (Force Coupling of Shoulder Joint and Shoulder Girdle)

flexion - *upward rotation; protraction* extension - *downward rotation; retraction*

3rd Class Lever

force and resistance are on the same side of the axis with the force between the axis and the resistance ex: most levers in the body

2nd Class Lever

force and resistance are on the same side of the fulcrum (axis) with the resistance between the axis and the force ex: wheelbarrow

Force Coupling

forces act in different directions, resulting in turning effect or rotation

Anterior or Ventral (Descriptive Terminology)

front surface

Distal (Descriptive Terminology)

further away from the trunk

Lateral (Descriptive Terminology)

further from midline

Shoulder Horizontal Abduction/Adduction (Force Coupling of Shoulder Joint and Shoulder Girdle)

horizontal ab - *retraction* horizontal ad - *protraction*

Plantar (Terms of Surface)

inferior surface of the foot (sole)

Shoulder Internal/External Rotation (Force Coupling of Shoulder Joint and Shoulder Girdle)

internal rotation - *protraction* external rotation - *retraction*

Antagonist (Role of Muscles)

located on opposite side of joint from agonist, while agonist is active, antagonist is stretched and relaxed ex: in elbow flexion, bicep is agonist, tricep is antagonist

Irregular Bones (Types of Bones)

mixed shapes ex: sacrum, pubis, maxilla, and all the bones throughout entire spine

Osteokinematics

movement of bones around a JOINT AXIS ex: abduction of arm; the humerus moving up is the osteokinematic motion

Arthrokinematics

movement of the joint surface ex: humeral head ROLL and SLIDE within the glenoid fossa of scapula

Isometric (Muscle Contractions)

muscle contracts; no joint movement

Spinal Stenosis

narrowing of vertebral canal housing the spinal cord

Medial (Descriptive Terminology)

nearer to midline

Inferior (Descriptive Terminology)

nearer to the feet

Superior (Descriptive Terminology)

nearer to the head

Hemiplegic Gait

occurs when one leg is paralyzed or neurologically damaged, so the leg is dragged or swung around to propel it forward

Strain

overstretching of MUSCLE

Sprain

overstretching or tearing of LIGAMENT

Volar or Palmar (Terms of Surface)

palm surface of the hand

Shear (Types of Joint Mobilization)

parallel to surface; opposite directions

Joint Mobilization

passive movement that is usually applied to an injured area of the body

Bones of the Hip Joint

pelvis - ilium - ischium - pubis femur

Active Insufficiency

point where muscle cannot contract any farther

Passive Insufficiency

point where muscle cannot stretch any further *it is passive because muscles can ONLY CONTRACT actively

Dorsal or Dorsum (Terms of Surface)

posterior surface of the hand or the superior surface of the foot

Bursa (Joint Structure)

reduce friction between moving parts fluid-filled sacs that provide cushion tendons go over the bursa

Distal Attachment (Muscle Attachments)

referred to as *insertion* attached to the more stable bone

Proximal Attachment (Muscle Attachment)

referred to as the *origin* attached to the more stable bone

Sesamoid Bone (Types of Bones)

shape of a "sesame seed" ex: patella

Contractility (Muscle Characteristics)

shorten or contract with adequate stimulus

Short Bones (Types of Bones)

smal, cuboid shaped bones with large articular surfaces ex: carpals & tarsals

Firm End Feel

soft tissue stretch ex: ankle dorsi flexion

Extensibility (Muscle Characteristics)

stretch or lengthen with force

Ipsilateral (Terms of Positions)

structure located on the same side of the body

Contralateral (Terms of Positions)

structure on the opposite side of the body

Concave Rule

the concave surface moves in the SAME direction as the body segment's motion.

Isotonic (Muscle Contractions)

there is joint movement *Concentric* - shortening contraction; going against gravity *Eccentric* - lengthening contraction; into gravity

Epiphyseal Plate (Structure of Bone)

these plates permit growth after birth contains growing bone

Intervertebral Disc (Main Function?)

to absorb shock and maintain flexibility in the vertebral column

Flat Bones (Types of Bones)

usually have curved surface rather than flat ex: ilium, ribs, sternum, scapula


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How monetary policy works and tools used

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ABI 103 Notes + clickers + discussions

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Accounting Changes and Error Corrections

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Ch 48 Intestinal & Rectal Disorders

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Chapter 18: Society and Politics in the Gilded Age, 1865-1900

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Personal Financial Literacy - Chapter 12

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Contraindication for Postural Drainage

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