Kinesiology Final - OTH1014
Scapulohumeral Rhythm
*3 points*: - Relationship between shoulder girdle and shoulder joint - The first 30 degrees is pure shoulder motion. - After the first 30 degrees, every 2 degrees of shoulder flexion or abduction must be accompanied by 1 degree of upward rotation of the scapula (2 : 1 ratio)
Ellipsoidal/Condyloid Joint (Synovial Joint)
*Biaxial joint* flex/ext, abduction/adduction ex: wrist, MCP
Saddle Joint (Synovial Joint)
*Biaxial joint* flexion/extension abduction/adduction ex: THUMB CMC (C My Chicken)
Plane Joint (Synovial Joint)
*Nonaxial joint* linear, gliding movement ex: intercarpals
Middle Deltoid (Shoulder Joint Muscles)
*O*: Acromion process *I*: Deltoid tuberosity *A*: Shoulder abduction
Anterior Deltoid (Shoulder Joint Muscles)
*O*: Lateral Third of the clavicle *I*: Deltoid Tuberosity *A*: Shoulder flexion, horizontal adduction
Posterior Deltoid (Shoulder Joint Muscles)
*O*: Spine of Scapula *I*: Deltoid tuberosity *A*: Shoulder extension, horizontal abduction
Lower Trapezius (Shoulder Girdle Muscles)
*O*: Spinous process of middle and lower thoracic vertebrae *I*: base of scapular spine *A*: scapular depression and upward rotation
Supraspinatus Muscle (Shoulder Joint Muscles)
*O*: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula *I*: Greater tubercle of the humerus *A*: Shoulder abduction
Pectoralis Minor (Shoulder Girdle Muscles)
*O*: anterior surface of ribs *I*: coracoid process of scapula *A*: scapular depression, protraction, downward rotation, tilt
Pectoralis Major (Shoulder Joint Muscles)
*O*: clavicle (clavicular portion) sternum (sternal portion) *I*: Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus *A*: Shoulder adduction, internal rotation, horizontal adduction
Serratus Anterior (Shoulder Girdle Muscles)
*O*: lateral surface of the upper eight ribs *I*: vertebral border of the scapula, anterior surface *A*: scapular protraction and upward rotation
Upper Trapezius (Shoulder Girdle Muscles)
*O*: occipital bone *I*: lateral third of clavicle *A*: scapular elevation, upward rotation
Middle Trapezius (Shoulder Girdle Muscles)
*O*: spinous process of C7 through T3 *I*: scapular spine *A*: scapular retraction
Rhomboids (Shoulder Girdle Muscles)
*O*: spinous process of C7 through T5 *I*: vertebral border of scapula *A*: scapular retraction, elevation, and downward rotation
Levator Scapula (Shoulder Girdle Muscles)
*O*: transverse process of first 4 cervical vertebras *I*: superior angle *A*: scapular elevation and downward rotation
Sternoclavicular Joint
*The shoulder girdle's ONLY direct attachment to the trunk* *synovial joint
Ball and Socket Joint (Synovial Joint)
*Triaxial/multiaxial joint* flex/ext abd/add rotation ex: hip
Hinge Joint (Synovial Joint)
*Uniaxial joint* Angular motion in one plane around axis flexion/extension ex: elbow, knee
Pivot Joint (Synovial Joint)
*Uniaxial joint* pronation/supination rotation ex: atlas/axis, radius/ulna
Carpometacarpal Joint of the Fingers (CMC)
- Articulation between distal row of carpals (trapezoid, trapezium, capitate, hamate) and metacarpals of the fingers - Non-axial joint; provide stability
Metacarpal Phalangeal Joint of the Fingers (MCP)
- Biaxial - Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction with middle finger used as a reference point - Rounded heads of metacarpals' articulation with base of proximal phalanges
Important Bones of the Skull
- Frontal - Temporal - Parietal - Occipital
CMC Joint of Thumb
- Trapezium bone articulating with 1st metacarpal (saddle joint) - Allows 5 motions of thumb: - flexion/extension - abduction/adduction, opposition *Opposition*: tip of thumb moving toward the tips of fingers
Thumb CMC Abduction (Which Muscles?)
- abductor pollicis brevis - abductor pollicis longus
Anatomical Snuffbox (Which Muscles?)
- abductor pollicis longus - extensor pollicis longus - extensor pollicis brevis
Thumb CMC Adduction (Which Muscles?)
- adductor pollicis
Shoulder Flexion (Which Muscles...?)
- anterior deltoid - pectoralis major
Shoulder Horizontal Adduction (Which Muscles...?)
- anterior deltoid - pectoralis major
Elbow Flexion (Which Muscles?)
- biceps brachii - brachialis - brachioradialis
Forearm Supination (Which Muscles?)
- biceps brachii - supinator
Hamstring Muscles
- biceps femoris - semitendinosus - semimembranosus
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
- connects to the anterior aspect of the tibia - one of the most common injuries to the knee - named for connection to distal attachment
Lower Trapezius (Scapular Motions...?)
- depression - upward rotation
Finger MCP Abduction (Which Muscles?)
- dorsal interossei
Levator Scapulae (Scapular Motions...?)
- elevation - downward rotation
Upper Trapezius (Scapular Motions...?)
- elevation - upward rotation
Shoulder Girdle Motions
- elevation (linear) - depression (linear) - protraction (linear) - retraction (linear) - upward rotation - downward rotation - tilt
Wrist Extension (Which Muscles?)
- extensor carpi ulnaris - extensor carpi radialis longus
Finger DIP Extension (Which Muscles?)
- extensor digitorum
Finger MCP Extension (Which Muscles?)
- extensor digitorum
Finger PIP Extension (Which Muscles?)
- extensor digitorum
Posterior Extrinsic Muscles of the Hand
- extensor digitorum - extensor pollicis longus - extensor pollicis brevis - abductor pollicis longus
Thumb CMC Extension (Which Muscles?)
- extensor pollicis brevis - extensor pollicis longus
Thumb MCP Extension (Which Muscles?)
- extensor pollicis brevis - extensor pollicis longus
Thumb IP Extension (Which Muscles?)
- extensor pollicis longus
DIP Motions
- flexion - extension
Elbow Motions
- flexion - extension
IP Motions
- flexion - extension
Knee Motions
- flexion - extension
MCP Motions
- flexion - extension
PIP Motions
- flexion - extension
Finger MCP Motions
- flexion - extension - abduction - adduction
Shoulder Joint Motions
- flexion - extension - abduction - adduction - horizontal abduction - horizontal adduction - internal rotation - external rotation - circumduction
Hip Motions
- flexion - extension - abduction - adduction - internal rotation - external rotation - circumduction
Wrist Motions
- flexion - extension - ulnar deviation - radial deviation
Radial Deviation (Which Muscles)
- flexor carpi radialis - extensor carpi radialis longus
Ulnar Deviation (Which Muscles?)
- flexor carpi ulnaris - extensor carpi ulnaris
Wrist Flexion (Which Muscles?)
- flexor carpi ulnaris - flexor carpi radialis
Finger DIP Flexion (Which Muscles?)
- flexor digitorum profundus
Finger MCP Flexion (Which Muscles?)
- flexor digitorum superficialis - flexor digitorum profundus
Finger PIP Flexion (Which Muscles?)
- flexor digitorum superficialis - flexor digitorum profundus
Anterior Extrinsic Muscles of the Hand
- flexor digitorum superficialis - flexor digitorum profundus - flexor pollicis longus
Thumb CMC Flexion (Which Muscles?)
- flexor pollicis brevis - flexor pollicis longus
Thumb MCP Flexion (Which Muscles?)
- flexor pollicis brevis - flexor pollicis longus
Thumb IP Flexion (Which Muscles?)
- flexor pollicis longus
Hip External Rotation (Which Muscles?)
- gluteus maximus
Hip Extension (Which Muscles?)
- gluteus maximus - semitendinosus - semimembranosus - bicep femoris (long head)
Hip Abduction (Which Muscles?)
- gluteus medius - gluteus minimus
Hip Internal Rotation (Which Muscles?)
- gluteus minimus
Antigravity Muscles
- hip extensors - knee extensors - neck and trunk extensors - trunk flexors - neck flexors *These keep the body upright in static and dynamic posture
Shoulder External Rotation (Which Muscles...?)
- infraspinatus - teres minor
Shoulder Internal Rotation (Which Muscles...?)
- latissimus dorsi - teres major - subscapularis - pectoralis major
Osteoporosis
- loss of normal bone density/mass - weakens bone
Depression (Scapula - which muscles?)
- lower trapezius - pectoralis minor
Shoulder Abduction (Which Muscles...?)
- middle deltoid - supraspinatus
Retraction (Scapula - which muscles?)
- middle trapezius - rhomboids
Angular Motion (Types of Motion)
- movement around a fixed point - all the parts of the object move through the: --- same angle --- same direction --- at the same time --- but DO NOT move the same distance *Motions in the body
Thumb CMC Opposition (Which Muscles?)
- opponens pollicis
Finger MCP Adduction (Which Muscles?)
- palmar interossei
Joint Manipulation
- passive movement - uses a high level of force to push it - under anesthesia
Hip Adduction (Which Muscles?)
- pectineus - adductor longus - adductor brevis - adductor magnus - gracilis
Shoulder Adduction (Which Muscles...?)
- pectoralis major - teres major - latissimus dorsi
Ankle Motions
- plantar flexion - dorsi flexion - inversion - eversion
Knee Flexion (Which Muscles?)
- popliteus - gastrocnemius Hamstring Group: - bicep femoris - semitendinosus - semimembranosus
Shoulder Horizontal Abduction (Which Muscles...?)
- posterior deltoid - infraspinatus - teres minor
Shoulder Extension (Which Muscles...?)
- posterior deltoid - latissimus dorsi - teres major
Forearm Pronation (Which Muscles?)
- pronator teres - pronator quadratus
Pectoralis Minor (Scapular Motions...?)
- protraction - depression - downward rotation
Serratus Anterior (Scapular Motions...?)
- protraction - upward rotation
Hip Flexion (Which Muscles?)
- rectus femoris - ilipsoas - pectineus
Quadriceps Muscles
- rectus femoris - vastus lateralis - vastus intermedialis - vastus medialis
Middle Trapezius (Scapular Motions...?)
- retraction
Rhomboids (Scapular Motions...?)
- retraction - elevation - downward rotation
Downward Rotation (Scapula - which muscles?)
- rhomboids - levator scapula - pectoralis minor
Carpal Bones (Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle)
- scaphoid - lunate - triquetrum - pisiform - trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate
Bones of Shoulder Girdle
- scapula - clavicle - sternum
Bones of Shoulder Joint
- scapula - humerus
Protraction (Scapula - which muscles?)
- serratus anterior - pectoralis minor
Forearm Motions
- supination - pronation
Rotator Cuff Muscles (SItS)
- supraspinatus - infraspinatus - teres minor - subscapularis
Elbow Extension (Which Muscles?)
- triceps
Elevation (Scapula - which muscles?)
- upper trapezius - levator scapulae - rhomboids
Upward Rotation (Scapula - which muscles?)
- upper trapezius - lower trapezius - serratus anterior
Stabilizer (Role of Muscles)
A muscle that contracts with no significant movement to maintain a posture or fixate a joint ex: back muscles during push-ups
Lumbrical Muscles (Hand Muscles)
A: Flex the MCP joint while extending the PIP and DIP joints (table top position) N: 1st and 2nd lumbricals: Median nerve 3rd and 4th lumbricals: Ulnar nerve
Scalene (Neck and Trunk Muscles)
Action: - bilaterally: assists in neck flexion - unilaterally: neck lateral flexion to the same side
Splenius Capitis/Cervicis (Neck and Trunk Muscles)
Action: - bilaterally: extend head and neck - unilaterally: rotate and laterally bend head to same side
Sternocleidomastoid (Neck and Trunk Muscles)
Action: - bilaterally: neck flexion - unilaterally: lateral flexion of the neck to the same side; rotation of head to opposite side
Internal Obliques (Neck and Trunk Muscles)
Action: - bilaterally: trunk flexion, compression of abdomen - unilaterally: lateral bending, rotation to the same side
External Obliques (Neck and Trunk Muscles)
Action: - bilaterally: trunk flexion, compression of abdomen - unilaterally: lateral bending; rotation to opposite side
Biceps Femoris (Hip Joint Muscles)
Action: - long head: hip extension, knee flexion - short head: knee flexion
Sartorius (Hip Joint Muscles)
Action: combination of hip flexion, abduction, external rotation, and knee flexion *Responsible for when you bring your ankle to your knee when sitting
Transverse Abdominis (Neck and Trunk Muscles)
Action: compression of abdomen
Semimembranosus (Hip Joint Muscles)
Action: extend hip, flex knee
Semitendinosus (Hip Joint Muscles)
Action: extend hip, flex knee
Gluteus Medius (Hip Joint Muscles)
Action: hip abduction
Gluteus Minimus (Hip Joint Muscles)
Action: hip abduction, internal rotation
Adductor Brevis (Hip Joint Muscles)
Action: hip adduction
Adductor Longus (Hip Joint Muscles)
Action: hip adduction
Adductor Magnus (Hip Joint Muscles)
Action: hip adduction
Gracilis (Hip Joint Muscles)
Action: hip adduction, assist in knee flexion
Gluteus Maximus (Hip Joint Muscles)
Action: hip extension, external rotation
Iliopsoas (Hip Joint Muscles)
Action: hip flexion
Pectineus (Hip Joint Muscles)
Action: hip flexion, adduction
Rectus Femoris (Hip Joint Muscles)
Action: hip flexion, knee extension
Rectus Femoris (Knee Joint Muscles)
Action: hip flexion, knee extension
Diaphragm
Action: inspiration Nerve: phrenic nerve
Vastus Intermedialis (Knee Joint Muscles)
Action: knee extension
Vastus Lateralis (Knee Joint Muscles)
Action: knee extension
Vastus Medialis (Knee Joint Muscles)
Action: knee extension
Gastrocnemius (Knee/Ankle Muscle)
Action: knee flexion, ankle plantar flexion *Forms Achilles tendon
Rectus Abdominis (Neck and Trunk Muscles)
Action: trunk flexion and compression of abdomen
Quadratus Lumborum (Neck and Trunk Muscles)
Action: trunk lateral bending *Effective at lateral bending (when origin is pulled toward insertion) and hip hiking or elevation on one side of the pelvis ( leg cast or fused knee)
Cocontraction (Role of Muscles)
Agonist and antagonist contract at the same time *no movement*
Cartilaginous Joints
Also called *amphiarthrodial* joints. little motion - great stability ex: vertebral joints
Synovial Joints
Also called *diarthrodial* joints contain joint capsule, synovial fluid, hyaline cartilage free motion - less stability
Types of Skeletons
Axial (80 bones) Appendicular (126 bones)
Frontal Plane
Body Direction: front/back Axis: sagittal Motion: abduction/adduction radial/ulnar deviation eversion/inversion
Sagittal Plane
Body Direction: right/left Axis: frontal Motion: flexion/extension
Transverse Plane
Body Direction: top/bottom Axis: vertical Motion: supination/pronation medial-lateral rotation right/left rotation horizontal abduction/adduction
Vertebral Column (26)
Cervical: 7 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Sacrum: 5 fused Coccyx: 4 fused
Long Bones (Types of Bones)
Composed of a long cylindrical shaft with wide protruding ends ex: tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna
Fibrous Joints
Little to no movement permitted; lots of stability **Synarthrosis** - suture joints - ex: sutures of skull
Linear Motion (Types of Motion)
Motion in SCAPULA only ex: elevation/depression protraction/retraction
Joint Play
Movement within a synovial joint cannot be reproduced by voluntary muscle contraction *Natural-occurring wiggle that the joint has*
Triceps (Forearm/Elbow Muscles)
O - Long head - Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula Lateral head - inferior to greater tubercle on the posterior humerus Medial head - Posterior humerus I - Olecranon process of the ulna A - Elbow extension N - Radial nerve
Pronator Quadratus (Forearm/Elbow Muscles)
O - Distal one-fourth of ulna I - Distal one-fourth of radius A - Pronation of the forearm N- Median nerve
Supinator (Forearm/Elbow Muscles)
O - Lateral epicondyle of humerus and adjacent ulna I - Anterior surface of the proximal radius A - Supination of forearm N- Radial nerve
Biceps Brachii (Forearm/Elbow Muscles)
O: Long head - supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula Short head - coracoid process of the scapula I: Radial tuberosity of the radius A: Elbow flexion and forearm supination N: Musculocutaneous nerve
Dorsal Interossei (Hand Muscles)
O: Adjacent metacarpals I: Base of proximal phalanx A: Abduct fingers at MCP joint N: Ulnar nerve
Flexor Pollicis Longus
O: Anterior surface of radius. I: Distal phalanx of thumb at the base A: Flexes all three joints of thumb (CMC, MCP, IP) N: Median Nerve
Teres Minor (Shoulder Joint Muscles)
O: Axillary border of scapula. I: Greater tubercle of humerus A: Shoulder external rotation, horizontal abduction.
Teres Major (Shoulder Joint Muscles)
O: Axillary border of scapula near the inferior angle. I: Crest below lesser tubercle next to the latissimus dorsi muscle attachment A: Shoulder extension, adduction, and internal rotation.
Adductor Pollicis (Hand Muscles)
O: Capitate, base of the 2nd metacarpal, palmar surface of the 3rd metacarpal. I: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb A: Adducts thumb (CMC joint) N: Ulnar nerve
Brachialis (Forearm/Elbow Muscles)
O: Distal half of the humerus, anterior surface I: Coronoid process and ulnar tuberosity of the ulna A: Elbow flexion N: Musculocutaneous nerve
Infraspinatus (Shoulder Joint Muscles)
O: Infraspinous fossa of scapula I: Greater tubercle of humerus A: Shoulder external rotation, horizontal abduction
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (Wrist Muscles)
O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus I: Base of 5th metacarpal A: wrist extension and ulnar deviation N: Radial nerve
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (Wrist Muscles)
O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus I: Base of 3rd metacarpal A: Wrist extension N: Radial nerve
Extensor Digitorum (Hand Muscles)
O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus I: Base of distal phalanx of the fingers. A: Extends all three joints of the fingers (MCP, PIP, DIP). N: Radial nerve
Brachioradialis (Forearm/Elbow Muscles)
O: Lateral supracondylar ridge on the humerus I: Styloid process of the radius A: Elbow flexion
Flexor Carpi Radialis (Wrist Muscles)
O: Medial epicondyle of humerus I: 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones A: wrist flexion and radial deviation N: median nerve
Palmaris Longus (Wrist Muscles)
O: Medial epicondyle of humerus I: Palmar fascia A: Wrist flexion N: Median nerve
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (Wrist Muscles)
O: Medial epicondyle of humerus I: Pisiform, and base of 5th Metacarpal A: Wrist flexion and ulnar deviation N: Ulnar nerve
Pronator Teres (Forearm/Elbow Muscles)
O: Medial epicondyle of the humerus and coronoid process of the ulna I: Lateral aspect of the radius A: Pronation of forearm and assists with elbow flexion N: Median nerve
Extensor Pollicis Longus (Hand Muscles)
O: Middle posterior ulna I: Base of distal phalanx of thumb A: Extends all three joints of the thumb (CMC, MCP, IP) N: Radial nerve
Extensor Pollicis Brevis (Hand Muscles)
O: Posterior surface of distal radius I: Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb A: Extends CMC and MCP joints of the thumb. N: Radial nerve
Abductor Pollicis Longus (Hand Muscles)
O: Radius I: Base of 1st metacarpal A: Thumb abduction at CMC joint N: Radial nerve
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (Hand Muscles)
O: Radius I: Sides of the middle phalanx of the four fingers. A: Flexes the MCP and PIP joints of the fingers. N: Median Nerve
Palmar Interossei (Hand Muscles)
O: Respective metacarpal I: Base of respective proximal phalanx A: Adduct fingers at MCP joint N: Ulnar nerve
Abductor Pollicis Brevis (Hand Muscles)
O: Scaphoid, Trapezium I: Proximal phalanx A: Abducts the thumb (CMC joint) N: Median nerve
Latissimus Dorsi (Shoulder Joint Muscles)
O: Spinous process of T7 through L5, posterior surface of sacrum, iliac crest, and lower three ribs. I: Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus A: Shoulder extension, adduction, internal rotation
Subscapularis (Shoulder Joint Muscles)
O: Subscapular fossa of the scapula I: Lesser tubercle of the humerus A: Shoulder internal rotation.
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (Wrist Muscles)
O: Supracondylar ridge of humerus I: Base of 2nd metacarpal bone A: Wrist extension and radial deviation N: Radial nerve
Opponens Pollicis (Hand Muscles)
O: Trapezium I: First Metacarpal A: Opposes the thumb (CMC joint) N: Median nerve
Flexor Pollicis Brevis (Hand Muscles)
O: Trapezium I: Proximal Phalanx A: Flexes the CMC and MCP joints of the thumb. N: Median Nerve
Flexor Digitorum Profundus (Hand Muscles)
O: Upper and anterior surface ulna I: Distal phalanx of the four fingers. A: Flexes all three joints of the fingers (MCP, PIP and DIP). N: Digits 2-3 = median nerve, digits 4-5 = ulnar nerve
Knee Extension (Which Muscles?)
Quadriceps Group: - rectus femoris - vastus lateralis - vastus medialis - vastus intermedialis
Soft End Feel
Soft tissue approximation muscle bulk (or fat) is compressed ex: elbow flexion
Anatomical Position vs Fundamental Position
The fundamental position is same as anatomical except arms are at the sides and facing the body
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Thenar Muscles: - Flexor Pollicis Brevis - Abductor Pollicis Brevis - Opponens Pollicis Hypothenar Muscles: - Opponens Digiti Minimi Midpalm or Deep Palm Muscles: - Adductor Pollicis - Interossei (dorsal and palmar) - Lumbricals
Functional Hand Position
Wrist slightly extended, MCP and PIP flexed, thumb in opposition
Agonist/Prime Mover (Role of Muscles)
a muscle that causes motion *always active
Shoulder Abduction/Adduction (Force Coupling of Shoulder Joint and Shoulder Girdle)
abduction - *upward rotation* adduction - *downward rotation*
Irritability (Muscle Characteristics)
ability to respond to stimulus
Elasticity (Muscle Characteristics)
ability to return to normal length
Hard End Feel
abrupt limit to passive joint motion (bony end feel) ex: terminal elbow extension
Tenodesis
active wrist extension --> passive finger flexion passive wrist flexion --> passive finger extension
Synergist (Role of Muscles)
assists the agonist in providing a desired muscle action *like an understudy
Palmar Radiocarpal Ligament
attaches from anterior portion of distal radius and ulna to anterior surface of scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum bones *Important ligament for wrist stability and function by limiting wrist extension
Dorsal Radiocarpal Ligament
attaches from styloid process of radius to lunate and triquetrum. *limits the amount of flexion allowed at wrist
1st Class Lever
axis is between the force and the resistance ex: see-saw
Posterior or Dorsal (Descriptive Terminology)
back surface
Proximal (Descriptive Terminology)
closer to the trunk
Ligaments
connects bone to bone flexible but not elastic (bend but no stretch)
Tendons
connects muscle to bone
Neutralizer (Role of Muscles)
contracts to prevent unwanted motion
Convex Rule
convex surface moves in the OPPOSITE direction of body segment's motion
Kyphosis
excessive curvature of the cervical portion of the vertebral column
Lordosis
excessive curvature of the lumbar portion of the vertebral column
Compression or Approximation (Types of Joint Mobilization)
external force causing the joint surfaces to be pushed together
Traction (Types of Joint Mobilization)
external force causing the joints to pull apart
Tendon Sheath
fibrous sleeves that surround and protect tendons ex: mainly found in fingers
Shoulder Flexion/Extension (Force Coupling of Shoulder Joint and Shoulder Girdle)
flexion - *upward rotation; protraction* extension - *downward rotation; retraction*
3rd Class Lever
force and resistance are on the same side of the axis with the force between the axis and the resistance ex: most levers in the body
2nd Class Lever
force and resistance are on the same side of the fulcrum (axis) with the resistance between the axis and the force ex: wheelbarrow
Force Coupling
forces act in different directions, resulting in turning effect or rotation
Anterior or Ventral (Descriptive Terminology)
front surface
Distal (Descriptive Terminology)
further away from the trunk
Lateral (Descriptive Terminology)
further from midline
Shoulder Horizontal Abduction/Adduction (Force Coupling of Shoulder Joint and Shoulder Girdle)
horizontal ab - *retraction* horizontal ad - *protraction*
Plantar (Terms of Surface)
inferior surface of the foot (sole)
Shoulder Internal/External Rotation (Force Coupling of Shoulder Joint and Shoulder Girdle)
internal rotation - *protraction* external rotation - *retraction*
Antagonist (Role of Muscles)
located on opposite side of joint from agonist, while agonist is active, antagonist is stretched and relaxed ex: in elbow flexion, bicep is agonist, tricep is antagonist
Irregular Bones (Types of Bones)
mixed shapes ex: sacrum, pubis, maxilla, and all the bones throughout entire spine
Osteokinematics
movement of bones around a JOINT AXIS ex: abduction of arm; the humerus moving up is the osteokinematic motion
Arthrokinematics
movement of the joint surface ex: humeral head ROLL and SLIDE within the glenoid fossa of scapula
Isometric (Muscle Contractions)
muscle contracts; no joint movement
Spinal Stenosis
narrowing of vertebral canal housing the spinal cord
Medial (Descriptive Terminology)
nearer to midline
Inferior (Descriptive Terminology)
nearer to the feet
Superior (Descriptive Terminology)
nearer to the head
Hemiplegic Gait
occurs when one leg is paralyzed or neurologically damaged, so the leg is dragged or swung around to propel it forward
Strain
overstretching of MUSCLE
Sprain
overstretching or tearing of LIGAMENT
Volar or Palmar (Terms of Surface)
palm surface of the hand
Shear (Types of Joint Mobilization)
parallel to surface; opposite directions
Joint Mobilization
passive movement that is usually applied to an injured area of the body
Bones of the Hip Joint
pelvis - ilium - ischium - pubis femur
Active Insufficiency
point where muscle cannot contract any farther
Passive Insufficiency
point where muscle cannot stretch any further *it is passive because muscles can ONLY CONTRACT actively
Dorsal or Dorsum (Terms of Surface)
posterior surface of the hand or the superior surface of the foot
Bursa (Joint Structure)
reduce friction between moving parts fluid-filled sacs that provide cushion tendons go over the bursa
Distal Attachment (Muscle Attachments)
referred to as *insertion* attached to the more stable bone
Proximal Attachment (Muscle Attachment)
referred to as the *origin* attached to the more stable bone
Sesamoid Bone (Types of Bones)
shape of a "sesame seed" ex: patella
Contractility (Muscle Characteristics)
shorten or contract with adequate stimulus
Short Bones (Types of Bones)
smal, cuboid shaped bones with large articular surfaces ex: carpals & tarsals
Firm End Feel
soft tissue stretch ex: ankle dorsi flexion
Extensibility (Muscle Characteristics)
stretch or lengthen with force
Ipsilateral (Terms of Positions)
structure located on the same side of the body
Contralateral (Terms of Positions)
structure on the opposite side of the body
Concave Rule
the concave surface moves in the SAME direction as the body segment's motion.
Isotonic (Muscle Contractions)
there is joint movement *Concentric* - shortening contraction; going against gravity *Eccentric* - lengthening contraction; into gravity
Epiphyseal Plate (Structure of Bone)
these plates permit growth after birth contains growing bone
Intervertebral Disc (Main Function?)
to absorb shock and maintain flexibility in the vertebral column
Flat Bones (Types of Bones)
usually have curved surface rather than flat ex: ilium, ribs, sternum, scapula
