Kinesiology Final Review

Bone size and shape are influenced by both the direction and magnitude of forces that are habitually applied to them. T/F

True

Diagonal abduction is movement by a limb through a diagonal plane away from the midline of the body. T/F

True

The shoulder joint agonists that perform flexion are the anterior deltoid, the upper pectoralis major, and the coracobrachialis muscles. T/F

True

If someone is having trouble passing a roadside sobriety test (e.g., walk the line, touch the nose) due to a lack of coordination, which region of the brain is affected? A. cerebellum B. brain stem C. spinal cord D. all of above

a

___________ occurs when all the applied and inertial forces acting on a moving body are in balance, resulting in movement with unchanging (constant) speed or direction. A. Dynamic equilibrium B. Acceleration C. Static equilibrium D. Both A and B

a

The term ______ refers to a specific movement of a joint that occurs as a result of a concentric muscle contraction.

action

Amount of muscular force needed to cause joint movement is greatest in what position? A. when the angle of pull of the muscle is 50° to the bone B. when the angle of pull of the muscle is 90° to the bone C. position does not affect

b

If the knee were not able to slide, the femur would _____ when going from flexion to extension on a stationary tibia. A. roll off the back of the tibia B. roll off the front of the tibia C. spin more internally on the tibia D. spin more externally on the tibia

b

In the context of the factors in use of anatomical levers, which of the following statements defines the term force arm? A. The longest distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force B. The perpendicular distance between the location of force application and an axis C. The distance between an axis and the point of resistance application D. The shortest distance from the axis of rotation to the point of resistance application

b

The increased force generation capability of a slightly stretched muscle is primarily due to which of the following? A. golgi tendon organ B. muscle spindle C. pacinian corpuscles D. both A and B

b

When flexing all of the fingers joints maximally in combination with maximal wrist flexion and no further flexion of any of the involved joints may be reached, the result is _______. A. Active insufficiency of the extensor muscles B. Active insufficiency of the flexor muscles C. Passive insufficiency of the flexor muscles D. Stretch-shortening of the extensor muscles

b

Which of following statement is incorrect? A. A resistance arm is defined as the distance between an axis and the point of resistance application. B. Slight variations in the location of a force and a resistance have no effect in determining the mechanical advantage (MA) and effective force of a muscle. C. Overall the human leverage system is built for speed and range of movement at the expense of force generation. D. Short force arms and long resistance arms require great muscular strength to produce movement.

b

Which of following statement is incorrect? A. Both the size and the shape of bones can limit or allow movements. B. During the process of bone remodeling, osteoblasts resorb existing bone and osteoclasts form new bone. C. The epiphysis is located at the ends of long bones. D. Most outer bone is composed of cortical bone with cancellous bone underneath.

b

Which of the following cannot increase a body's stability? A. Widen base of support B. Vertically positioning the center of gravity as high as possible C. Add more points of contact (i.e. 3-point stance to 4-point stance) D. Increasing body mass

b

Which of the following is a proprioceptor associated with muscle tissue? A. Pacinian corpuscle B. Golgi tendon organ C. Meissner's corpuscle D. Ruffini's corpuscle

b

Which of the following is the basic unit of the nervous system responsible for generating and transmitting nervous impulses? A. Dendrite B. Neuron C. Action Potential D. Nerves

b

Which of the following levers would be most effective to use to move a specific object if your only objective was a slight movement of the object? A. A first-class lever with a resistance arm of 10 and a force arm of 10 B. A second-class lever with a resistance arm of 10 and a force arm of 20 C. A third-class lever with a resistance arm of 20 and a force arm of 10 D. Each lever would be just as effective as the others

b

Which of the following most accurately describes a motor unit?A. a single muscle fiber and a single motor neuron B. a single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates C. a single muscle fiber and several motor neurons D. none of these answers is correct

b

Which of the following statements is correct? A. Static friction is always much less than rolling friction. B. Static equilibrium is when the body is at rest or completely motionless. C. Kinetic friction is always much less than rolling friction. D. None of the answers are correct.

b

Which of the following statements is true of Ruffini's corpuscles? A. They initiate rapid contraction of stretched muscle. B. They are located in deep layers of the skin and the joint capsule. C. They are activated by subtle joint movements. D. They have interrupted activation even when pressure is maintained.

b

Which of the following terms is defined as the rate of change in velocity? A. Momentum B. Acceleration C. Inertia D. Impulse

b

_______ is the defined area of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve in human body. A. myotome B. dermatome C. cerebral cortex D. reflexes

b

________ is a person's ability to control equilibrium

balance

Identify Newton's law of acceleration. A. For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction. B. A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force. C. A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it. D. The faster that you exercise a muscle, the less time it takes to increase its strength.

c

In human skeletal muscle, force generation capability is highest in which of the following conditions? A. muscle is at the longest length B. muscle is slightly shortened C. muscle is slightly lengthened D. muscle length is irrelevant to force production

c

Motion between the articular surfaces of bones is known as _____. A. kinetics B. osteokinematics C. arthrokinematics D. biomechanics

c

What movement is being demonstrated in the picture provided below? *shoulders moving up in a shrug A. scapular retraction B. glenohumeral elevation C. scapular elevation D. glenohumeral retraction

c

Which of following is not true regarding a close packed position of diarthrodial (synovial) joint of human body? A. Joints are most stable. B. Maximal area of surface contact between joint surfaces. C. Examples include full flexion of knee. D. Ligaments and joint capsular structure are farthest apart and taut.

c

Which of following statement is incorrect? A. frontal plane divides the body into front and back halves B. movements in the transverse plane occur around the longitudinal axis C. abduction takes place around frontal axis D. elbow extension takes place in the sagittal plane

c

Which of the following is not an example of a movement in the frontal plane? A. spine lateral flexion B. hip abduction/adduction C. radioulnar pronation D. ulnar deviation

c

Which of the following is/are characteristic of fast oxidative glycolytic (type IIA) fibers? A. Contraction speed is intermediate (faster than type I but slower than type IIB). B. Fatigue rate is intermediate (faster than type I but slower than type IIB). C. Both A and B are correct. D. None of these answers is correct.

c

Which of the following levers would be best to use to move a specific object if your only objective was speed of the object's movement? A. A first-class lever with a resistance arm of 10 and a force arm of 10 B. A second-class lever with a resistance arm of 10 and a force arm of 20 C. A third-class lever with a resistance arm of 20 and a force arm of 10 D. Each lever would be just as effective as the others.

c

Which of the following terms refers to the tendency for the current state of motion to be maintained, whether a body segment is moving at a particular velocity or is motionless? A. Torque B. Balance C. Inertia D. Momentum

c

Which type of contraction primarily occurs in the quadriceps (muscle on front of thigh) as a person descends a flight of stairs? A. concentric B. isometric C. eccentric D. static

c

_____ occurs when an antagonistic muscle becomes stretched to the point where it can no longer lengthen and allow movement. A. Active insufficiency B. Countercurrent movement C. Passive insufficiency D. Reciprocal innervation

c

Momentum, or the quality of motion, is equal to __________. A. the rate of change in velocity B. mass times acceleration C. the product of force and time D. mass times velocity

d

The _____ is the point at which all of the body's mass and weight is equally balanced or equally distributed in all directions. A. balance point B. point of equilibrium C. axis D. center of gravity

d

When flexing the elbow, the biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and brachialis are the three major agonists recruited to perform this movement because all cause flexion at the elbow. However, the biceps also cause supination, an undesired movement. Therefore another muscle acting as a ________, causing ________ must be recruited to prevent the undesired motion. A. stabilizer; extension B. neutralizer; extension C. stabilizer; pronation D. neutralizer; pronation

d

Which of following statement is incorrect? A. Statics involves the study of systems that are in a constant state of motion. B. Statics involves all forces acting on a body being in balance resulting in the body being in equilibrium. C. Dynamics involves the study of systems in motion with acceleration. D. Levers rotate about an axis of rotation as a result of force being applied to them to cause their movement in the same direction as the resistance.

d

Which of following statement is not true? A. Innervation occurs in the segment of the nervous system responsible for providing a stimulus to muscle fibers within a specific muscle or portion of a muscle. B. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) can be divided into sensory and motor divisions. C. The conscious awareness of the position and movement of the body in space is called kinesthesis. D. The more sudden the activation of a myotatic reflex, the less significant the reflexive contraction.

d

Which of following statement is true? A. Linear distance is the distance a system moves in a straight line. B. Angular displacement is the change in location of a linearly moving body. C. Mass is the effect of gravity on the amount of matter in a body. D. None of above are true

d

Which of following statement(s) is/are correct about muscle force-velocity relationship? A. There is an inverse relationship between the velocity of concentric contraction and force production B. As force needed to cause movement of an object increases the velocity of concentric contraction decreases C. As force needed to control an object's movement increases, the velocity of eccentric contraction increases, at least until when control is lost D. All of above are correct

d

Which of the following does not result in the contraction of the muscle fibers in a particular motor unit? A. Maximal stimulus B. Sub-maximal stimulus C. Threshold stimulus D. Sub-threshold stimulus

d

What term is used to describe the movement of the ankle that results in the top of the foot moving toward the anterior tibia in the sagittal plane?

dorsiflexion

An instrument used to measure the change in joint angles is a(n

goniometer

he term _______ usually pertains to muscles within or belonging solely to the body part upon which they act. S

intrinsic

The subconscious mechanism by which the body is able to regulate posture and movement is called __

proprioception

Forward movement of the shoulder girdle in the horizontal plane away from the spine is called _____ .

protraction or scapular abduction or transverse abduction

Knee extension occurring from femoral condyles rotating forward on tibia as a person stands from a squatting position is an example of the accessory motion called _____.

roll

Bone is composed of all of the following excep A. protein B. calcium C. phosphorus D. water

A

Each of the following types of joints allows a slight amount of motion to occur except _ A. gomphosis B. syndesmosis C. synchondrosis D. symphysis

A

Identify Newton's law of reaction. A. For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction. B. A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force. C. A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it. D. The more weight ones left regularly the more the muscles react by gaining strength.

A

In the human body when the triceps applies a force to the olecranon process of ulna in extending the non-supported forearm at the elbow (see the picture below), it exemplifies: A. first-class levers. B. second-class levers. C. third-class levers. D. None of the answers are correct.

A

What is the lever classification of the image provided below (F=force, A=axis, R=resistance)? *head axis is spine A. 1st class B. 2nd class C. 3rd class D. none of above

A

Which of following is an incorrect match of type of joint and its example? A. hinge joint - proximal radioulnar joint B. saddle joint - first carpometacarpal joint C. ball-and-socket joint - glenohumeral (shoulder) joint D. gliding joint - intercarpal joint

A

Which of the following is a true statement about stabilizer muscles? A. They are essential in establishing a relatively firm base for the more distal joints to work from when carrying out movements. B. They contract to unlock the joint to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and/or move. C. They are also known as guiding muscles. D. They are located opposite a joint or body part.

A

Which of the following is a true statement regarding synergist muscles? A. Assist in the action of agonists or primary movers B. Are always considered to be prime movers for the action C. Only act in an eccentric phase

A

Which of the following is the best definition of kinesiology? A. The study of the principles of anatomy, physiology, and mechanics in relation to human movement B. The study of the human musculoskeletal and musculotendinous systems C. The study of the application of mechanical physics to human motion D. The study of muscles as they are involved in the science of movement

A

Which of the following statements accurately represents the relationship between linear and angular motion? A. Angular motion of joints produces the linear motion of walking. B. Linear motion of joints produces an angular motion. C. Angular motion of joints produces the linear motion of walking, and linear motion of joints produces an angular motion. D. None of the answers are correct.

A

Which of the following statements is true about kinetic friction? A. It is the friction between two objects that are sliding along each other. B. It is the amount of friction between two objects that are currently stationary. C. It is always greater than static friction. D. It is much less than rolling friction.

A

Which of the followings is/are example(s) of symphysis joint? A. intervertebral discs B. skull sutures C. distal tibiofibular joint D. all of above

A

Which of the following statements is true about circumduction? A. Combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction B. Synonymous with rotation C. Occurs only in one joint D. Combines flexion and extension

A. Combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction

Newton's law of inertia states that: A. for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction. B. a body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force. C. a change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it. D. All of above are correct.

B

The following picture shows the plantar flexion of the ankle to raise the body on the toes, it exemplifies: A. first-class levers. B. second-class levers. C. third-class levers. D. none of the answers are correct.

B

What type of muscle contraction is employed by the elbow flexors when slowly lowering your body after chinning for chinning bar exercise (see the picture below: from the position B to A) *Top of the pull up to bottom A. concentric B. eccentric C. isometric D. isokinetic

B

Which of following is incorrect pair of movement and plane which the motion can occur? A. elbow extension - sagittal plane B. shoulder girdle (scapular) upward rotation - transverse plane C. hip abduction - frontal plane D. subtalar inversion - frontal plane

B

Which of following is incorrectly describe the anatomical directional terminology? A. sinister - relating to, or situated to the left or on the left side of, something B. distal - below in relation to another structure C. posterolateral - behind and to one side, specifically to the outside D. contralateral - pertaining or relating to the opposite side

B

Which of following statement is true regarding bones? A. Cancellous bone is stiffer and can withstand greater stress, but less strain, than cortical bone. B. Collagen in bone provides flexibility and strength to resist tension. C. Aging causes progressive gain of collagen and increases bone brittleness. D. Bone porosity is higher in cortical bones than cancellous bones.

B

Which of the following does not describe a way in which machines function? A. By balancing multiple forces B. By enhancing force in an attempt to increase total force needed to overcome a resistance C. By enhancing range of motion and speed of movement so that resistance can be moved farther or faster than an applied force D. By altering the resulting direction of an applied force

B

Which of the following is a primary purpose of wheels and axles in the musculoskeletal system? A. To increase force B. To enhance range of motion C. To decrease speed of movement D. To decrease range of motion

B

Which of the following is not an example of forces that act individually or in combination to provide mechanical loading that may result in excessive tissue deformation? A. Compression B. Straightening C. Shear D. Bending

B

Which of the following statements is true about velocity? A. It is the distance an object travels in a specific amount of time. B. It is the rate at which an object changes its position. C. It is independent of the rate of displacement. D. It is inversely proportional to how fast an object is moving

B

_____ is the ability of muscle to be passively stretched beyond its normal resting length. A. Elasticity B. Extensibility C. Excitability D. Contractility

B

Adduction movement at the wrist in the frontal plane of the little finger side of the hand toward the medial forearm is called _____. A. palmar flexion B. radial flexion C. ulnar flexion D. volar flexion

C

Choose the term that describes the protective layer of dense white connective tissue covering the articulating bone surfaces at diarthrodial joints. A. articular capsule B. meniscus C. articular cartilage D. articular fibrocartilage

C

Lowering the arm to the side or the thigh back to the anatomical position is an example of _ A. abduction B. extension C. adduction D. internal rotation

C

Moveable arm is to insertion, as immovable or fixed arm is to: A. flexion B. scapular fossa C. origin D. proximal

C

Which of following statement is not true? A. the knee is proximal joint relative to the ankle joint B. the leg is distal segment relative to the thigh. C. the elbow is proximal joint relative to the shoulder joint D. the knee is distal joint relative to the hip joint

C

Which of following statement is true? A. Generally, parallel muscles will produce a lesser range of movement than similar-size muscles with a pennate arrangement. B. Fusiform muscle fiber arrangement results in a circular pattern. C. Rectus abdominis (makes up the top layer of your abdominal muscles) is an example of a flat muscle. D. Multipennate muscles produce the strongest contractions

C

Which of the following is a type of friction? A. Static B. Kinetic C. Both static and kinetic D. None of the answers are correct.

C

Which of the following is an example of a transverse plane movement? A. Extension of the left toes B. Abduction of the left shoulder joint C. Internal rotation of the right shoulder joint D. Flexion of the right hip joint

C

Which of the following is an incorrect match of name and type of bone? A. phalanges - long bone B. ribs - flat bone C. metatarsals - short bone D. vertebrae - irregular bone

C

Which of the following is the most common form of simple machine found in the human body? A. Pulleys B. Wheels/axles C. Levers D. None of the answers are correct

C

Which of the following is true of an eccentric muscle action? A. The muscle does not control the movement with gravity or resistance. B. It is described as a positive type of contraction. C. The force developed by the muscle is less than that of the resistance. D. It results in the joint angle changing in the direction opposite to that of the resistance

C

Which of the following pairs of variables exhibits an inverse relationship? A. Force and the force arm B. Resistance and the resistance arm C. Both force and the force arm and resistance and the resistance arm D. None of the answers are correct

C

Which of the following terms refers to a position of the foot and ankle resulting from a combination of ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction? A. Pronation B. Scaption C. Supination D. Circumduction

C. Supination

Kinematics is concerned with the description of motion and includes consideration of each of the following except: A. time B. displacement C. velocity D. force

D

Muscles are usually named due to a number of criteria. The pronator quadratus is named after its: A. action B. shape C. location D. both A and B

D

The three specific types of accessory motions are _____ A. slip, slide, and roll B. spin, twirl, and glide C. rock, slide, and twist D. roll, spin, and glide

D

Which of the following could be done to reduce the amount of force needed to move a lever? A. Move the resistance closer to the axis B. Apply the force farther from the axis C. Decrease the amount of resistance D. All of the answers are correct

D

Which of the following is not a function performed by the skeletal system? A. Protection of internal organs B. Support to maintain posture C. Storage of minerals D. Production of heat

D

Which of the following is not true of concentric muscle contractions? A. A muscle develops active tension as it shortens. B. Contractions occur when a muscle develops enough force to overcome applied resistance. C. Contractions cause movement against gravity or resistance. D. Concentric muscle contractions are commonly described as being a negative type of contraction.

D

Which of the following is true in regards to antagonist muscles? A. Muscle is typically located on opposite side of the joint from agonist B. When contracting concentrically, antagonist muscles perform the opposite joint motion of agonist C. Also known as contralateral muscles D. All of the above are correct

D

Which of the following is true regarding the stretch-shortening cycle? A. When a muscle is stretched just prior to contraction, the resulting contraction is more forceful. B. An eccentric contraction is followed by a concentric contraction. C. The SSC promotes storage of elastic energy. D. All of these answers are correct.

D

Which of the following is/are true regarding a isotonic muscle contraction? A. Contractions can be concentric or eccentric B. Contractions can shorten or lengthen against resistance C. Contractions can be static D. Both A and B are correct

D

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about forces? A. They either push or pull on an object in an attempt to affect motion or shape. B. They are the product of mass times acceleration. C. Without forces acting on an object, there is no motion. D. All of above

D

Which of the following statements is/are true? A. the hip is more stable than the shoulder. B. the shoulder has more range of motion than the hip. C. both shoulder and hip are equally stable D. both A and B are correct.

D

Assuming that the bat speed and pitched ball velocity were the same, the ball hit with the middle of the bat (point S in the picture) would travel farther than the ball hit with the larger end of the bat (point Z in the picture). T/F

False

Ligaments and connective tissue provide dynamic stability to joints when actively contracting. T/F

False

The scapula is an example of an irregular bone. T/F

False