KINESIOLOGY LOWER EXTREMITY TEST (2)

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The pelvic girdle is also known as?

Osteoligamentous Ring

the _____ is stronger than the ACL. -limits posterior glide of tibia on femur. -also restrains maximal knee flexion. -provides valgus/varus stability

PCL

When a person jumps into the air, what is contraction is happening at each joint in each phase?

PHASE 1: Hip-Eccentric hip extensors(gluts) knee-eccentric quads ankle-eccentric plantarflexors(gastroc) PHASE 2: hip-concentric hip extensors knee-concentric quads ankle-concentric gastoc (PF's) PHASE 3--same as phase 1

tibia: Anterior/Posterior-- Medial/Lateral--

Concave Convex

When rising up on your toes what type of contraction and at what muscle is working at the ankle?

Concentric plantarflexors/gastroc

What happens when you do open chain PRONATION at the talocrural(ankle) joint?

Dorsiflexion, eversion, abduction

What is the Q-angle?

Drawing line down midline through patella and tibial tubercle, other line from the ASIS. Women have bigger angle than men. Males-10-20 degrees Females-15-20 degrees

Supination:

Lateral rotation of the tibia occurs Calcaneus INVERTS lateral tibial rotation accompanies knee extension

A concave acetabulum is oriented ____ and ____ in the pelvis.

Laterally and inferiorly

Both have 3 bonds but what's larger? MCL or LCL?

MCL

Meidal menisci is attached to what? making it more rigid.

MCL

Simultaneous injury of what 3 things is called the 'terrible triad'

MCL, ACL, medial meniscus

______ protects against valgus, while _______ protects again varus.

MCL, LCL

What is the subtalar(talus and calcaneus) joint imporant for?

Mobility on uneven surfaces

Primary hip functions?

Support weight of HAT (head, arms, trunk) Pathway for force transmission

A large Q-angle can contribute to excessive lateral tracking of patella. True or false?

True. What's a Q-angle?

what's the function of the menisci in the knee?

absorb and disperse the compressive forces between the tibia and the femur

______ head of femur moving on ______ acetabulum.

convex, concave. Open or closed chain? -->open

Both Menisci attach to the joint capsule via what?

coronary ligament

______ ______ describes an angle of inclination significantly greater than 125 degree angle.

coxa valga

____ ____ describes an angle of inclination that is significantly less than 125 degrees.

coxa vera

Tarsal. Lateral aspect.

cuboid

1st, 2nd & 3rd Ray-- (go medial-lateral, big toe to pinkie toe)

cuneiform and distal bones

Tibiofemoral motion: OPEN CHAIN _____tibia moving on _____ femur. The tibia rotates laterally on femur (last 30 degrees of extension)

concave, convex

closed chain: _______ pelvis moves on _______ femur.

concave, convex. Same direction

standing from a chair whats muscles working at the ankle?

concentric gastroc

when reaching high overhead what muscles working at the ankle?

concentric gastroc

Ascending a step (as lead leg) what contractions happening? and in descending a step?

concentric quads eccentric quad

tibialis anterior tightness causes:

decreased plantar flexion, cavus foot

a posterior pelvic tilt involveds ____ ____ of the lumbar spine.

decreasing lordosis

which nerve innervates most of the muscles that dorsiflex the foot?

deep peroneal nerve

standing with a hip flexion contracture is likely to involve a __________ posture of the lumbar spine.

hyperlordotic

Strongest ligament in the hip joint. It prevents extension, ER & ADD of the hip. Reinforces joint capsule anteriorly. What ligament?

iliofemoral

The Y Ligament aka...

iliofemoral ligament

What limits hip adduction?

iliofemoral ligament, hip abductors

The ASIS is a bony landmark found on the ______.

ilium

If hip flexion contraction is unilateral, what occurs?

immobilization

an "extensor lag" is best described as what?

inability to omplete the final few degrees of knee extension, possibly due to swelling within the knee

If hip flexion contracture is bilateral, what occurs?

increased lordosis tight hamstrings

if the abdominal muscles are weak, resisted hip flexion will likely result in?

increased lordosis of the lumbar spine

an anterior pelvic tilt involves _____ ____ of the lumbar spine.

increasing lordosis

the primary motions allowed at the subtalar joint are?

inversion/eversion abduction/adduction

the ___________ increases the internal moment arm of the quads, enhancing knee extension torque.

patella

Both menisci are thicker _____ and thinner ______.

peripherally, centrally

there are 5 metatarsals. The base (proximal), shaft, & head(distal). The head of them form what?

the ball of the foot

with vastus intermedius position of what joint isn't relevant?

the hip

A posterior pelvic tilt is accompanied by decreasing lordosis of the lumbar spine. True or false?

true

An anterior pelvic tilt is a type of hip flexion. True or false?

true

One of the primary functions of the PCL is to resist a posterior translation of the tibia relative to a fixed femur. True or False?

true

three of the four hamstring muscles attach proximally to the ischial tuberosity. True or False?

true

Hamstrings (minus biceps femoris brevis) PASSIVE INSUFFICIENCY

Flex hip, extend knee

Rectus Femoris Active Insufficiency

Flex hip, extend knee

Gastrocnemius Active Insufficiency

Flex knee, PF ankle

Gastrocnemius Action

Flex knee, plantarflex ankle

IT Band Active Insuff.

Flex/IR/Abd hip

IT Band action

Flex/medially rotate/abd HIP

What limits hip IR?

Posterior joint capsule, Hip ER

Crouch/Squat

Prime Mover at Knee: quads Contraction: eccentric

Lift off (in jumping)

Prime Mover at knee: quads Contraction: concentric

Landing (from jumping)

Prime mover at knee: quads Contraction: eccentric

Grand Reaction Force: _______ in magnitude, ______ in direction.

equal, opposite

Open ends of the menisci are called either _____ or _____.

horns or poles

which joint allows nearly equal amounts of motion in all 3 planes?

transverse tarsal

what are the primary sagittal plane function of the ACL?

-resists posterior translation of the femur relative to a fixed tibia. -resists anterior translation of the tibia relative to a fixed femur.

Causes of Excessive lateral tracking of the patella:

-tight IT band or lateral retinaculum -excessive pronation of the ankle/foot -weakness of the hip abd & hip ER's

________ meniscus has greater motion

. Lateral

Torsion, which is a natural twist in the femur, normally projects how many degrees upward? and referred to as what?

15 degrees, normal anteversion

rectus femoris is responsible for what precentage of quad strength?

15%

measured on the lateral side of the knee, normal genu valgum of the knee is typically how many degrees?

170-175 degrees

How many phalanges are in the big toe normally and what are they?

2. Proximal & distal

Sartorius Active Insufficiency

FABER of hip, Flex knee, medially rotate knee

How many phalanges are there normally and what are they?

3. Proximal/middle/distal.

Pulled taut with both ER/IR of the tibia. Injured with knee flexion and rotation(foot planted)

ACL

______: limits anterior glide of tibia on the femur.

ACL

What attaches to the inner aspect of lateral femoral condyles and what attaches to the meidal femoral condyles?

ACL, PCL

Gracilis Passive Insuff.

Abd, ER hip Extend/ER flexed knee

thickest, strongest tendon in the body. most frequently ruptured. when in cast, positioned in what?

Achilles tendon Plantar flexion

Gracilis Active Insuff.

Add/IR hip Flex/IR flexed knee

Gracilis Action

Adduct, IR hip Flex and medially rotated flexed knee

Angle of __________: formed between the head/neck and the shaft of the femur, form 125-135 degrees. What plane?

Angle of Inclination. Frontal.

Femoral ___________: head/neck of femur form 15 degree angle in reference to the condyles. What plane?

Angulation Transverse

What limits hip extension?

Anterior Joint capsule, hip flexors

What part of hamstrings are on the lateral side?

Biceps femoris longus (short and long head)

If Homans Sign is positive what should you do?

CALL THE PERSON A CAB TO THE HOSPITAL! :) just kidding. No, really. Call an ambulance, they need to get to the hospital ASAP

_______- weight bearing occurs in the distal posterior aspect hydrodynamic shock absorber

Calcaneus

________-heel bone, largest tarsal. Provides long moment arm for Achilles.

Calcaneus

The talus joint articulates with the tibia, fibula, calcaneus and navicular. the Anterior and Posterior sides are-- while the medial and lateral sides are--

Convex Concave

Tibiofemoral motion: CLOSED CHAIN _____femur moving on _____ tibia.

Convex, concave

Decrease surface area -->increase stress-->increase chance of DJD

Coxa Valga

Varus Deformity. Angles greater. Normal at birth. increased joint reaction forces. distance between COR to trochanter DECREASES.

Coxa Valga

-angles less -Increased bending moment applied to the neck of the femur. -INCREASES compression forces MEDIALLY and TENSILE forces LATERALLY. -trochanter at GREATER distance from COR. These all describe _____ _____.

Coxa Vera

_____ ______ may increase medial pull on the femur into the acetabulum contributing to crosion.

Coxa Vera

Very important in arch formation? There's 3 of them.

Cuneiforms. Lateral/intermediate/medial

Knee bends. What contractions happening?

Eccentric quads

Forward and backward bending in standing. What contractions are happening?

Eccentric quads going backward. Concentric Hamstrings going forward

a talocrural joint is more stable in a position of plantar flexion than a position of dorsiflexion. True or False?

FALSE

Sartorius Passive Ins.

Ext/add/IR hip Extend knee Laterally rotate flexed knee

Gastrocnemius Passive Ins

Extend Knee, Dorsiflex ankle

Rectus Femoris Passive Insufficiency

Extend hip, Flex knee

Hamstring (minus biceps femoris brevis) ACTIVE INSUFFIENCY

Extend hip, flex knee

Hamstrings (minus biceps femoris brevis) action

Extend hip, flex knee

IT Band Passive Insuff.

Extend/ER/add hip

Sartorius Action

FABER (Flex, abd, ER) of hip, Flex knee, Medially rotate flexed knee

The peroneus brevis is innvervated by the same nerve that innervates the tibialis posterior? True or False?

False What does innervate each?

The gastrocnemius muscle is maximally elongated in a position of dorsiflexion and full knee flexion. True or false?

False. It's max elongated in ankle DF and knee extension.

During standing at ease, the line of gravity (from body weight) normally travels anterior to the medial-lateral axis of the hip. True or False?

False. Its posterior

Inversion and eversion of the foot primarily occur at the talocrural joint. True or False?

False. They occur at the subtalar joint.

one of the primary functions of the popliteus muscle is to assist in locking the knee. True or false?

False. It's the "key to the knee". Helps to unlock.

a positive Tredelenberg sign indciates weakness of the hip adductors. True or False?

False. The abductors are weak ( gluteus medius)

Abduction of the hip occurs about a medial-lateral axis of rotation. True or False?

False. it's a frontal plane, so anterior-posterior axis

The medial and lateral collateral ligaments are at less risk of injury when knee's fully extended because they're slackened in knee extension. True of false.

False. you know why.

Rectus Femoris Action

Flex hip, Extend knee

What muscles are include in the 'triceps surae'?

Gastrocnemius and soleus. (not sure why it's only 2 when 3 is basically in the name).

Motion of Hip: What's head of femur doing? FLEXION EXTENSION ABDUCTION ADDUCTION

HEAD OF FEMUR GOES: posterior anterior in out

if anyone gets this, feel free to explain tomorrow: when pelvic motion is forward rotation, what's hip and lumbar spine doing?

HIP: R Interal rotation Lumbar spine: rotation to the left

When pelvic motion is backward rotation, what's hip and lumbar spine doing?

HIP: R external rotation Lumbar spine: rotation to the right

Muscles needed from sit to stand?

HIP: gluteus maximus(hip ext) KNEE: knee extensors, (concentric quads)(anterior compartment) ANKLE: gastroc soleus (posterior compartment)

what muscles are able to perform hip extension and knee flexion?

Hamstrings ( minus bicep femoris brevis)

If LEFT pelvic hike, what occurs at the hip and lumbar spine?

Hip- R add Lumbar spine- L lateral flexion

If LEFT pelvic drop, what occurs at the hip and lumbar spine?

Hip-R add Lumbar spine-R lateral flexion

Articular surface of the acetabulum is ______ shaped and covered in what?

Hornshoe shaped. Hyaline Cartilage

Which part of the menisci is avascular?

Inner 1/3. Outer 1/3 has good blood supply.

oblique and arcuate ligaments are both on lateral aspect of knee reinforcing the what?

LCL

_______ menisci attached to the tendon of popliteus muscle.

Lateral

muscles of ________ compartment: -consist of peroneus longus and brevis -primary evertors. consist of 65% of total ROM

Lateral

Tarsal. Medial Side. Landmark: medial tuberosity

Navicular

When a person jumps into the air, what motion is happening at each joint in each phase?

Phase 1: HIP, KNEE & ANKLE -flexion, flexion, DF Phase 2: HIP, KNEE & ANKLE- extension, ext, PF Phase 3: same as Phase 1

Distal tibia articulates with talus to form

Plafond (inferior articular surface)

Are ankle DF or PF stronger?

Plantar flexors

What happens when you do open chain SUPINATION at the talocrural(ankle) joint?

Plantarflexion, inversion, adduction

PF vs DF strength:

Plantarflexors stronger stronger in males

Lachmans Test

Purpose: Diagnose an ACL Laxity Position: patient supine and relaxed, bend knee 30 degrees. Technique: examiner stabilizes distal femur and translates proximal tibia forward on the femur. Interpretation: if knee moves more and less firm endpoint, it's positive for ACL laxity

Piriformis Test

Purpose: Muscle tightness and neurological exam Position: patient lies on unaffected side with 70-80 degrees hip flexion. Knee bent and relaxed with foot on unaffected leg Technique: apply pressure on knee while doing IR. Interpretation: if pain is in butt and shoots down posteror thigh, it's pinching sciatica. Otherwise, just tight.

Anterior Drawer Test

Purpose: Used to detect ACL laxity/tear in knee Position: supine with foot stabilized on the table, knee flexed to 80-90 degrees and hamstrings relaxed. Technique: translate proximal tibia anterior on the femur. Interpretation: if more than normal movement, ACL is torn.

Varus Test

Purpose: assess LCL laxity Position: supine, knee in full extension and then repeat at 30 degrees flexion technique: cup knee with heel of clinicians hand at the medial joint line; use fingers of other hand to palpate lateral joint line; apply a varus stress to the knee thru the palm of the medial hand and the forearm/elbow of the lateral hand. Interpretation: + test= pain or excessive gapping of the joint when compared with the contralateral side.

Valgus Test

Purpose: assess for MCL laxity Position: supine, knee in full extension and then repeat at 30 degrees flexion Technique: cup knee with hell of clinicicans hand at lateral joint line; use fingers of other hand to palpate medial joint line; apply a valgus stress to the knee thru the palm of the lateral hand and forearm/elbow of the medial hand. Interpretation: + test= pain or excessive gapping of the joint when compared to the contralateral side.

Mcmurrays Test

Purpose: assess meniscus Position: supine, with 1 of clinicians hands to the side of the patella and the other grasping the distal tibia. Technique: from a psoition of maximal flexion, extend the knee with IR of the tibia and a varus stress then returns to maximal flexion and extend the knee with ER of the tibia and a valgus stress. Interpretation: +test=pain or snapping/clicking with IR incriminates the lateral mensicus and ER incriminates the medical mensicus.

Faber (Patricks) Test

Purpose: evaluate pathology of hip joint or SI joint, labrum pathology. Position: supine Technique: heave tested leg flexed abducted and ER. Interpretation: positive if there is pain.

Trendelenburg's test

Purpose: to assess gluteus medius weakness Position: standing on involved LE Technique: flex contralateral LE, iliac crest on WB side should be lower than NWB side. Interpretation: dopping is lower than NWB side secondary to abductor weakness in the hip.

Thompsons Test

Purpose: to check for complete tear of Achilles tendon Position: Prone with knee flexed 90 degrees, foot relaxed Technique: Squeeze calf to get foot to plantar flex Interpretation: if doesn't PF it's positive for Achilles Tear/rupture

Obers Test

Purpose: to identify ITB/TFL contracture Position: lies on side with unaffected leg on bottom, affected leg on top and straight Technique: lifts straight leg, extends it at hip and lowers it behind bottom leg Interpretation: if patient cant adduct past exam table, they're positive for contracture

Thomas Test (not to be confused with Thompsons)

Purpose: to rule out hip flexion (iliopsoas) contracture Position: supine with one knee to chest Technique: measure the angle between affected thigh and table Interpretation: reveal hip deformity

Mortons Test

Purpose: to see if patient has Mortons neuroma in metatarsal Position: Patient in NWB. Technique: gently squeeze metatarsals together Interpretation: if pain between 2 and 3 or 3 and 4th metatarsal, it's positive for Mortons neuroma

Homans Sign

Purpose: to test for DVT Position: Supine Technique: PROM DF, feel calf for tenderness Interpretation: Positive test means patients has DVT, if there's deep pain

Posterior Drawer Test

Purpose: used to detect PCL laxity/tear in knee Position: supine with knee flexed to 90 degrees and foot on table. Technique: translate proximal tibia posteriorly on the distal femur. Interpretation: if more than normal movement, it's a PCL Tear

Apleys Test

Purpose: used to find meniscus tears of the knee Position: prone with knee flexed 90 degrees. Clinician grasps foot and calcaneus (heel). Technique: while applying downward force through the heel, rotate the tibia internally and externally. Interpretation: + test = pain, popping, snapping, locking, crepitus.

What motion is occuring at the right hip as you shift your weight over your R foot or bring L pelvis down (drop)?

R adduction

What motion is occuring at the right hip as you shift your weight over your right foot or brings the L pelvis up (hike)?

R hip abduction

If you turn your trunk to look back over right shoulder, what's happening?

R internal rotation, with L rotation of trunk.

what muscles are associated with the Pes Anserinus?

Sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus

Formed by the tibia and fibula meeting the talus of the foot.

Talocrural joint aka mortise joint

________ ______ joint: articulation between talus, navicular, calcaneus, cuboid. seperated hindfoot & midfoot contributes to pronation & supination.

Transverse talar

If hip abductors weaken what happens? (think glutues medius)

Tredelenberg, you see a drop. Opposite leg compensates with eccentric contraction.

Active extension of the knee involves a superior migration of the patella. True or false?

True

The gastrocnemius and soleus both attach to the calcaneal tuberosity via the achilles tendon? True or False?

True

The tibialis posterior is innervated by the same nerve that innervates the flexor hallucis longus. True or False?

True

one of the primary functions of the plantar fascia is to support the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. True or False?

True

the rectus femoris becomes actively insufficient when performing knee extension combined with hip flexion. True or False?

True

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

Two innominate bones Sacrum (posterior) Symphysis Pubis (anterior)

______ foce- distal end of tibia adducts. Injuries LCL

Varus

Joint reaction force has a ________ orientation and causes a bending moment on the ___________ and _________ of femur.

Vertical head and neck

pes planus is a condition best described as?

a chronicall dropped, or low, medial longitudinal arch of the foot

on standing with the knees fully extended, an individual with tight hamstrings is most likely to display?

a relative posterior pelvic tilt

What best describes the screw-home mechanism of the knee?

an automatic rotation that assists in locking the knee into extension

What limits hip ER?

anterior joint capsule, Hip IR

Short-arc pelvic on femoral hip flexion with the trunk remaining essentially upright, describes what?

anterior pelvic tilt

Sit to stand ______ roll, _____ glide.

anterior, posterior

inversion and eversion occur about an_____-_____ axis of rotation and occur in what plane?

anterior-posterior frontal

alignment in TRANSVERSE plane. head/neck of femur face ______ with respect to the femoral condyles.

anteriorly.

in ANGULATION excessive anteversion occurs, the head of femur will move farther _______.

anteriorly. Causing: increased IR/pigeon toes. over time develop lateral tibial torsion

Menisci nutrients supplied by?

blood supply and synovial fluid

hyperextension of MTP joint and toe flexion

claw foot

What is the position of ankle when walking up a hill?

dorsiflexed

what is the position of the ankle when standing from a chair?

dorsiflexed. Using gastroc and quads also to stand up.

the primary motions that occur at the talocrural joint are:

dorsiflexion/plantarflexion

when walking have to have _______ control of dorsiflexors to prevent foot drop.

eccentric

when leaning backwards what muscles working at the ankle?

eccentric dorsiflexors/anterior tibialis

When leaning forward with knees and hips straight what muscle is working and what's the contraction at the ankle?

eccentric gastroc

Gait on level surface. What contractions happening?

eccentric quads

The gastroc has the potential to perform knee extension. True or false?

false. It's knee flexion

The femurs distal articular surface ends in the _______ _______

femoral condyles

many of the hip adductors have the favorable line of pull to perform hip extension if the hip is?

flexed 70 degrees

pronation is more _______ , while supination is more ______

flexible, rigid

If the quads are active eccentrically, the knee is moving into?

flexion

Femoral head is at deepest part of acetabulum in what motion?

flexion and abduction

Alignment of the articular surfaces: While the femur is ANTERIOR & SUPERIOR the acetabulum's anterior aspect of heads exposed, allowing increased ______ and limiting _______>

flexion, extension

Which position is considered the close-packed, most stable position of the talocrural joint?

full dorsiflexion

Which muscle has the potential to plantarflex the ankle and flex the knee?

gastrocnemius

a knee that displays marked hyperextension is?

genu recurvatum

due to _____ _____ tightness: -contribute to lumbar spine hypermobility -patients will compensate with excessive trunk flexion during ADL's that require the flexion ROM.

gluteus maximus

which muscles are involved in the force-couple that produces a posterior pelvic tilt?

gluteus maximus, rectus abdominus

Lifting a box from the floor. What contractions happening?

going up--concentric quads. Going down--eccentric quads

Medial plateau vs Lateral plateau medial's surface are is ______. medial bears _____ force during upright stance. articular cartilage is ___ _____ in medial.

greater more 3 times thicker

great toe exhibits lateral deviation of the proximal phalanx

hallus valgus

limited hyperextension of great toe. Result of DJD Tx: shoe modifications

hallus vigidus

_____-resist anterior glide of tibia on femur as the ACL.

hamstrings

varus and valgus refers to _______.

hindfoot

which group of muscles is largely innervated by the Obturator nerve?

hip adductors

The iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral all limit what motion of the hip?

hip extension

a hip flexion contracture is limitation of passive?

hip extension

the hamstrings are maximally elongated in a position of?

hip flexion, knee extension

in posterior pelvic tilt the hip is doing what motion while the lumbar spine is doing what?

hip-extension lumbar spine-flexion

In anterior pelvic tilt the hip is doing what motion while the lumbar spine is doing what?

hip-flexion lumbar spine-extension

hip internal rotation occurs in what plane?

horizontal

This motion involves closed-chain abduction of the right hip abductors and activation of the left gluteus medius? (sounds like a lot, but go step by step, you know it! :) )

individual hiking of the right side of pelvis

simple hinge joint, flexion with little or no extenstion

interphalangeal joints

the ACL & PCL are ____capsular but _____synovial

intracapsular, but extrasynovial

_____ _____: work as single group. 4 layers

intrinsic muscles of the foot

A muscle that courses on the medial side of the anterior-posterior axis can be predicted to produce which motion at the ankle?

inversion

_______-sprained lateral _______- sprained medial

inversion eversion

a muscle that courses anterior to the medial-lateral axis of rotation of the knee is able to perform what motion?

knee extension

What deepends the acetabulum?

labrum

increase of Q-angle increase _______ pull on patella (related to anterior knee pain)

lateral

the posterior compartments tendons wrap around the ______ aspect of the ankle. (travel thru the T tunnel)

medial

the primary ligament involved in resisting large valgus producing forces of the knee is?

medial collateral ligament

Which menisci is larger than the other?

medial is larger than lateral

What locks knee when standing erect?

medial something(anyone know? my notes had a question mark, sorry!)

_____ menisci is less mobile than the ______ menisci.

medial, lateral.

4th & 5th ray-- (go medial to lateral, big toe to pinkie toe)

metatarsal and distal bones

Forefoot (anterior) --

metatarsals & phalanges

Midfoot (middle)--

navicular, cuboid & 3 cuneiforms

MCL, LCL, PCL, ACL all work together to stabilize the knee and are all ___ ______ supportive structures.

non-contractile

open chain: head moves _________ to motion of distal femur Think Convex on concave.

opposite

______-largest sesamoid bone. Primary functions: -decrease excessive friction between quad and femur in knee flex/ext.

patella

______ ______: may cause avulsion fracture during inversion sprains.

peroneus brevis

increased medial longitudinal arch

pes cavus

flat foot, decreased medial longitudinal arch

pes planus

injury to the tibial nerve will most likely result in weakness of what action?

plantar flexion

protects the metatarsal heads during ambulation

plantar plate

What is the position of the ankle when walking down an incline?

plantarflexed

what is the position of the ankle when squatting to touch the floor?

plantarflexed

A muscle that courses posterior to the medial-lateral axis of the ankle can be predicted to produce what action?

plantarflexion

small muscles between gastroc and soleus. maybe be absent in 5-10% of population. Cant identify if weak or tight.

plantaris

The right hip external rotators are highly involved in what activity?

planting the right foot and cutting sharply to the left

gastrocnemius and soleus go together at the achilles tendon, along with the plantaris make up the ________ compartment of calf.

posterior

What limits hip flexion?

posterior joint capsule, Gluteus maximus, obesity

DEEP muscles of posterior compartment:

posterior tibialis FDL FHL

stand to sit _______ roll, ______ glide.

posterior, anterior

the combined actions of DF, eversion and abduction is described as _______ of the ankle and foot.

pronation

to stretch rectus put in what position?

prone with hip extended and knee flexed

______ ______ doesn't participate directly in the knee joint function.

proximal tibia

effects of ______ tightness: -decreased hip extension and trunk side bending -increased lumbar lordosis (because pulls on anterior aspect of vertebral spine)

psoas major

what limits hip abduction?

pubofemoral ligament, hip adductors

when standing only on the right leg, the primary muscles involved in keeping the left side of the pelvis from dropping are the?

right hip abductors

What part of hamstring are on the medial side?

semimembranosus and semitendinosus

Menisci functions:

shock absorption knee joint lubrication and stabilization increase contact area, decrease stress

Sulcus calcanei and the sulcus tali combine to make the _____ ______.

sinus tarsi

tightness of ________ contributes to genu revicurbatum.

soleus

with the foot firmly fixed to the ground, which muscle can assist in extending the knee?

soleus

Articulation between the talus and calcaneus. critical for ambulation and stability. gives us ability to adapt to uneven surfaces

subtalar joint

hinge joint. oblique axis combo motions of eversion/abd, and inversion/add

subtalar joint

_____- groove on lateral side of calcaneus

sulcus tali

If angle of inclination is less than 125 degrees, directs head more _______.

superiorly

Joint reaction force has tensile forces (stretching) _______ and _______ forces inferiorly.

superiorly, compressive

the iliofemoral ligament attaches _______ to the AIIS and ______ along the intertrochanteric line.

superiorly, inferiorly

______ ______-on medial aspect of ankle, supports talus.

sustenaculum tali

Which joint is commonly referred to as a "mortise joint"?

talocrural (ankle) joint

Hindfoot (posterior)--

talus & calcaneus

The subtalar joint is best described as the articulation between the :

talus and calcaneus

Lisfrancs Joint (amputation) gliding joints with limited mobility

tarsometatarsal

what helps to prevent excessive inversion of the ankle and foot?

the LCL's of ankle and foot, activation of the peroneus tertius (absent in most of population)

The recuts femoris remains strong throughout a motion that combines hip flexion and knee flexion, because why?

the rectus femoris is shortened across the hip but elongated across the knee-maintaining a near-optimal legnth for producting force.

Pronation:

tibia and talus move on calcaneus. medial rotation of tibia occurs which carries talus medially. calcaneus EVERTS

what is the distal attachment for all heads of the quads?

tibial tuberosity

great toe deformity

turf toe.

When streching the iliopsoas muscle, the pelvis must be stabilized the prevent, what?

unwanted lordosis of the spine

what is the supracristal plane?

used to assess height of iliac crest. used as landmark for lumbar punctures, L4-L5

The Pes Anserinus stabilizes the knee agaisnt _______ and rotary actions. It's in the medial aspect of the knee.

valgus

_____ force-distal end of tibia abducts. Injures MCL

valgus

______ ______ contributes to 40% of knee extension strength.

vastua lateralis

_____ _____ tightness: -May increase force of contact between patella and femur during knee extension and cause patello-femoral pain.

vastus lateralis

What muscle would you strengthen to increase dynamic support of the ACL?

want to pull posteriorly on hamstring


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