KINESIOLOGY LOWER EXTREMITY TEST (2)
The pelvic girdle is also known as?
Osteoligamentous Ring
the _____ is stronger than the ACL. -limits posterior glide of tibia on femur. -also restrains maximal knee flexion. -provides valgus/varus stability
PCL
When a person jumps into the air, what is contraction is happening at each joint in each phase?
PHASE 1: Hip-Eccentric hip extensors(gluts) knee-eccentric quads ankle-eccentric plantarflexors(gastroc) PHASE 2: hip-concentric hip extensors knee-concentric quads ankle-concentric gastoc (PF's) PHASE 3--same as phase 1
tibia: Anterior/Posterior-- Medial/Lateral--
Concave Convex
When rising up on your toes what type of contraction and at what muscle is working at the ankle?
Concentric plantarflexors/gastroc
What happens when you do open chain PRONATION at the talocrural(ankle) joint?
Dorsiflexion, eversion, abduction
What is the Q-angle?
Drawing line down midline through patella and tibial tubercle, other line from the ASIS. Women have bigger angle than men. Males-10-20 degrees Females-15-20 degrees
Supination:
Lateral rotation of the tibia occurs Calcaneus INVERTS lateral tibial rotation accompanies knee extension
A concave acetabulum is oriented ____ and ____ in the pelvis.
Laterally and inferiorly
Both have 3 bonds but what's larger? MCL or LCL?
MCL
Meidal menisci is attached to what? making it more rigid.
MCL
Simultaneous injury of what 3 things is called the 'terrible triad'
MCL, ACL, medial meniscus
______ protects against valgus, while _______ protects again varus.
MCL, LCL
What is the subtalar(talus and calcaneus) joint imporant for?
Mobility on uneven surfaces
Primary hip functions?
Support weight of HAT (head, arms, trunk) Pathway for force transmission
A large Q-angle can contribute to excessive lateral tracking of patella. True or false?
True. What's a Q-angle?
what's the function of the menisci in the knee?
absorb and disperse the compressive forces between the tibia and the femur
______ head of femur moving on ______ acetabulum.
convex, concave. Open or closed chain? -->open
Both Menisci attach to the joint capsule via what?
coronary ligament
______ ______ describes an angle of inclination significantly greater than 125 degree angle.
coxa valga
____ ____ describes an angle of inclination that is significantly less than 125 degrees.
coxa vera
Tarsal. Lateral aspect.
cuboid
1st, 2nd & 3rd Ray-- (go medial-lateral, big toe to pinkie toe)
cuneiform and distal bones
Tibiofemoral motion: OPEN CHAIN _____tibia moving on _____ femur. The tibia rotates laterally on femur (last 30 degrees of extension)
concave, convex
closed chain: _______ pelvis moves on _______ femur.
concave, convex. Same direction
standing from a chair whats muscles working at the ankle?
concentric gastroc
when reaching high overhead what muscles working at the ankle?
concentric gastroc
Ascending a step (as lead leg) what contractions happening? and in descending a step?
concentric quads eccentric quad
tibialis anterior tightness causes:
decreased plantar flexion, cavus foot
a posterior pelvic tilt involveds ____ ____ of the lumbar spine.
decreasing lordosis
which nerve innervates most of the muscles that dorsiflex the foot?
deep peroneal nerve
standing with a hip flexion contracture is likely to involve a __________ posture of the lumbar spine.
hyperlordotic
Strongest ligament in the hip joint. It prevents extension, ER & ADD of the hip. Reinforces joint capsule anteriorly. What ligament?
iliofemoral
The Y Ligament aka...
iliofemoral ligament
What limits hip adduction?
iliofemoral ligament, hip abductors
The ASIS is a bony landmark found on the ______.
ilium
If hip flexion contraction is unilateral, what occurs?
immobilization
an "extensor lag" is best described as what?
inability to omplete the final few degrees of knee extension, possibly due to swelling within the knee
If hip flexion contracture is bilateral, what occurs?
increased lordosis tight hamstrings
if the abdominal muscles are weak, resisted hip flexion will likely result in?
increased lordosis of the lumbar spine
an anterior pelvic tilt involves _____ ____ of the lumbar spine.
increasing lordosis
the primary motions allowed at the subtalar joint are?
inversion/eversion abduction/adduction
the ___________ increases the internal moment arm of the quads, enhancing knee extension torque.
patella
Both menisci are thicker _____ and thinner ______.
peripherally, centrally
there are 5 metatarsals. The base (proximal), shaft, & head(distal). The head of them form what?
the ball of the foot
with vastus intermedius position of what joint isn't relevant?
the hip
A posterior pelvic tilt is accompanied by decreasing lordosis of the lumbar spine. True or false?
true
An anterior pelvic tilt is a type of hip flexion. True or false?
true
One of the primary functions of the PCL is to resist a posterior translation of the tibia relative to a fixed femur. True or False?
true
three of the four hamstring muscles attach proximally to the ischial tuberosity. True or False?
true
Hamstrings (minus biceps femoris brevis) PASSIVE INSUFFICIENCY
Flex hip, extend knee
Rectus Femoris Active Insufficiency
Flex hip, extend knee
Gastrocnemius Active Insufficiency
Flex knee, PF ankle
Gastrocnemius Action
Flex knee, plantarflex ankle
IT Band Active Insuff.
Flex/IR/Abd hip
IT Band action
Flex/medially rotate/abd HIP
What limits hip IR?
Posterior joint capsule, Hip ER
Crouch/Squat
Prime Mover at Knee: quads Contraction: eccentric
Lift off (in jumping)
Prime Mover at knee: quads Contraction: concentric
Landing (from jumping)
Prime mover at knee: quads Contraction: eccentric
Grand Reaction Force: _______ in magnitude, ______ in direction.
equal, opposite
Open ends of the menisci are called either _____ or _____.
horns or poles
which joint allows nearly equal amounts of motion in all 3 planes?
transverse tarsal
what are the primary sagittal plane function of the ACL?
-resists posterior translation of the femur relative to a fixed tibia. -resists anterior translation of the tibia relative to a fixed femur.
Causes of Excessive lateral tracking of the patella:
-tight IT band or lateral retinaculum -excessive pronation of the ankle/foot -weakness of the hip abd & hip ER's
________ meniscus has greater motion
. Lateral
Torsion, which is a natural twist in the femur, normally projects how many degrees upward? and referred to as what?
15 degrees, normal anteversion
rectus femoris is responsible for what precentage of quad strength?
15%
measured on the lateral side of the knee, normal genu valgum of the knee is typically how many degrees?
170-175 degrees
How many phalanges are in the big toe normally and what are they?
2. Proximal & distal
Sartorius Active Insufficiency
FABER of hip, Flex knee, medially rotate knee
How many phalanges are there normally and what are they?
3. Proximal/middle/distal.
Pulled taut with both ER/IR of the tibia. Injured with knee flexion and rotation(foot planted)
ACL
______: limits anterior glide of tibia on the femur.
ACL
What attaches to the inner aspect of lateral femoral condyles and what attaches to the meidal femoral condyles?
ACL, PCL
Gracilis Passive Insuff.
Abd, ER hip Extend/ER flexed knee
thickest, strongest tendon in the body. most frequently ruptured. when in cast, positioned in what?
Achilles tendon Plantar flexion
Gracilis Active Insuff.
Add/IR hip Flex/IR flexed knee
Gracilis Action
Adduct, IR hip Flex and medially rotated flexed knee
Angle of __________: formed between the head/neck and the shaft of the femur, form 125-135 degrees. What plane?
Angle of Inclination. Frontal.
Femoral ___________: head/neck of femur form 15 degree angle in reference to the condyles. What plane?
Angulation Transverse
What limits hip extension?
Anterior Joint capsule, hip flexors
What part of hamstrings are on the lateral side?
Biceps femoris longus (short and long head)
If Homans Sign is positive what should you do?
CALL THE PERSON A CAB TO THE HOSPITAL! :) just kidding. No, really. Call an ambulance, they need to get to the hospital ASAP
_______- weight bearing occurs in the distal posterior aspect hydrodynamic shock absorber
Calcaneus
________-heel bone, largest tarsal. Provides long moment arm for Achilles.
Calcaneus
The talus joint articulates with the tibia, fibula, calcaneus and navicular. the Anterior and Posterior sides are-- while the medial and lateral sides are--
Convex Concave
Tibiofemoral motion: CLOSED CHAIN _____femur moving on _____ tibia.
Convex, concave
Decrease surface area -->increase stress-->increase chance of DJD
Coxa Valga
Varus Deformity. Angles greater. Normal at birth. increased joint reaction forces. distance between COR to trochanter DECREASES.
Coxa Valga
-angles less -Increased bending moment applied to the neck of the femur. -INCREASES compression forces MEDIALLY and TENSILE forces LATERALLY. -trochanter at GREATER distance from COR. These all describe _____ _____.
Coxa Vera
_____ ______ may increase medial pull on the femur into the acetabulum contributing to crosion.
Coxa Vera
Very important in arch formation? There's 3 of them.
Cuneiforms. Lateral/intermediate/medial
Knee bends. What contractions happening?
Eccentric quads
Forward and backward bending in standing. What contractions are happening?
Eccentric quads going backward. Concentric Hamstrings going forward
a talocrural joint is more stable in a position of plantar flexion than a position of dorsiflexion. True or False?
FALSE
Sartorius Passive Ins.
Ext/add/IR hip Extend knee Laterally rotate flexed knee
Gastrocnemius Passive Ins
Extend Knee, Dorsiflex ankle
Rectus Femoris Passive Insufficiency
Extend hip, Flex knee
Hamstring (minus biceps femoris brevis) ACTIVE INSUFFIENCY
Extend hip, flex knee
Hamstrings (minus biceps femoris brevis) action
Extend hip, flex knee
IT Band Passive Insuff.
Extend/ER/add hip
Sartorius Action
FABER (Flex, abd, ER) of hip, Flex knee, Medially rotate flexed knee
The peroneus brevis is innvervated by the same nerve that innervates the tibialis posterior? True or False?
False What does innervate each?
The gastrocnemius muscle is maximally elongated in a position of dorsiflexion and full knee flexion. True or false?
False. It's max elongated in ankle DF and knee extension.
During standing at ease, the line of gravity (from body weight) normally travels anterior to the medial-lateral axis of the hip. True or False?
False. Its posterior
Inversion and eversion of the foot primarily occur at the talocrural joint. True or False?
False. They occur at the subtalar joint.
one of the primary functions of the popliteus muscle is to assist in locking the knee. True or false?
False. It's the "key to the knee". Helps to unlock.
a positive Tredelenberg sign indciates weakness of the hip adductors. True or False?
False. The abductors are weak ( gluteus medius)
Abduction of the hip occurs about a medial-lateral axis of rotation. True or False?
False. it's a frontal plane, so anterior-posterior axis
The medial and lateral collateral ligaments are at less risk of injury when knee's fully extended because they're slackened in knee extension. True of false.
False. you know why.
Rectus Femoris Action
Flex hip, Extend knee
What muscles are include in the 'triceps surae'?
Gastrocnemius and soleus. (not sure why it's only 2 when 3 is basically in the name).
Motion of Hip: What's head of femur doing? FLEXION EXTENSION ABDUCTION ADDUCTION
HEAD OF FEMUR GOES: posterior anterior in out
if anyone gets this, feel free to explain tomorrow: when pelvic motion is forward rotation, what's hip and lumbar spine doing?
HIP: R Interal rotation Lumbar spine: rotation to the left
When pelvic motion is backward rotation, what's hip and lumbar spine doing?
HIP: R external rotation Lumbar spine: rotation to the right
Muscles needed from sit to stand?
HIP: gluteus maximus(hip ext) KNEE: knee extensors, (concentric quads)(anterior compartment) ANKLE: gastroc soleus (posterior compartment)
what muscles are able to perform hip extension and knee flexion?
Hamstrings ( minus bicep femoris brevis)
If LEFT pelvic hike, what occurs at the hip and lumbar spine?
Hip- R add Lumbar spine- L lateral flexion
If LEFT pelvic drop, what occurs at the hip and lumbar spine?
Hip-R add Lumbar spine-R lateral flexion
Articular surface of the acetabulum is ______ shaped and covered in what?
Hornshoe shaped. Hyaline Cartilage
Which part of the menisci is avascular?
Inner 1/3. Outer 1/3 has good blood supply.
oblique and arcuate ligaments are both on lateral aspect of knee reinforcing the what?
LCL
_______ menisci attached to the tendon of popliteus muscle.
Lateral
muscles of ________ compartment: -consist of peroneus longus and brevis -primary evertors. consist of 65% of total ROM
Lateral
Tarsal. Medial Side. Landmark: medial tuberosity
Navicular
When a person jumps into the air, what motion is happening at each joint in each phase?
Phase 1: HIP, KNEE & ANKLE -flexion, flexion, DF Phase 2: HIP, KNEE & ANKLE- extension, ext, PF Phase 3: same as Phase 1
Distal tibia articulates with talus to form
Plafond (inferior articular surface)
Are ankle DF or PF stronger?
Plantar flexors
What happens when you do open chain SUPINATION at the talocrural(ankle) joint?
Plantarflexion, inversion, adduction
PF vs DF strength:
Plantarflexors stronger stronger in males
Lachmans Test
Purpose: Diagnose an ACL Laxity Position: patient supine and relaxed, bend knee 30 degrees. Technique: examiner stabilizes distal femur and translates proximal tibia forward on the femur. Interpretation: if knee moves more and less firm endpoint, it's positive for ACL laxity
Piriformis Test
Purpose: Muscle tightness and neurological exam Position: patient lies on unaffected side with 70-80 degrees hip flexion. Knee bent and relaxed with foot on unaffected leg Technique: apply pressure on knee while doing IR. Interpretation: if pain is in butt and shoots down posteror thigh, it's pinching sciatica. Otherwise, just tight.
Anterior Drawer Test
Purpose: Used to detect ACL laxity/tear in knee Position: supine with foot stabilized on the table, knee flexed to 80-90 degrees and hamstrings relaxed. Technique: translate proximal tibia anterior on the femur. Interpretation: if more than normal movement, ACL is torn.
Varus Test
Purpose: assess LCL laxity Position: supine, knee in full extension and then repeat at 30 degrees flexion technique: cup knee with heel of clinicians hand at the medial joint line; use fingers of other hand to palpate lateral joint line; apply a varus stress to the knee thru the palm of the medial hand and the forearm/elbow of the lateral hand. Interpretation: + test= pain or excessive gapping of the joint when compared with the contralateral side.
Valgus Test
Purpose: assess for MCL laxity Position: supine, knee in full extension and then repeat at 30 degrees flexion Technique: cup knee with hell of clinicicans hand at lateral joint line; use fingers of other hand to palpate medial joint line; apply a valgus stress to the knee thru the palm of the lateral hand and forearm/elbow of the medial hand. Interpretation: + test= pain or excessive gapping of the joint when compared to the contralateral side.
Mcmurrays Test
Purpose: assess meniscus Position: supine, with 1 of clinicians hands to the side of the patella and the other grasping the distal tibia. Technique: from a psoition of maximal flexion, extend the knee with IR of the tibia and a varus stress then returns to maximal flexion and extend the knee with ER of the tibia and a valgus stress. Interpretation: +test=pain or snapping/clicking with IR incriminates the lateral mensicus and ER incriminates the medical mensicus.
Faber (Patricks) Test
Purpose: evaluate pathology of hip joint or SI joint, labrum pathology. Position: supine Technique: heave tested leg flexed abducted and ER. Interpretation: positive if there is pain.
Trendelenburg's test
Purpose: to assess gluteus medius weakness Position: standing on involved LE Technique: flex contralateral LE, iliac crest on WB side should be lower than NWB side. Interpretation: dopping is lower than NWB side secondary to abductor weakness in the hip.
Thompsons Test
Purpose: to check for complete tear of Achilles tendon Position: Prone with knee flexed 90 degrees, foot relaxed Technique: Squeeze calf to get foot to plantar flex Interpretation: if doesn't PF it's positive for Achilles Tear/rupture
Obers Test
Purpose: to identify ITB/TFL contracture Position: lies on side with unaffected leg on bottom, affected leg on top and straight Technique: lifts straight leg, extends it at hip and lowers it behind bottom leg Interpretation: if patient cant adduct past exam table, they're positive for contracture
Thomas Test (not to be confused with Thompsons)
Purpose: to rule out hip flexion (iliopsoas) contracture Position: supine with one knee to chest Technique: measure the angle between affected thigh and table Interpretation: reveal hip deformity
Mortons Test
Purpose: to see if patient has Mortons neuroma in metatarsal Position: Patient in NWB. Technique: gently squeeze metatarsals together Interpretation: if pain between 2 and 3 or 3 and 4th metatarsal, it's positive for Mortons neuroma
Homans Sign
Purpose: to test for DVT Position: Supine Technique: PROM DF, feel calf for tenderness Interpretation: Positive test means patients has DVT, if there's deep pain
Posterior Drawer Test
Purpose: used to detect PCL laxity/tear in knee Position: supine with knee flexed to 90 degrees and foot on table. Technique: translate proximal tibia posteriorly on the distal femur. Interpretation: if more than normal movement, it's a PCL Tear
Apleys Test
Purpose: used to find meniscus tears of the knee Position: prone with knee flexed 90 degrees. Clinician grasps foot and calcaneus (heel). Technique: while applying downward force through the heel, rotate the tibia internally and externally. Interpretation: + test = pain, popping, snapping, locking, crepitus.
What motion is occuring at the right hip as you shift your weight over your R foot or bring L pelvis down (drop)?
R adduction
What motion is occuring at the right hip as you shift your weight over your right foot or brings the L pelvis up (hike)?
R hip abduction
If you turn your trunk to look back over right shoulder, what's happening?
R internal rotation, with L rotation of trunk.
what muscles are associated with the Pes Anserinus?
Sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus
Formed by the tibia and fibula meeting the talus of the foot.
Talocrural joint aka mortise joint
________ ______ joint: articulation between talus, navicular, calcaneus, cuboid. seperated hindfoot & midfoot contributes to pronation & supination.
Transverse talar
If hip abductors weaken what happens? (think glutues medius)
Tredelenberg, you see a drop. Opposite leg compensates with eccentric contraction.
Active extension of the knee involves a superior migration of the patella. True or false?
True
The gastrocnemius and soleus both attach to the calcaneal tuberosity via the achilles tendon? True or False?
True
The tibialis posterior is innervated by the same nerve that innervates the flexor hallucis longus. True or False?
True
one of the primary functions of the plantar fascia is to support the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. True or False?
True
the rectus femoris becomes actively insufficient when performing knee extension combined with hip flexion. True or False?
True
What does the pelvic girdle consist of?
Two innominate bones Sacrum (posterior) Symphysis Pubis (anterior)
______ foce- distal end of tibia adducts. Injuries LCL
Varus
Joint reaction force has a ________ orientation and causes a bending moment on the ___________ and _________ of femur.
Vertical head and neck
pes planus is a condition best described as?
a chronicall dropped, or low, medial longitudinal arch of the foot
on standing with the knees fully extended, an individual with tight hamstrings is most likely to display?
a relative posterior pelvic tilt
What best describes the screw-home mechanism of the knee?
an automatic rotation that assists in locking the knee into extension
What limits hip ER?
anterior joint capsule, Hip IR
Short-arc pelvic on femoral hip flexion with the trunk remaining essentially upright, describes what?
anterior pelvic tilt
Sit to stand ______ roll, _____ glide.
anterior, posterior
inversion and eversion occur about an_____-_____ axis of rotation and occur in what plane?
anterior-posterior frontal
alignment in TRANSVERSE plane. head/neck of femur face ______ with respect to the femoral condyles.
anteriorly.
in ANGULATION excessive anteversion occurs, the head of femur will move farther _______.
anteriorly. Causing: increased IR/pigeon toes. over time develop lateral tibial torsion
Menisci nutrients supplied by?
blood supply and synovial fluid
hyperextension of MTP joint and toe flexion
claw foot
What is the position of ankle when walking up a hill?
dorsiflexed
what is the position of the ankle when standing from a chair?
dorsiflexed. Using gastroc and quads also to stand up.
the primary motions that occur at the talocrural joint are:
dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
when walking have to have _______ control of dorsiflexors to prevent foot drop.
eccentric
when leaning backwards what muscles working at the ankle?
eccentric dorsiflexors/anterior tibialis
When leaning forward with knees and hips straight what muscle is working and what's the contraction at the ankle?
eccentric gastroc
Gait on level surface. What contractions happening?
eccentric quads
The gastroc has the potential to perform knee extension. True or false?
false. It's knee flexion
The femurs distal articular surface ends in the _______ _______
femoral condyles
many of the hip adductors have the favorable line of pull to perform hip extension if the hip is?
flexed 70 degrees
pronation is more _______ , while supination is more ______
flexible, rigid
If the quads are active eccentrically, the knee is moving into?
flexion
Femoral head is at deepest part of acetabulum in what motion?
flexion and abduction
Alignment of the articular surfaces: While the femur is ANTERIOR & SUPERIOR the acetabulum's anterior aspect of heads exposed, allowing increased ______ and limiting _______>
flexion, extension
Which position is considered the close-packed, most stable position of the talocrural joint?
full dorsiflexion
Which muscle has the potential to plantarflex the ankle and flex the knee?
gastrocnemius
a knee that displays marked hyperextension is?
genu recurvatum
due to _____ _____ tightness: -contribute to lumbar spine hypermobility -patients will compensate with excessive trunk flexion during ADL's that require the flexion ROM.
gluteus maximus
which muscles are involved in the force-couple that produces a posterior pelvic tilt?
gluteus maximus, rectus abdominus
Lifting a box from the floor. What contractions happening?
going up--concentric quads. Going down--eccentric quads
Medial plateau vs Lateral plateau medial's surface are is ______. medial bears _____ force during upright stance. articular cartilage is ___ _____ in medial.
greater more 3 times thicker
great toe exhibits lateral deviation of the proximal phalanx
hallus valgus
limited hyperextension of great toe. Result of DJD Tx: shoe modifications
hallus vigidus
_____-resist anterior glide of tibia on femur as the ACL.
hamstrings
varus and valgus refers to _______.
hindfoot
which group of muscles is largely innervated by the Obturator nerve?
hip adductors
The iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral all limit what motion of the hip?
hip extension
a hip flexion contracture is limitation of passive?
hip extension
the hamstrings are maximally elongated in a position of?
hip flexion, knee extension
in posterior pelvic tilt the hip is doing what motion while the lumbar spine is doing what?
hip-extension lumbar spine-flexion
In anterior pelvic tilt the hip is doing what motion while the lumbar spine is doing what?
hip-flexion lumbar spine-extension
hip internal rotation occurs in what plane?
horizontal
This motion involves closed-chain abduction of the right hip abductors and activation of the left gluteus medius? (sounds like a lot, but go step by step, you know it! :) )
individual hiking of the right side of pelvis
simple hinge joint, flexion with little or no extenstion
interphalangeal joints
the ACL & PCL are ____capsular but _____synovial
intracapsular, but extrasynovial
_____ _____: work as single group. 4 layers
intrinsic muscles of the foot
A muscle that courses on the medial side of the anterior-posterior axis can be predicted to produce which motion at the ankle?
inversion
_______-sprained lateral _______- sprained medial
inversion eversion
a muscle that courses anterior to the medial-lateral axis of rotation of the knee is able to perform what motion?
knee extension
What deepends the acetabulum?
labrum
increase of Q-angle increase _______ pull on patella (related to anterior knee pain)
lateral
the posterior compartments tendons wrap around the ______ aspect of the ankle. (travel thru the T tunnel)
medial
the primary ligament involved in resisting large valgus producing forces of the knee is?
medial collateral ligament
Which menisci is larger than the other?
medial is larger than lateral
What locks knee when standing erect?
medial something(anyone know? my notes had a question mark, sorry!)
_____ menisci is less mobile than the ______ menisci.
medial, lateral.
4th & 5th ray-- (go medial to lateral, big toe to pinkie toe)
metatarsal and distal bones
Forefoot (anterior) --
metatarsals & phalanges
Midfoot (middle)--
navicular, cuboid & 3 cuneiforms
MCL, LCL, PCL, ACL all work together to stabilize the knee and are all ___ ______ supportive structures.
non-contractile
open chain: head moves _________ to motion of distal femur Think Convex on concave.
opposite
______-largest sesamoid bone. Primary functions: -decrease excessive friction between quad and femur in knee flex/ext.
patella
______ ______: may cause avulsion fracture during inversion sprains.
peroneus brevis
increased medial longitudinal arch
pes cavus
flat foot, decreased medial longitudinal arch
pes planus
injury to the tibial nerve will most likely result in weakness of what action?
plantar flexion
protects the metatarsal heads during ambulation
plantar plate
What is the position of the ankle when walking down an incline?
plantarflexed
what is the position of the ankle when squatting to touch the floor?
plantarflexed
A muscle that courses posterior to the medial-lateral axis of the ankle can be predicted to produce what action?
plantarflexion
small muscles between gastroc and soleus. maybe be absent in 5-10% of population. Cant identify if weak or tight.
plantaris
The right hip external rotators are highly involved in what activity?
planting the right foot and cutting sharply to the left
gastrocnemius and soleus go together at the achilles tendon, along with the plantaris make up the ________ compartment of calf.
posterior
What limits hip flexion?
posterior joint capsule, Gluteus maximus, obesity
DEEP muscles of posterior compartment:
posterior tibialis FDL FHL
stand to sit _______ roll, ______ glide.
posterior, anterior
the combined actions of DF, eversion and abduction is described as _______ of the ankle and foot.
pronation
to stretch rectus put in what position?
prone with hip extended and knee flexed
______ ______ doesn't participate directly in the knee joint function.
proximal tibia
effects of ______ tightness: -decreased hip extension and trunk side bending -increased lumbar lordosis (because pulls on anterior aspect of vertebral spine)
psoas major
what limits hip abduction?
pubofemoral ligament, hip adductors
when standing only on the right leg, the primary muscles involved in keeping the left side of the pelvis from dropping are the?
right hip abductors
What part of hamstring are on the medial side?
semimembranosus and semitendinosus
Menisci functions:
shock absorption knee joint lubrication and stabilization increase contact area, decrease stress
Sulcus calcanei and the sulcus tali combine to make the _____ ______.
sinus tarsi
tightness of ________ contributes to genu revicurbatum.
soleus
with the foot firmly fixed to the ground, which muscle can assist in extending the knee?
soleus
Articulation between the talus and calcaneus. critical for ambulation and stability. gives us ability to adapt to uneven surfaces
subtalar joint
hinge joint. oblique axis combo motions of eversion/abd, and inversion/add
subtalar joint
_____- groove on lateral side of calcaneus
sulcus tali
If angle of inclination is less than 125 degrees, directs head more _______.
superiorly
Joint reaction force has tensile forces (stretching) _______ and _______ forces inferiorly.
superiorly, compressive
the iliofemoral ligament attaches _______ to the AIIS and ______ along the intertrochanteric line.
superiorly, inferiorly
______ ______-on medial aspect of ankle, supports talus.
sustenaculum tali
Which joint is commonly referred to as a "mortise joint"?
talocrural (ankle) joint
Hindfoot (posterior)--
talus & calcaneus
The subtalar joint is best described as the articulation between the :
talus and calcaneus
Lisfrancs Joint (amputation) gliding joints with limited mobility
tarsometatarsal
what helps to prevent excessive inversion of the ankle and foot?
the LCL's of ankle and foot, activation of the peroneus tertius (absent in most of population)
The recuts femoris remains strong throughout a motion that combines hip flexion and knee flexion, because why?
the rectus femoris is shortened across the hip but elongated across the knee-maintaining a near-optimal legnth for producting force.
Pronation:
tibia and talus move on calcaneus. medial rotation of tibia occurs which carries talus medially. calcaneus EVERTS
what is the distal attachment for all heads of the quads?
tibial tuberosity
great toe deformity
turf toe.
When streching the iliopsoas muscle, the pelvis must be stabilized the prevent, what?
unwanted lordosis of the spine
what is the supracristal plane?
used to assess height of iliac crest. used as landmark for lumbar punctures, L4-L5
The Pes Anserinus stabilizes the knee agaisnt _______ and rotary actions. It's in the medial aspect of the knee.
valgus
_____ force-distal end of tibia abducts. Injures MCL
valgus
______ ______ contributes to 40% of knee extension strength.
vastua lateralis
_____ _____ tightness: -May increase force of contact between patella and femur during knee extension and cause patello-femoral pain.
vastus lateralis
What muscle would you strengthen to increase dynamic support of the ACL?
want to pull posteriorly on hamstring
