Kinesiology Quiz 1 (Ch. 1-5)

Strength is the capacity to withstand a specific force. 1. Muscle size/ architecture 2. Stretch of the muscle (Length-tension relationship) 3. Muscle moment arm 4. Contraction velocity (Force-Velocity) 5. Level of fiber recruitment (Force-time) 5. Fiber types composing the muscle

Define "strength" and list 4 factors.

Wolff's Law

Identify the "Law." Bone is deposited and reabsorbed based on the mechanical stress placed upon it. a. Bones are thicker where muscles attach b. Long bones tend to be thick in the middle of the shaft c. Curved bones are thickest in areas where they are most likely to break d. An area where trabecular bone is abundant is where the mechanical forces are the greatest

Contraction velocity (Force-velocity) As the speed of a muscular contraction increases, the force it is able to exert decreases.

Contraction velocity (Force-velocity)

Active insufficiency occurs when a multi-joint muscle reaches a length (shortened) where it can no longer apply an effective force. To demonstrate active insufficiency one can fully flex (bend) the knee on one leg while simultaneously trying to bring that leg back to achieve full hip extension

Define active insufficiency.

Angle Of attachment A. The efficiency of a muscle in producing movement at a joint is also affected by the angle of attachment of a muscle to the stationary bone B. Angle shallow = (muscle lies along the line of the bone) a.) most of the tension developed in the muscle will produce a force pulling along the bone - very large stabilizing component C. Fairly large angle a.) Produce force that will cause action at the joint D. Fiber types (fast twitch/power? Vs endurance)? a.) Fiber type I -Contraction velocity - slow -Contraction force low -Fatigability - Fatigue resistant b.) Fiber IIa (fast oxidative glycolytic) -Contraction velocity- Mod. Fast -Contractile Force - Variable -Fatigability - Moderate fatigue resistant c.) Fiber type IIb (fast glycolytic) -Contraction velocity -Fast -Contractile force -High -Rapid Fatigue

Angle Of attachment

Atmospheric Pressure A. Plays a key role in stability a.) To Shoulder and hip joints b.) Slight negative pressure that exists within the joints capsules forms a vacuum that holds the head of the long bone into the socket. 1. Pressure has been found to serve a role in joint stability - That may be equal to that of a muscle 2. Absence of pressure - May occur injury - May disrupt joint mechanics B. Hip and elbow are fairly stable C. Shoulder/ knee less stable and more chances of injury - more movement? a.) "Emerson's law: for everything that is given, something is taken." b.) Mobility is gained for the limitation of stability ~ vice versa

Atmospheric Pressure

Axis of motion is located at the convex member of a joint.

Axis of motion is located at the _____ member of a joint.

Osteokinematics (range of motion in the joint within a plane) gross movement that happens between two bones. This happens because our bone surfaces articulate at the join Arthokinomatics (roll and slide and glide in a joint) the small movements happening at the joint surface. Arthrokinematic movements typically consist of rolls, glides/slides, and spins

Define differences between Osteokinematics and Arthokinomatics.

Define what movement is (types of bodily movement) A. an act of changing physical location or position or of having this changed B. Movements may be passive or active, and if active, they may be slow or rapid C. They may involve the constant application of force, or after the initial impetus has been given, they may continue without further muscular effort C. Passive Movement a. Requires no effort on the part of the person involved b. In some cases, it is a movement that has been started by the subject's own effort but is continued by momentum D. Active Movement a. Movement produced by the subject's own muscular activity. b. Usually performed volitionally c. Or reflex reaction to external or internal source E. Ballistic movement a. Movements initiated by vigorous muscular contraction and completed by momentum. - Can be terminated by contracting antagonistic muscles (forehand drive In tennis) - Passively stopped by the passive resistance of ligaments, other tissues or the braking action of antagonistic muscles - The interference of an obstacle, chopping wood. @? At least two factors that affect stability Ex squat > natural stance: not too wide and not too narrow > equilibrium

Define what movement is (types of bodily movement)

1. Factors that affect Range of motion ? A. Three factors that affect the stability of a joint are also related to its range of motion. a.) Shape of Articular surface b.) Restraining effect of ligaments c.) Controlling action of the muscle d.) Additional factors: -Gender -Body build -Heredity -Occupation -Personal exercise habits -State of physical fitness -Injury -age B. Muscles and their tendons are undoubtedly the single most important factor in maintaining both the stability and degree of movement in joints. 2. Flexibility reduces the internal resistance to motion. SIDE 3. How they affect each other A. More mobility means less stability and vice versa. 4. "shoulder and hip are most mobile joints (About 180 degrees ROM): how does this affect stability

Factors that affect Range of motion

Fascia and Skin Fasciae consist of fibrous connective tissue that forms sheaths for individual muscles, -Partitions that lie between muscles and smaller partitions that separate bundles of muscle fibers within single muscle. Structure vary between thin membranes to tough, fibrous sheets based on location and function. Susceptible to permanent stretch if subjected to stress that is too intense or too prolonged. Ex. Iliotibial tract of the fascia lata and thick skin covering the knee joint are examples of fascia and skin serving to help stabilize joints

Fascia and Skin

Location: tibialis anterior/posterior Shape: deltoid, serratus anterior - jagged Action: flexors, extensors, pronators Size: adductors: magnus, longus, brevis Number of attachment sites: Sternocleidomastoid Number of Heads: Biceps brachii, triceps brachii Direction of fibers: rectus abdominus/internal obliques

How are skeletal muscle named?

The ligaments do not always succeed in preventing abnormal or excessive movements, because collisions and violent motions may cause them to tear. Also, if they are subject to prolonged periods of stress (a force that deforms), they become abnormally stretched. Because they are not very elastic (i.e., they do not have the capability to return quickly to normal shape) following deformation, ligaments take a long time to recover from a stretch.

How can a ligament become loose?

3

How many degrees of freedom in the AC joint?

3

How many planes and axes of motion occur in a tri-axial joint?

0 - there is only glide & slide in these types of joints

How many planes of motion occur in a non-axial joint?

Active- under your control / Passive - being done for you.

Human motion that you are not actively doing.

Concentric Actin filaments slide over myosin filaments, pulling Z-lines closer together Shortening with increased tension Eccentric Reversal- Z lines moving away from each other Lengthening with increased tension Isometric No change in length with increased tension NOTE ALSO: Isotonic contraction Contraction in which tension remains constant as the muscle shortens and lengthens External force remains the same throughout Ex: bicep curl with 20 lb weight Isokinetic contraction A contraction that has equal motion throughout the entire movement Keeping the velocity constant Needs specialized equipment to maintain speed and force at all angles

Identify 3 types of contractions

Carrying angle is a small degree of cubitus valgus, formed between the axis of a radially deviated forearm and the axis of the humerus. It helps the arms to swing without hitting the hips while walking. Normally it is 5-15o away from the body or 165-175o towards the body.

Identify and define carrying angle

In the anatomical position, the forearm is abducted in relation to the humerus, an alignment caused by the angle of articulation of the humerus and ulna at the elbow joint. Normally this angle, called the carrying angle, is larger in women than in men.

Identify and define what the carry angle is

Muscle moment arm Perpendicular distance from an axis to the line of a force. Smaller moment arm =smaller forces, mechanical disadvantage Larger moment arm = greater force production, mechanical advantage Optimal moment arm 90=90 def

Muscle moment arm

Identify, Define origin and insertion A. Origin: usually characterized by stability and closeness of the muscle fibers to the bone B. Insertion: is usually the distal attachment - It frequently involves a relatively long tendon, and the bone into which the muscle's tendon inserts is ordinarily the one that moves C. It should be understood, however, that the muscle does not pull in one direction or the other. -When it contracts, it exerts equal force on the two attachments and attempts to pull them toward each other. - bone is to remain stationary and which one is to move depends on the purpose of the movement Know the purpose of screening Screening, in medicine, is a strategy used to look for as-yet-unrecognised conditions or risk Know the purpose of assessment A test or examination (informally, exam or evaluation) is an assessment intended to measure a test-taker's knowledge, skill, aptitude, physical fitness, or classification in many other topic

Identify, Define origin and insertion

Joint stability- resistance to displacement Widely accepted factors for joint stability: Joint ligaments (lateral ligaments) Shape of the bony structure Muscle tension (stabilizing components of muscular force) Fascia Atmospheric pressure Proprioception and neuromuscular control are also important considerations in stability

Joint stability

Contractility Ability to shorten and move an object when resistance is applied Extensibility Ability to be lengthened in both a relaxed or excited state (ex: static stretching- lengthened with an external force) Elasticity Has the ability to return to its normal shape after contraction or stretching Excitability Ability to respond to multiple stimuli, increased stimuli, increased excitability, increased contractions

Know characteristics of muscle

Length-tension Relationship There is an optimum length at which a muscle, when stimulated, can exert maximum tension It is slightly greater/longer than the resting length of the muscle Lengths that are either greater or less produce less tension It should also be noted that a longer tendon can generate a higher level of stored elasticity than a shorter tendon

Length-tension Relationship

Level of fiber recruitment (Force- time) Force-time relationship: delay in the development of muscle tension of the whole musculotendinous unit related to the stimulus of a muscle contraction

Level of fiber recruitment (Force- time)

Ligamentous Arrangements 1.) Ligaments -strong, flexible, stress-resistant, somewhat elastic, fibrous tissue May be in the form of strap-like or round cords Attach to ends of bones that form a movable joint -Help maintain them in the right relationship to each other -Check movements when it reaches normal limits a.) Resist when movements are over the structural limits b.) Ex. Collateral ligaments of the knee Prevent tendency of abduction/adduction c.) Ex. Ulnar and radial ligaments of the elbow Prevent Abduction/adduction 2.) *Ligaments do not always succeed in prevention of abnormal or excessive movements Because collisions and violent motions may cause tears Prolonged periods of stress (a force that deforms) causes ligaments to become abnormally stretched -Are not very elastic so lack the ability to quickly return to normal -Hence takes long to recover If overstretched -May never regained normal length *ligaments stretched and damaged in joints injuries should be given plenty of time to heal before strenuous activity and strain. As long as the ligaments remain undamaged, they are an important factor in contributing to joint stability, but once stretched, their usefulness is permanently affected and joint stability is diminished.

Ligamentous Arrangements

Central fatigue; mind telling you that you can't (CN) Peripheral: body energy is decreased, mind can keep going. How do you know you're fatigue? Power output is decreased, the inability to maintain power output

List a few types of fatigue and describe them. How do you know you're fatigue?

Muscles of shoulder girdle: Anterior Pectoralis minor serratus anterior subclavius Posterior Levator Scapulae Rhomboids (rhomboid minor, rhomboid major) Trapezius (4 parts) General muscle of shoulder joint: Anterior Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis Subscapularis Biceps brachii Posterior Infraspinatus Teres minor Superior Deltoid Supraspinatus Inferior Latissimus dorsi Teres major Triceps brachii, long head

List muscles of shoulder girdle: General muscle of shoulder joint:

Scapulothoracic joint

List the articulations of the Shoulder Joint Complex that is a non-true joint.

Isometric - equal length Partial or complete contraction without any appreciable change in length Usually occurs under 2 conditions: 1.) Muscles that are antagonists to one another are of equal forces, balancing each other out 2.) Muscle is in partial or maximal contraction against another force (external) that presents an equally matched opponent

Muscles that are antagonists to one another are of equal forces, balancing each other out - what type of contraction is this?

Slope of glenoid fossa Tightening of upper part of the capsule and coracohumeral ligament Activity of the supraspinatus muscle, middle/posterior fibrous deltoids Combined actions of infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis Compress the head of the humerus into glenoid fossa, adding to vertical stability

Muscles/factors that prevent downward rotation (horizontal muscles)

Muscular Arrangement A. Muscles and muscle tendons play role in joint stability -Especially in joints whos bone structure contribute little to stability -Ex. Shoulder joint Gets its greatest strength from the shoulder and arm muscles that cross it. -Rotator cuff muscles are particularly important stabilizers of the joint a.) SITS* 1. Supraspinatus 2.Infraspinatus 3. Teres minor 4 Subscapularis b.) Chief functions: protection of shoulder joint and prevent displacement of the humeral head. All four muscles show strong inward pull on humeral head toward the glenoid fossa *likewise Knee joint greatly depends - on Tendons of the quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles for its strength. -Most Important Defense to joint injury a.) An increase of strength of the muscles that support the joint

Muscular Arrangement

Amphiarthrosis *? A junction between bones that is formed primarily by fibrocartilage and/or hyaline cartilage a.) Ex intervertebral disc b.) Pubic symphysis c.) Manubiosternal joint Function: Provides a combination of relatively restrained movement Shock absorption

Review planes and axis movement/Motion think of box (Amphiarthrosis): - All the types of joint and movement within joint* - Types of joints and their movement - Anatomic Structure

A. Diarthrosis (separation or articular cavity) (Synovial Joint) An articular cavity is present/ contiains fluid filled joint cavity The join is encased within sleevelike, ligamentous capsule Capsule is lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid for lubricating the joint The articular surfaces are smooth Articular surfaces are covered with cartilage, usually hyaline, but occasionally fibro cartilage Function: Provides the primary pivot points for movements in the skeletal system. B. Elements always associated with synovial joints Synovial fluid Articular cartilage Articular capsule Synovial membrane Capsular ligaments Blood vessels Sensory nerves are present C. Classifications of Diarthrosis Irregular (arthrodial;plane) Usually flat or slightly curved Movement: gliding nature Hence it is nonaxial Hinge Joint (ginglymus) Concave surface fits over the spool-like process and glides partially around it in a hinge movement Humeroulnar joint. Interphalangeal joint Movement in one place Single axis = Uniaxial Flexion and Extension Pivot (trochoid; screw) Peglike pivot joint Small concave notch on one bone fits against the rounded surface of the other. Proximal radioulnar joint. Atlantoaxial joint Movement in one plane about a single axis Rotation. Uniaxial Condyloid (ovoid; ellipsiodal) Oval or egg-shaped convex surface fits into a reciprocally shaped concave surface Radiocarpal joint Movement: two planes Forward/backward, side to side (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction) - when performed sequentially -> circumduction Biaxial Saddle (sellar; reciprocal reception) Thought as modification of condyloid joint Both ends of the convex surface are tipped up, making the surface concave in the other direction. Biaxial joint Flexion/extension n abduction/adduction, and circumduction *greater mobility then condyloid joint* Ball-and-socket (spheroidal; enarthrodial) Spherical head of one bone fits into the cup or saucerliek cavity of the other bone Glenhohumeral joint. Hip joint Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction (sequential combo of the preceding 4 motions) Horizontal adduction/abductions, and rotation Triaxial joint. Permits three axes

Review planes and axis movement/Motion think of box (Diarthrosis): - All the types of joint and movement within joint* - Types of joints and their movement - Anatomic Structure

Synarthrosis A junction between bones that is held together by dense irregular connective issue "joint with no separation or articular cavity" Little to no movement A. Characterisics: a.) Cartilaginous and fibrous types* Two bones united by means of an intervening substance such as (cartilaginous and fibrous tissue) which is contineous with the joint surfaces b.) Ligamentous type - not a true joint but is a ligamentous connection between two bones, which may or may not be contigous c.) No articular cavity, - no capsule, synovial membrane, or synovial fluid Examples Sutures of the skull Epiphysial plate on a long bone B. Function Bind bones together, with minimal movement Dissipate forces at a joint over large surface area C. Classification a.) Cartilaginous Only Joints united by fibrocartilage Permitting motion of bending and twisting Example. Fibrocartilaginous type: articulations of vertebra Those united by hyaline cartilage permit only a slight compression- hyaline type: epiphyseal unions b.) Fibrous Edge of bones are united by means of a thin layer of fibrous tissue that is continuous with periosteum No movement Only ex. Sutures of the skull c.) Ligamentous Two bodies, adjacent or may be widely separated, are tied together by one ore more ligaments Ligaments- may be cords, bands, or flat sheets Movement occurs is limited or no specifc type Ex. Coracoacromial union

Review planes and axis movement/Motion think of box (Synarthrosis): - All the types of joint and movement within joint* - Types of joints and their movement - Anatomic Structure

Summary? The thickness of the intervertebral discs permits a moderate amount of motion simulating that of ball-and-socket joint flexion and extension, lateral fl exion, circumduction, and rotation. Movement in planes in a nonaxial joint: (only glides and slides) Axis and planes are perpendicular of each other Idea between mobility vs stability

Review planes and axis movement/Motion think of box: Summary

Nonaxial (0 axes) Plane joint / ex: carpal joints Planes of motion: none Primary axes: none Movements: sliding or sliding Uniaxial (1 axes) Hinge joint/ ex: elbow, pivot joint, atlantoaxial joint Planes of motion: sagittal or transverse Primary axes: bilateral or longitudinal Movements: flexion/extension or rotation, pronation/supination Biaxial (2 axes) Condyloid joint / ex: metacarpophalangeal joints, saddle joint, thumb Planes of motion: Sagittal and frontal Primary axes: bilateral and anteroposterior Movements: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction Triaxial (3 axes) Ball and socket joint/ ex: hip, shoulder Planes of motion: Sagittal, frontal, transverse Primary axes: bilateral, anteroposterior, longitudinal Movements: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation Ex. How many planes of motion occur in a nonaxial joint? Answer: 0 movement in any plane

Review types of joints and movements that occur with the joint

Shape of Bony Structure Refer to kind of joint, such as hinge, condyloid, or ball-and-socket, but more on the specific characteristics of the particular joint Example: shoulder/hip joints -ball and socket joints but differ in stability The depth in acetabulum of hip joint in contrast to the small size/shallowness of glenoid fossa of the shoulder joint Bony structure for the hip - more stability against displacement Reflection in the weight-bearing function of lower extremity and manipulation function of the upper extremity

Shape of Bony Structure

1.) External Rotation Scapula- adduction, reduction of any lateral tilt Adduction: Rhomboids, Trapezius Shoulder - External Rotation Infraspinatus Teres minor Posterior Deltoid 2.) Internal Rotation Scapula- Abduction, Lateral tilt Abduction: Serratus Anterior Pectoralis minor Lateral Tilt: Trapezius Levator Scapulae Rhomboids Shoulder - Internal Rotation Subscapularis Teres major Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi Anterior Deltoid 3.) Horizontal Adduction Scapula - Abduction/lateral tilt Serratus Anterior Pectoralis Minor Shoulder- Horizontal Adduction Pectoralis major Anterior deltoid Coracobrachialis 4.) Horizontal Abduction Scapula - Adduction/medial tilt Adduction: Rhomboids, Trapezius (middle, lower) Shoulder - Horizontal abduction Posterior deltoid Infraspinatus Teres Minor Long head of triceps

Shoulder Movement in the Horizontal Plane (Transverse):

1.) Shoulder Abduction Scapula - Upward Rotation Agonist: Serratus Anterior, Trapezuis (Upper/Middle)II IV Synergists: Pectoralis Minor Antagonist: Rhomboids Minor/Major, Trapezius (lower) Shoulder -Abduction Agonist: Abduction - Supraspinatus, Deltoid (middle portion - powerful abductor of humerus) External Rotators - Infraspinatus, Teres minor Synergists - Long head of biceps Stabilizers - Subscapularis, Infraspinatus, and teres minor Antagonists - Latissimus dorsi, Pectoralis major, Teres major Slight Depression of Humeral: -subscapularis, infraspinatus, and teres minor Least forceful of shoulder joint actions 2.) Shoulder Adduction Scapula - Downward Rotation, Adduction (Reduction of upward rotation) Agonist: Rhomboids Major/Minor Synergists - Trapezius (lower), Levator scapulae, Pectoralis minor Shoulder - Adduction Agonist: Adduction - Latissimus dorsi, Teres Major (against resistance) , Pectoralis Major Internal Rotation - Subscapularis, Synergists - Posterior Deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor Reduction of outward rotation by subscapularis and teres major Antagonists - Deltoids, supraspinatus Teres major is active in adduction if arm moves behind the back

Shoulder Movements in Frontal Plane:

1.) Shoulder Flexion Scapula - Upward Rotation/Abduction Agonist: Upward Rotation - Serratus Anterior, trapezius II/IV (slight) Abduction (lateral tilt) - Serratus Anterior and Pectoralis minor Synergist - Trapezius (upper/middle) II/IV Shoulder - Flexion Agonist: Flexion - Anterior deltoid (primary), Clavicular portion of Pectoralis major, Some participation of coracobrachialis (against resistance), biceps brachii Sight External Rotators - infraspinatus, teres minor Synergists/Stabilizers: Rotator cuff muscles (all) Antagonists - Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Major 2.) Hyperflexion Scapula - Upward rotation/Elevation Agonist: Upward rotation -serratus anterior, trapezius Elevation: levator scapulae, trapezius, rhomboids Synergists - Trapezius (Upper and middle) I II? Antagonists: Rhomboids minor/major, trapezius (Lower) IV? Shoulder - Flexion Agonist: Flexion - anterior deltoid (primary), Pectoralis major, corcabrachialis, biceps Slight External Rotators - infraspinatus, teres minor Synergists/Stabilizers - rotator cuff muscles Antagonists - latissimus dorsi?, teres major 3.) Shoulder Extensions Scapula - Downward rotation/depression Downward rotation and abduction Rhomboids major/minor, Trapezius IV? Subclavius? Depression - Pectoralis minor Shoulder - Extension/ Internal Rotation Extension Pectoralis major (sternal head - above 90 degrees?) Teres major (against resistance) (diminishes as movement progresses) Latissimus dorsi (during the lower 60 degrees of motion) Posterior deltoid Long head of triceps Internal Rotation Subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major 4.) Hyperextension Scapula - Anterior tilt/elevation Anterior tilt: Pectoralis minor Evlavation: Levator Scapulae Trapezius Rhomboids Shoulder - Hyperextension Extension: teres major, latissimus dorsi (below 60 degrees), Posterior deltoid

Shoulder Movements in Sagittal Plane:

The ORIGIN of a muscle is the end of the muscle attached to an immovable part. The origin of a muscle is the end of the muscle attached to an immovable part. The insertion is the end of a muscle attached to a moveable part. When a muscle contracts, the insertion is pulled toward the origin

The _____ of a muscle is the end of the muscle attached to an immovable part.

length-tension relationship

There is an optimum length at which a muscle, when stimulated, can exert maximum tension. This length varies somewhat according to both the muscles structure and its function, but as a general rule, it is slightly greater than the resting length of the muscle. Lengths that are either greater or less produce less tensions.

1.) 4 joints in the Shoulder Joint Complex: SC Joint: Sternoclavicular joint AC Joint: Acromioclavicular joint GH Joint: Glenohumeral scapulothoracic joint (not a true joint) 2.) What are primary structures of the shoulder girdle? Scapula Clavicle Humerus 3.) What are secondary structures of the shoulder girdle? Sternum Thoracic cage 4.) Know articulation of Shoulder joint complex. SC Joint Articulation between the sternum and medial end of clavicle AC Joint Articulation between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula GH Joint Scapulothoracic joint Not a true joint: No true articulations Point of contact between the anterior surface of the scapula and the posterior lateral wall of the thorax 5.) Muscles of the shoulder joint: Deltoid Abduction Flexion Internal rotation via anterior fibers External rotation via posterior fibers Supraspinatus Abduction of arm Infraspinatus External rotation of arm Teres Minor External Rotation Adduction Subscapularis Internal rotation Extension of the arm Pectoralis Major Adduction Internal rotation Flexion Assistance in respiration Biceps brachii Abduction Internal rotation of the humerus Flexion at elbow supination Coracobrachialis Shoulder flexion Adduction Internal rotation Triceps brachii, long head Extension Adduction at the sholder Extension at elbow Teres major Internal rotation Adduction Extension Latissmus dorsi Internal Rotation Adduction extension Aids in respiration Sits (Muscles supporting the shoulder joint) Supraspinatus Infrapinatus Teres minor Subscapularis

Shoulder: 1.) 4 joints in the Shoulder Joint Complex: 2.) What are primary structures of the shoulder girdle? 3.) What are secondary structures of the shoulder girdle? 4.) Know articulation of Shoulder joint complex. 5.) Muscles of the shoulder joint:

Stretch-Shortening Cycle Both muscle and tendon possess elastic properties That is, when they are stretched, they store energy and will release this energy when they return to their original length When a concentric muscle contraction is preceded by an active stretch, the elastic energy stored in the stretch phase is available for use in the contractile phase

Stretch-Shortening Cycle

Stabilize: joints throughout the body in both static and dynamic positions Movement: caused the summative effects of muscles contracting and pulling on bones resulting in rotation of two bones around a joint axis

Two functional purposes of skeletal muscle

Ligaments are strong flexible, stress-resistant- somewhat elastic, fibrous tissues that may be in the form of straplike bands or sound cords. They attach the ends of bones that form a movable joint and help maintain them in the right relationship to each other.

What is a ligament?

Rotation

What movement occurs in the transverse plane?

Any bicep muscle is the most susceptible. Not only serve as a GHJ but also an elbow flexor resulting in overuse.

What muscle in the Shoulder Joint is most susceptible to injury?

Contractibility, Excitability, extensibility, elasticity

Which characteristic of muscle applies to the "all or none" principle?

ISOKINETIC -A contraction that has equal motion throughout the entire movement Keeping the velocity constant. Usually elicits a maximum contraction

Which contraction elicits maximum contraction?

Eccentric contraction

Which type of contraction has the strongest contractility?

Primary structures: Scapula // Clavicle // Humerus Secondary structures: Sternum // Thoracic Cage Without the scapula - there is no stability within the shoulder girdle and no movement can occur.

Without this Primary structure of the shoulder girdle you will be unable to raise your arm.

Two functional purposes of muscle are stabilize and movement. The joint has been stabilized so MOVEMENT is the only other option.

Your client has been in a shoulder sling for the last 6 months. Of the functional purposes of muscle - Which one would you choose to do with your client first?

Screening is a process for evaluating the possible presence of a particular problem. Assessment is to gather the detailed information needed for a treatment plan that meets the individual needs

Your client has been thoroughly screened to participate in full-physical activity. They have a list of goals. Before starting an exercise program - What is the next step to provide the client with proper programming?

Eccentric contractions have been shown to exert increased stimulus vs. concentric and isometric contractions found in weight-lifting programs.

Your client has hit a plateau in their weight-lifting program. What type of muscle contraction will help serve as a stimulus to increase strength?

Next possible step is to lower the center of gravity - since BOS is widened and equilibrium is achieved.

Your client is having trouble stabilizing themselves during an OH pressing movement. They have already widened the base of support and have good equilibrium - what is the next step to achieve the most stable position?

Peripheral fatigue

Your client seems to be fatigued from lack of energy supply- what type of fatigue is this referred to?

As the speed of a muscular contraction increases, the force it is able to exert decreases. The velocity of contraction is maximal when the load is zero, and the load is maximal when the velocity is zero As the velocity of concentric contraction increases, the force that can be exerted decreases. When the velocity drops to zero, the contraction is isometric. In eccentric contraction, tension increases with the increased speed of lengthening. Concentric contraction: inversely proportional Increase velocity- decrease force production (load) Increase load (force)- decrease velocity Eccentric contraction: directly proportional Increase velocity- increase force production Decrease velocity- decrease load (force production)

force velocity curve