Kinesiology Test 2

What three articulations of the elbow joint complex share the same joint capsule?

humeroulnar, humeroradial, and proximal radioulnar joint

Where do all extensors of the arm at the shoulder joint cross the shoulder joint?

posterior to the shoulder joint

What is the importance of core stabilization, and what effects does it have on our health?

-Core stabilization creates stronger and more efficient movements -Core stabilization is important for the health of the spine

Name the four joints of the shoulder complex

-Glenohumeral joint (GH) -Sternoclavicular joint (SC) -Acromioclavicular joint (AC) -Scapulocostal joint (ScC)

Give an example of an application of neural facilitation to bodywork and/or exercise

-The pattern of tight muscles that a client has often called muscle memory. -The pattern of muscle coordination that the client has when doing sports/exercise

What is the definition of a mover?

A muscle or other force that can do the action in question

What is the definition of the neutralizer?

A muscle or other force that can stop an unwanted action at the mobile attachment of the muscle that is working.

What is the definition of a support muscle?

A muscle that can hold another part of the body in position while the action in question is occurring.

what do fixators and neutralizers have in common? Wjat is the difference between a fixator and a neutralizer?

Fixators and neutralizers are similar in that they both stop unwanted actions of the muscle that is working. Fixators and neutralizers are different in that the fixator stops unwanted actions at the fixed attachment of the muscle that is working; the neutralizer stops an unwanted action at the mobile attachment of the muscle that is working.

What is the definition of reciprocal inhibition?

The neurologic reflex that causes the antagonist to a joint action to relax when the mover of that joint action is directed to contract.

List 3 major categories of proprioceptors.

1. fascial/joint 2. muscle 3. inner ear

Define co-contraction

A simultaneous contraction of a mover muscles and an antagonist muscle.

What is the term that best describes the concept that scapular and clavicular movements accompany arm movements at the GH joint?

Scapulohumeral rhythm or scapuloclaviculohumeral rhythm

Where do all muscle that flex the forearm cross the elbow joint?

anterior to the joint

What are the 6 major roles in which a muscle can contract during a joint action?

mover, antagonist, fixator, neutralizer, support, synergist

Bouncing when stretching activates which proprioceptive reflex?

muscle spindle reflex

Why is the scapulocostal joint consideered to be a functional joint and not an anatomic joint?

there is no actual union of the scapula and the ribcage by connective tissue. However, because it behaves like a joint in that the scap can move relative to the ribcage, it is considered to be a functional joint

What are the 2 parts of the coracoclavicular ligament?

trapezoid ligament and conoid ligament

What scapular joint action couples with abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint?

upward rotation of the scapula at the scapulocostal joint

What are 2 ways that synergists can be defined?

1. Defined broadly, a synergist is any muscle other than the prime mover or prime antagonist that works to help the joint action in question to occur. By this definition, a synergist could be ant other mover or antagonist, or any fixator, neutralizer, or support muscle 2. Defined narrowly, a synergist is any mover that contracts other than the prime mover. or any antagonist that contracts other than the prime antagonist.

How many degrees of upward rotation of the scapula at the scapulocostal joint are possible?

60 degrees

What is the difference between a regular fixator and a second order fixator?

A first order fixator stops the unwanted motion of the fixed attachment of a mover or antagonist, a second order fixator is a fixator that contracts to fix an attachment of a fixator that contracts to fix an attachment of a fixator or neutralizer during a joint action.

What is the definition of a fixator?

A fixator is a muscle or other force that can stop an unwanted action at the fixed attachment of the muscle that is working. Fixators are also known as stabilizers.

State a specific joint action, and give an example of a mover, atagonist, fixator, neutralizer, and support muscle for this action; in addition, state whether it is the mover group or the antagonist group that is working in this scenario.

A person is standing in anatomic pisition except that her right forearm is pronated and she is holding a weight in her right hand a doing a bicep curl (flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint). The right biceps brachii is the mover in this scenario and is working. All right elbow joint extensors (triceps brachii) are antagonists and are relaxed. The right posterior deltoid would be a fixator, creating a force of the extension of the arm at the shoulder joint to stop the biceps brachii from flexing the right arm at the shoulder joint. The right pronator teres is a neutralizer because it creates a force of pronation of the right forearm at the radioulnar joints to stop the biceps from supinating the right forearm at the radioulnar joint. the left erector spinae group would be support muscles, creating a force of left lateral flexion of the trunk at the psinal joints, stopping the trunk from falling to the right side. Many muscles can be synerygists. If a synergistis interpreted broadly as another mover that is working, the right brachialis, or any other flexor of the right forearm at the elbow joint could be a synergist. If synergist is defined more broadly, any fixator, neutralizer, or support uscle that is working could also be a synergist.

What is the definition of an antagonist?

An antagonist is a muscle or other ofrce that can do the opposite action of the action in question.

List the neurons involved in a spinal cord reflex arc.

Contains either a sensory neuron and a lower motor neuron, or a sensory neuron, an interneuron, and a lower motor neuron.

Define the term coordination and describe its application to the concept of muscle roles.

Coordination is the co-ordering of muscles in the body in their various roles to create smooth and efficient movement. Therefore, the contractions of movers, antagonists, fixators, neutralizers, and support muscles must be coordinated when joint motions occur.

Which inner ear proprioceptor detects motion of the head?

Crista ampullaris of the semi-circular canals

Which reflex is responsible for tightening the quadriceps femoris muscles of my right lower extremity in question 51?

Crossed extensor reflex (17.9)

CR stretching uses which proprioceptive reflex?

Golgi tendon organ reflex

How can reciprocal inhibition be used to aid muscle stretching?

Have the client actively contract the mover muscles during the stretch. Actively contracting the movers will reflexively create a reciprocal inhibition to the antagonist muscles on the other side of the joint which are the muscles that are trying to stretch, causing them to relax and this increasing the effectiveness of the stretch

Explain why isometric contractions are more likely to diminish venous return of the blood to the heart and also cause ischemia of tissues.

Isometric contractions, by virtue of being sustained, close off collapsible veins and keep them closed off for the entire time that the isometric contraction is held, resulting in an interruption of venous blood circulation. Further, if the strength of the isometric contraction is great enough, even the arterial supply could be closed off, resulting in a loss of oxygen and other nutrients to the tissue

What is the difference between postural stabilization muscles and mobility muscles?

Mobility muscles tend to be larger, longer, more superficial muscles and are important primarily for their ability to contract concentrically and create large joint movements. Postural stabilization muscles tend to be smaller, deeper muscles that are located close to joints; they are important primarily for their ability to contract isometrically and hold the posture of joints fixed while mobility muscles do their actions.

Which proprioceptors (along with inner ear proprioceptors) are particularly important towards determining the posture of the trunk?

Neck proprioceptors

Do mover muscles always contract when a joint action occurs?

No. Mover muscles always shorten when the joint action occurs, but they do not always contract. They can concentrically contract and shorten or they can relax and shorten

Do antagonist muscles always contract when a joint action occurs?

No. Antagonist muscles always lengthen when the joint action occurs, but they do not always contract. They can eccentrically contract and lengthen, or they can relax and lengthen

Why does the pain-spasm-pain cycle perpetuate itself?

Pain creates spasm in the region meant to splint the wound so that it has an opportunity to heal. The presence of muscular spasm causes pain both by the virtue of the spasm itself and also by the waste products of metabolism that build up in the tissues of the region due to venous return of blood being obstructed. Thus, pain causes spasm, and spasm causes pain, resulting in a vicious cycle.

What is the difference between patterned behavior and true reflexive behavior?

Patterned (learned) behavior describes an activity that is learned and so well patterned that it is carried out in what appears to be a reflexive manner. However, this learned behavior does not involve a reflex arc. True reflexive behavior involves a "hard-wired" reflex arc that is innate.

What is the principal articulation at the elbow joint complex?

humeroulnar joint

Which fascial/joint proprioceptor detects static joint position?

Ruffini endings

Give an example of a coupled action in the human body.

Scapulohumeral rhythm. When the arms move at the GH joint, the scapula also moves.

What is the function of a sensory neuron, and what is the function of a motor neuron?

Sensory neurons carry sensory information (stimuli from the periphery of the body) towards the CNS. Motor neurons (tells muscles to contract) carry motor information from the CNS to the muscles.

What is the only osseous articulation between the upper extremity and axial skeleton?

Sternoclavicular joint

What are the names of the 3 ligaments that are thickenings of the anterior and inferior capsules of the GH joint?

Superior GH ligament, middle, inferior

What is the definition of proprioception?

The ability of the nervous system to know the body's position in space and the body's movement through space.

When a joint action occurs, what happens to the length of an antagonist?

The antagonist muscles of that joint action lengthen.

What is the effect of a muscle-spindle reflex?

To cause contraction of the muscle.

What is the effect of a Golgi tendon organ reflex?

To cause inhibition of the muscle contraction, that is, relaxation of the muscle.

According to the gate theory, what sensations can help block the pain?

Via the gate theory, sensations of movement and pressure can help block pain.

What is the most common external force that can be a mover or an antagonist?

gravity

What is the reverse action of flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint?

flexion of the arm at the elbow joint.

Which reflex is responsible for pulling my left foot away if my left foot steps on a tack?

flexor withdraw reflex

When a joint action occurs, what happens to the length of the mover?

the mover muscles of that joint action shorten.

What bones can move at the acromioclavicular joint?

the scap and clavicle