KINS 434 CH 1,2,3,4,5

Research done on the riskiness of talking on the phone while driving suggests that hands-free calling is __________ problematic compared to hand-held phone calls.

equally

Evidence suggests that during a Stroop task, the color of the ink and the word spelled by the ink are initially processed

in parallel

Attention remaining for a secondary task is __________ when the primary task is simple.

increased

In the a dart-throwing experiment done by Sherwood, Lohse, and Healy (2014), post-throw judgments about elbow position induced a(n) __________ focus of attention

internal

__________ skills occur in a variable and unpredictable environment.

open

The change in the information provided by the optical array is called

optical flow

Which of the following does NOT provide proprioceptive information to a performer?

optical flow

In the size-weight illusion, which of the two opaque containers of the same weight does the lifter perceive as heavier?

the smaller one

What control system sends commands to the effector without receiving feedback and is used for rapid, discrete movements?

.open-loop control

____________ is a control mechanism that produces genetically defined actions; it is similar to a motor program.

A central pattern generator

_____________ is a surgical procedure in which a bundle of nerves is severed, keeping nerve impulses from reaching the spinal cord; animal experiments using this surgery provide evidence for motor programs.

Deafferentation

Serial skills unfold in an ongoing fashion without a recognizable beginning and end.

False

____________ theory suggests that there is a stored pattern of movement instead of a specific movement. It allows flexibility in modifying the generalized program to produce various patterns to meet the demands of the task.

Generalized motor program

___________ is thought of as building new, more stable, more precise, or longer-operating motor programs.

Practice

Which of the following statements regarding closed-loop control is NOT accurate?

The system involves error correction without the use of feedback.

Factors related to the operator, such as fatigue, as well as the environment, such as noise, can affect vigilance.

True

Predicting the type of shot an opponent is about to take during a basketball game is an example of spatial anticipation.

True

Feedforward information represents

anticipated sensory consequences

The inverted-U principle examines the relationship between

arousal and performance

Saccadic eye movements are characterized by

brief fixations and rapid shifts to a different location

Automaticity seems most effective in __________ skills.

closed

According to Hick's Law, RT increases at a constant amount every time the number of S-R alternatives is

doubled

When an athlete chokes under pressure, they often shift from a(n) __________ to a(n) __________ focus.

external; internal

An explanation for the PRP effect is that there is a bottleneck in the movement programming stage and that this stage can organize and initiate only three actions at a time.

false

If dots on a scatterplot are close to the best-fitting line passing through them, the correlation between the scores they represent is close to zero.

false

The response selection stage is responsible for preparing the motor system to make the desired movement.

false

When a standing individual makes a pointing movement, the first muscles to activate are those in the

lower back and legs

Dorsal vision is used to make __________ for already programmed actions

minor adjustments

Experimenters have shown that RT can be affected by characteristics of the to-be-performed movement that influence the complexity and duration of the __________ stage.

movement programming

Motor program theory fails to explain which of the following?

novel tasks and storage problems

Scientists use theories to make __________, which can help form __________ that can be tested.

predictions; hypotheses

Which of the following is NOT one of the major roles of open-loop organizations in motor programs?

prevent postural adjustments in preparation for action

Visual information, useful for object identification and control of movement in the visual environment, travels from the retina to which part of the brain?

primary visual cortex

The interval of time that elapses between a suddenly presented stimulus and the beginning of the response is called the

reaction time interval

The process of rehearsing information keeps it available in the

short - term memory

Information stored in the memory system is thought to be very abstract

short-term sensory store

According to Donders (1868), a B-type choice reaction time task requires

stimulus detection, stimulus identification, and response selection

The __________ stage of information processing involves deciding whether information has been presented.

stimulus identification

The extent to which a stimulus and response are connected in a natural way is called

stimulus-response compatibility

Variable error (VE) measures

the consistency of error in a block of trials

Exteroception provides information to the processing system about

the state of the environment

Skills are different from movements because

they have a specific goal

Evidence for motor programs includes all of the following EXCEPT

tracking tasks

An experiment that supports a hypothesis does not prove that the theory is correct.

true

Descriptors used for discussing motor learning come from literature on human performance.

true

Incorrect anticipation can result in an increased processing delay because more processing activities have to take place.

true

To compute root mean square error (RMSE), a person's tracking behavior is sliced from continuous movement into discrete intervals.

true

When the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) is very short, the system responds to both the first and second stimulus as one.

true

The M1 feedback loop is at a low level in the spinal cord and does not involve

voluntary control