Klemm Section 3 Part 3 Test

2. Enculturation -

the process of learning the requirements of a new or adopted culture and acquiring values and behaviors appropriate or necessary to live within that culture.

Sometimes the mission communities were unable-

to sustain themselves. The greatest threat came from the missionaries interaction w/the Indians.

French missionaries arrived in the 1860s and -

were astonished when Japanese already declared themselves Christians

Matteo Ricci

(church in China) i. Italian Jesuit was the first to - gain entry into China ii. Lived between - 1552-1610 iii. Gained entry to - China's imperial court iv. Knowledge of -astronomy was sought after by the Chinese v. Adopted the language and - dress of host country vi. Respected -Chinese traditions vii. Translated- western texts on science into Chinese and wrote books about Christianity in a way that could appeal to Chinese scholars

St. Francis Xavier

(missionaries in India) ii. He would gather locals - and teach them the commandments iii. Thousands converted and -baptized iv. Moved to - Ceylon now Sri Lanka v. Many converted - and were baptized, missionary schools and churches were established

e. Persecutions began and in 1597-

26 Christians were executed

3. Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith -

A Vatican office created in 1622 by Pope Gregory XV to coordinate and oversee foreign missionary activity.

He outlawed

Christian missionary work and expelled all missionaries

1614-

Christianity was banned

JUAN DE PADILLIA-

FIRST MARTYR IN THE US. GREAT MISSIONARY WHO LIVED WITH AN INDIAN TRIBE AND BECAME LIKE ONE OF THEM. AFTER TEACHING THEM EVERYTHING HE THOUGHT THEY NEEDED, HE SAID HE WAS PREPARING TO LIVE THEM AND FIND ANOTHER TRIBE WHO NEEDED HIS HELP. THE INDIAN TRIBE GOT JEALOUS AND KILLED HIM.

5. Summarize the history of the Catholic Church in China and describe the situation for the Church in China today.

Italian Jesuit was the first to - gained entry into china, Lived between -1552-1610 ,Gained entry to -China's imperial court, Knowledge of -astronomy and other sciences, sought after by the Chinese, provided a way in, Adopted the language and - dress of his host country, Respected -Chinese civilization and tradition and tried to show how Christianity could complement those traditions, Translated- western texts on science into Chinese and wrote books about Christianity in a way that would appeal to Chinese scholars, The liturgy was offered - in Chinese rather than in Latin, By the 1650s - nearly 150,000 Chinese people had been baptized into the Christian faith, 1692 - the emperor issued an edict tolerating Christianity, and the Jesuits continued their ministry in China, 1704 - the pope sided with the friars and banned the Chinese-language mass and approved the notion that native people in missionary lands should adopt Western customs along with the Christian faith, He outlawed - all Christian missionary work and expelled all missionaries, Chinese Catholics were now - subject to persecution, China opened up to the West again -in the mid 1800s, By the early 1900s nearly - half a million chinsese people had been baptized into the church. Today in China, catholismicm is state run. CCPA; this organization controls everything concerning catholic Chinese. 8 million practice true catholismicm underground due to fear of persecution. Cardinal Kong questioned authority of CCPA, was arrested and died in prison.

OUR LADY OF GUADALOUPE-

JUAN DIEGO HAD A VISTIATION FROM MARY WHILE WALKING TO CHURCH. WHEN HE SAW HER, SHE HAD A COMBINATION OF EUROPEANE AND NATIVE AMERICAN FEATURES. SHE ALSO WAS SEEN PREGNANT. HE SAW HER 3 TIMES. SERVES AS PATRON SAINT OF THE UNBORN.

KATERI TEKEWITHA-

NATIVE AMERICAN, SMALLPOX KILLED HER FAMILY AND JOINED THE CHRISTIAN FAITH. PEOPLE THOUGHT SHE HAD MYSTICAL POWERS. MOMENTS AFTER SHE DIED, HER DISFIGUREMENT WENT AWAY AND SHE WAS GLOWING. NICKNAMED LILY OF THE MOHAWKS.

1704-

Pope sided with the friars and banned Christian language mass

7. Saint Francis Xavier is often called the Apostle of the Indies. Describe the missionary work that earned Saint Francis this title.

Respected Indians traditions so he could lead the Indians into the acceptance of the Gospel message, baptized over 2000 Indians. Taught Indians the commandments, the lord's prayer and many more. Converted and baptized many, has the title Apostle of the Indies.

Difference between French and Spanish groups who came over to spread missionaries-

SPANISH BAPTIZED MORE BUT IT DID NOT STICK WITH THE INDIANS FRENCH BAPTIZED LESS BUT THE INDIANS STAYED CATHOLIC LONGER. FRENCH USED ENCULTURATION, MEANING THAT THEY LEARN THE CULTURE OF THE NATIVE PEOPLE AND ENCORPORATE THE CULTURE INTO THE TEACHING OF THE GOSPEL

1. What were some injustices inflicted on the native peoples in the New World, and what steps did the missionaries take to defend the natives' rights?

Some thought they needed to "civilize" the natives, ultimately trying to change them of their ways. Missionaries sought to keep their culture around and incorporate that into the Gospel message being taught to the natives. 40 years after the first settlers came here, the native Americans population went down 75%. Three things that affected the population were diseases introduced by Europeans, disruption of their social structure, direct killing.

1. Conquistadors -

Spanish for "conquerors," the name for the Spanish soldiers and explorers who brought much of the Americas under Spanish rule in the 15th and 16th centuries.

4. Describe the practice of enculturation as applied by Matteo Ricci and Robert de Nobili and tell why this approach can lead to successful evangelization.

The process is learning a said country's culture to connect closer to the residents. They respect a said country's civilization and tradition and try to show how Christianity could complement those traditions.

Missions of Latin America

The year Columbus arrived in the New World on an expedition for the Spanish crown. This was known as a high point in Spain's Catholic history. This was known as a high point in spain's Catholic history.

Summarize the history of the missions in California and the work of Blessed Junipero Serra in establishing the missions.

These missions were founded by the Franciscans, became economic centers were Indians were taught the trades, such as carpentry and masonry, as well as farming techniques, Cooperation was -often strictly enforced, Natives had to participate in -the mission's work and worship under the supervision of the priests, Attempting escape or minor infractions - and minor infractions would be met with severe penalties such as flogging, Natives occasionally responded with - rebellions and bloody uprisings, Thousands of Natives were - recorded in California during the mission years, yet the marriage of European culture and Indian customs never reached a comfortable level, 1832 - no active missions remained in California. Canonized a saint by pope Francis in 2015. First saint to be canonized on US soil. At the sage of 16, he was very smart. Came to America ad was assigned to teach.

6. What were some of the challenges and hardships faced by the missionaries to North America working with the Native Americans?

They faced scarcity and were unable to sustain themselves, many natives rejected the advances of the Christian missionaries, diseases threatened the life of all, violence, many people were killed.

A mission was typically-

a self-sustaining community where priests are friars worked, farmed, and taught. The missionaries would often have many challenges and hardships.

French Missions-

a. Began in - Latin America then expanded northward b. Franciscans arrived in Canada -1615 c. They were succeeded by the -Jesuits in 1625 d. The Jesuits began to work -with French settlers, traders, nearby Indians e. Over time -they extended their missionary activities west to the Huron nation f. 1639 -near present day Toronto, established their settlement in 1639 g. A French presence soon extended to - New York h. Met success - evangelizing he Hurons and made many converts i. In New York State - French Jesuits found themselves caught in hostility between the Huron nation and the Five Nations of the Iroquois j. 1640s - several were martyred now known as the North American martyrs k. 1930s - Native American martyrs were canonized

Missions in America

a. Intended to fulfill - a variety of functions, some economic some religious b. Specifically sought to - "civilize" the natives c. Introduced the natives to -European agriculture techniques, as well as Western learning and language

Missionaries and Holy People

a. Often brought - catholic missionaries on expeditions i. These priests were - often Dominican and Franciscan b. Spanish Crown was motivated by two goals i. Monarch of Spain had a true desire to bring the salvation won by the cross of Christ to the unbaptized. ii. The second and sometimes greater goal was adherence to the natives to the faith of their conquerors c. Missionaries accompanied by - colonizers i. On a quest to - find gold and riches

Explorers and Conquerors

a. Spaniards arrived in Mexico - 1500s b. The Incas and the Aztecs were - no match for Spanish conquistadors c. Those not massacred - either enslaved or died from disease d. By the middle of the sixteenth - formerly powerful Aztec and Incan empires had fallen to the Spanish empire

Missions in California-

a. These missions were founded by - Franciscans b. Cooperation was - often strictly enforced c. Natives had to participate in -missions work and worship under supervision of priests d. Attempting escape or minor infractions - extreme punishments such as flogging e. Natives occasionally responded with - rebellious and bloody uprisings f. Thousands of Natives were - baptized, yet marriage of European culture and Indian customs never reached a comfortable level g. 1832 - no active missions remained in California

Xavier and his companions-

arrived in japan in 1549 and began their work, converted many Indians to Christianity.

Later Franciscans and Dominicans arrived-

continued to convert

Without priests -

elders had led Sunday prayers, baptized and passed on the faith

1692-

emperor issued an edict tolerating Christianity

Dozens of foreign missionaries-

foreign missionaries and more than 30k Japanese Christians were killed

Today-

half a million Catholics in Japan

Missions in Southwest-

i. Franciscans - who founded the missions that spread throughout parts of Texas and New Mexico ii. In Texas the Franciscans - founded twenty one missions 1. 1718 - the most famous of these is in San Antonio de Valero, more commonly known as the Lamao, a key battle site in the Mexican American war iii. In New Mexico - more than 40 missions founded 1. Most notable - Santa Fe c. Missionary activity declined throughout the - 18th century

Missions in Florida-

i. Spain established - the first missions in Florida in the second half of the sixteenth century ii. Spiritual motive - covert the Indian natives to the Christian faith iii. A desire to - to claim territory was also a factor iv. 1565 - Spain eventually established twenty one missions in the Florida territory v. First missions were founded by the - Jesuits vi. 1769 - no missions remained in the territory

Robert de Nobili

ii. Another -Jesuit iii. Believed - by respecting Indian culture he could lead them to believe in the gospel message iv. Emphasis on enculturation - carried over to education of clergy v. Native Indians were - ordained into priesthood to carry on the work of Jesuit missionaries vi. By the mid-1700s - church was well established in one state of India vii. By 1900 - Catholicism, though still a minority religion in a mostly Hindu nation, had spread through India and Ceylon

The liturgy was offered-

in Chinese rather than Latin

China opened up to the West again-

mid 1800's

The faith continued to be practiced in secret-

more than 200 years

By the 1650s

nearly 150,000 people had converted

Within 30 years or so-

nearly 200,000 Japanese people had been baptized

By the early 1900s nearly-

nearly half a million had been baptized into the church.

Despite some success many tribes-

rejected the Christians. i. Indian response was -unpredictable- initial acceptance then violent rebellion, was a terrible injustice in New World j. Friars and priests -were sometimes violently massacred k. Exposure to European - disease; swept through native populations in epidemic proportions

The Jesuits constructed-

small churches among the Buddhists and Shinto temples of southern japan