Lab 1 Exam Study Guide

blood supply to head & neck

1. carotid artery -terminate into 2 branches (internal & external) -internal ascends through carotid canal, ascends near sell turcica -external provides blood to neck & face •terminates as 2 branches (superficial temporal artery & maxillary artery) •maxillary artery -deep to mandible, supplies muscles, nasal and oral cavities -small vessel that ascends (middle meningeal artery) 2. vertebral artery -from subclavian artery left & right side of body -goes through transverse foramen -skips C7 -begins through at C6 -left & right course mediallary, then ascend the foramen magnum (they join forming basilar artery)

cranial & spinal cord meninges

1. dura mater 2. arachnoid mater 3. pia mater

4 sinuses

1. ethmoid air cells (ethmoid sinus) 2. frontal sinus 3. sphenoid sinus 4. maxillary sinus

intercostal muscles, 3 types

1. external - fibers lined in a down and in direction; aid in respiration 2. internal - fibers lined in a up and in direction; aid in expiration 3. innermost - fibers lined almost vertically; aid in expiration

Be familiar with the types of synovial joints.

1. hinge joint 2. pivot joint 3. planar joint 4. saddle joint 5. condyloid (ellipsoid) joint 6. ball and socket joint "The six types of synovial joints are distinguished by the type of movement allowed and the shape of the articular surface"

Learn the major muscles of respiration.

1. intercostal muscles 2. transversus thoracis 3. subclavius

Know the classification of bones with examples.

1. long bone 2. short bone 3. flat bone 4. irregular bone 5. sesamoid bone

4 ventricles

2 large lateral ventricles (left & right) 3rd ventricle 4th ventricle

nemonic for parasympathetic cranial nerves

3, double 5, 7, 9

Understand the information presented on CN 9, CN 10, CN 11, and CN12 and the function of the muscles they innervate.

9 - glossapharyngeal 10 - Vagus 11 - Accessory spinal nerve 12 - hypoglossal nerve

foramen magnum

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.

nemonic for functions of cranial nerves

"Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Say Bigs Brains Matter More"

thoracic vertebrae answers from quiz

-"Each thoracic vertebrae articulates with two ribs" -"The joints between the vertebrae are known as amphiarthrotic (cartilaginous)" -"The thoracic vertebrae are larger than the cervical vertebrae but smaller than the lumbar vertebrae" -"The vertebral foramen allows passage of the spinal cord" -12 vertebrae

quiz answers for sinus

-"They add resonance to our voice" "They are named for the bone that they are near" -"The maxillary sinuses are inferior to the frontal sinuses" -"They produce mucous"

dura mater of spinal cord

-"hard mother" -outermost tough layer

arterial supply to brain

-2 routes 1. internal carotid artery (outside skull) -enters carotid canal, in temporal bone -joins with circle of willis (supplies blood to brain tissue) -supplies blood to frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes 2. vertebral artery (outside skull) -left and right form together to form basilar artery -predominant blood supply to cerebellum and posterior brain

Understand the functions and attachments of the muscles of mastication.

-4 muscles: temporalis, masseter, medial & later pterygoids

Understand the foramina of the skull, its importance and structures passing through the foramen magnum.

-A foramen (pl. foramina) is an opening that allows the passage of structures from one region to another. In the skull base, there are numerous foramina that transmit cranial nerves, blood vessels and other structures - these are collectively referred to as the cranial foramina. -Optic foramen (sphenoid bone) -Superior orbital fissure (sphenoid bone) -Foramen Rotundum (sphenoid bone) -Foramen ovale (sphenoid bone) -Foramen spinosum (Sphenoid bone) -Jugular foramen -Cribriform plate (ethmoid bone) -Foramen lacerum -Stylomastoid foramen (temporal bone) -Internal acoustic Meatus (temporal bone) -Foramen Magnum (occipital bone) -Hypoglossal canal

axial (transverse plane)

-A horizontal plane that passes through the body, dividing it into superior and inferior portions (upper and lower) -no fixed point

Understand the peritoneum

-Abdominal organs are classified according to their interaction with the peritoneum. -the serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering the abdominal organs. -Where the peritoneum reflects from visceral to parietal special names are associated to the structure depending on the function of the structure, and the type of contents enclosed within the two layers. 1. Intraperitoneal 2. Infraperitoneal 3. Retroperitoneal

occipital bone

-Bone that protrudes at the base of the skull -large bone at the posterior of the skull -lies below lamboidal suture

Which structure doesn't pass through foramina on the sphenoid bone? Which does?

-CN 1 (olfactory) -CN 2, 3, 4, middle meningeal artery

4 nerves in orbit

-CN 2, 3, 4, 6

Understand the accommodation reflex of the eye.

-CN 3 carries parasympathetic postganglionic axons to the smooth muscle in the iris and ciliary smooth muscle in the eye -these axons are used to constrict the muscle in the iris and thus narrow the pupil and constrict the ciliary muscle and thus round up the lens -needed in near vision -stimulation of sympathetic axons will cause the pupil to get wider (b/c axons come to the orbit and control the radial fibers in pupil) -dilating pupils allows more light for overall picture

carotid sinus

-Dilation of internal carotid artery: Sends blood to anterior and lateral sides of brain -Detects pressure within vessel

Understand the concept of serous membranes with examples.

-Double layers of CT that line cavities of the body and # of the organs within them -Contained b/w 2 layers of serous membrane is serous fluid •Acts as lubricant and allows both layers to glide across each other •Serous membranes reduce friction b/w 2 opposing surfaces •Important for organs like heart & lungs which are continuously in motion •Friction would lead to 'wear and tear' of organs over time and making them less efficient -Serous membranes = 2 layers 1. Adheres to the surface of an organ called the visceral later 2. Layer adherent to the walls of the cavity in which that organ is located called parietal layer -These layers are NOT distinct but 1 continuous membrane that has been reflected or folded back on itself -Each serous membrane given a regional descriptor to designate the cavity in which it is located •Pleural - surrounds lungs •Pericardial - surrounds heart •Peritoneal - surrounds the abdominal contents

Understand the anatomical planes.

-Frontal (coronal) -Median (Midsagittal) -Sagittal (Parasagittal) -Axial (transverse)

pelvic cavity

-GI tract, bladder, ovaries, testes, prostate, seminal vesicles -"pelvic cavity is separated from abdominal cavity via pelvic brim (pelvic inlet)"

abdominal cavity

-GI tract, liver, spleen, kidneys -"part of digestive system"

carotid body

-Nerve tissue, outside the sinus -Kemoreception - role -Oxygen and CO2 detection in artery

Be able to describe what sinus is and understand the function and location of the paranasal sinuses.

-Para = near or alongside -Nasal = referring to nose or nasal cavity -Sinus = cavity or space -sinus headache = pressure Two functions: 1. Decrease weight of skull 2. add resonance to voice Helps flush foreign material from nasal passages -Lined with mucus producing cells -Take mucus and take it to the nasal cavity reused and then digested

sternal angle

-Ridge between manubrium and body at second rib -good point of reference when mentioning or locating other parts -"bony landmark used to locate the superior portion of the pericardial sac"

Understand the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and major muscles of mastication.

-TMJ = modified hinge type of synovial joint -Up and down but also side to side & in and out 3 directions: 1. Elevation & depression 2. Retraction (posterior & anterior) 3. Protraction (moving it forward) -Condyle is in the joint -Mandibular fossa: Depression of temporal bone -Condyle and Mandibular fossa form the TMJ

Understand the ventricles and meninges and their function.

-The ventricular system is a set of communicating cavities within the brain. These structures are responsible for the production, transport and removal of cerebrospinal fluid, which bathes the central nervous system. -function of the meninges and of the cerebrospinal fluid is to protect the central nervous system. Keep CNS in place, CSF cushions brain -They contain cerebrospinal fluid, acting to support and protect the spinal cord.

Be familiar with major body cavities.

-Thoracic cavity: Contains the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, aorta, and superior and inferior vena cava. •pleural cavity & mediastinum -Abdominal cavity: Contains the digestive tract, liver, spleen, and kidneys. -Pelvic cavity: Contains part of the digestive tract, bladder, ovaries, uterus, prostate, and seminal vesicles. -There is another body cavity that is the cranium/spinal canal that contains the brain and spinal cord.

diaphragm

-a dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. -It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs. -phrenic nerve controls diaphragm -inhale: contracts inferiorly -exhale: relaxes and pushes lungs up to push out air

abdominopelvic

-abdominal cavity: digestive organs -pelvic cavity: urogenital structures, distal end of GI tract

CN 11

-accessory nerve -motor (2 MUSCLES): sternocleidomastoid (SCM) + trapezius muscle -SCM •large muscle in front of neck diagonally •attaches from sternum and clavicle and mastoid process of temporal bone -cervical spinal flexion (ex. crunches) -rotating head & neck -trapezius: elevate, retract, depress, rotate the scapula -2 points of origin -Ascend through foramen magnum, exits through jugular foramen -2 points of origin: cervical spinal cord & brainstem (medulla) -Enters skull through foramen magnum, then travel with 9, and 10 to exit through jugular foramen -Send branches to both muscles

Can you identify the following structures in adipose tissue? Artery, Vein, Adipocyte, Artifacts with cell nuclei. How can you distinguish between an artery and a vein?

-artery more dense/thicker (has thicker walls, maintain circular shape) -vein (holds more volume of blood, thinner walls and crushed) -nuclei are on peripheral side of cells -adipocyte is the white bubble

palatine (2)

-back roof of mouth

sphenoid/orbit

-behind eyes, parts of temple region -lies internally b/w eyes -bat-shaped bone that runs across the base of the skull just behind the frontal bone

retroperitoneal

-behind/posterior to the peritoneum -SAD PUCKER: suprarenal (adrenal) glands, aorta, duodenum, pancreas, ureters, colon ascending and descending, kidneys, esophagus, rectum

infraperitoneal

-below/inferior to the peritoneum -bladder

dorsiflexion

-bending of the foot or the toes upward -flexion backwards

4th ventricle

-between pons and cerebellum -CSF continues in a few different routes

condyloid (ellipsoid) joint

-biaxial movement in 2 axis's by abduction/adduction or flexion/extension -knuckles, phalanges

saddle joint

-biaxial movement in 2 planes by 2 concave articulating surfaces -thumb

Describe the anatomical position.

-body is erect or upright -hand and eyes are directed to the front -upper limbs are relaxed and down to the side of the body -palms are directed anteriorly, or to the front, and not rotated -feet approximately shoulder width apart with toes directed to the front

temporal bone (2)

-bone that forms parts of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial activity. There is a right and left temporal bone. -paired bones that form inferior lateral aspect of skull ("temples") -styloid process -mastoid process -hole (allows soundwaves for ear) -mandibular fossa -zygomatic process

Understand CN 7 and the muscles of facial expression.

-both motor & sensory -parasympathetic -motor: muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, and posterior belly of digastric -sensory: special sense of taste to the anterior 2/3 of tongue -passes through internal acoustic meatus, emerges through stylomastoid foramen -passes through parotid glands -goes through posterior belly of digastric & stylohyoid & lacrimal gland (cry)

V3 - Mandibular division

-both motor and sensory -sensory: -motor: muscles of mastication -sensory: cutaneous sensation to the ear, lower face & jaw, lower lip, anterior 2/3 tongue, and lower teeth -passes through foramen ovale -passes through mandibular foramen to enter jaw -passes through mental foramen to reach skin -Motor (4 muscles of mastication): Temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids -Sensory •Spreading out inferior to face •Emerge from foramen ovale and then enters jaw through mandibular foramen •Provide sensory intervention for mandibular teeth (lower teeth) •Pass out through mental foramen, reaches skin •Provides sensory inside the oral cavity (tongue, ⅔ of tongue, floor of mouth, below tongue, and inside of cheek)

cranial cavity

-brain, spinal cord

nasal (2)

-bridge of nose -small bone that forms superior portion of nose

zygomatic (2)

-cheeckbone -sharp portion of cheek -extend from under the lateral edges of the eye sockets (orbits) back to the suture line where they meet the zygomatic process of the temporal bone zygomatic arch (narrow curved bone) = parts of zygomatic bone + zygomatic process narrow curved bone

Medial pterygoid

-closes jaw -elevates mandible

temporalis

-closes jaw -elevates mandible

pia mater of brain

-covers the surface of brain -contains tiny blood vessels carries blood to provide nutrients to brain tissue

pia mater of spinal cord

-delicate lining the surface of spinal cord -white matter area, not the butterfly shape

3rd ventricle

-donut like appearance -right b/w right and left thalamis -CSF descends down canal (cerebral aqueduct) --> terminates at 4th ventricle

superior sagittal sinus arterial blood supply by middle meningeal artery

-drains venous blood of brain -"The veins that drain blood from the brain are located in the subdural space"

parietal bone

-either of two skull bones between the frontal and occipital bones and forming the top and sides of the cranium -central superior portion of cranium -contribute to sutures (coronal, sagittal, landoi, and squamous)

fibrous membrane

-fibrous pericardium: fused to parietal layer of serous pericardium membrane -provides strength to pericardial sac and prevents heart from overfilling

frontal bone

-forehead -extends from top of eye sockets up to the coronal suture

Know the major bones of the human skull.

-frontal -parietal (2) -temporal (2) -occipital -sphenoid/orbit -ethmoid -nasal (2) -zygomatic (2) -maxilla/maxillary -mandible -vomer -lacrimal (2) -inferior nasal conchae (2) -palatine (2) -choana/posterior Nasal aperture (2)

Identify the following structures in a sample tissue of spinal cord? Anterior horn, Posterior horn, Grey matter, White matter, Central canal, Lateral horn

-gray matter = butterfly -white matter = not butterfly -anterior (ventral) horn = fat bottom winged portion -lateral (dorsal) horn = small top winged portion -central canal = little hole in butterfly (grey matter) in the center

thoracic cavity

-heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, aorta, superior and inferior vena cava -2 pleural cavities (lungs) -mediastinum cavity (heart) -"separated from abdominal cavity via diaphragm" -"contains 3 smaller cavities" -"part of digestive system"

mediastinum

-heart: great vessels, esophagus, trachea

lacrimal (2)

-interior of eyes, medial, anterior to ethmoid -paired, smallest bones of skull -situated in medial portion of each orbit and contain a shallow groove, lacrimal groove -slight depression in opening of nasal cavity and orbital -nasolacrimal duct

vomer

-interior of nose that divides it in half on the midsagittal plane -forms the inferior portion of the body nasal septum

abdominal organs

-intraperitoneal -retroperitoneal -infraperitoneal

ethmoid

-irregularly shaped bone that forms the most anteromedial floor of cranium -interior of eyes, medial

mandible

-jaw -only movable bone of skull -lower jaw -The mandible consists of the horizontal body and the two rami (singular, ramus) that extend upward to form part of the temporomandibular joint (often shortened to TMJ). The posterior process is the head of the mandible, also called the condyle or condylar process. The head fits into the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and is held there with ligaments. The anterior process of the mandibular ramus is called the coronoid process.

manubrium

-jugular notch -calvicular notch (articular end for clavicle) -costal notch 1 (articular end for rib 1) & 2 -sternal angle -"it articulates with both the right and left clavicles" -"it articulates with the body of sternum" -DOES HAVE costal notches -"it is the most superior part of the sternum" -"the suprasternal notch forms its superior border"

CN 10 muscles

-larynx -superior constrictor -middle constrictor -inferior constricter -palatopharyngeus -salpingopharyngeus

inferior nasal conchae (2)

-lateral to vomer -curl off lateral wall of nasal cavity -are paired scroll-like bones found on each side of the nasal septum

xiphoid process

-lower portion of the sternum -V shape, tail

pleural cavity

-lungs -airways -blood vessels

pleural

-lungs 1. visceral pleura 2. parietal pleura

sternum parts

-manubrium -body -xiphoid process

arachnoid mater of brain

-middle layer -tight on inner surface of dura mater due to CSF pressure -subarachnoid space extends to pia mater -CSF is b/w arachnoid and pia mater

CN 12

-motor: extrinsic + intrinsic muscles of tongue muscles: -Extrinsic Muscles: 1. genioglossus (muscle that protrudes tongue) 2. hyoglossus (muscle that depresses tongue) 3. styloglossus (muscle that retrudes tongue) -hypo = below -nerve coming up to tongue from bottom -goes through hypoglossal canal (emerges through canal and travels towards tongue) -target structure is tongue -intrinsic = raise

ball and socket joint

-movement in many (all) directions around 1 center -hip, shoulder -"movement in 3 planes"

2 large lateral ventricles

-named 1 & 2 -CSF production occurs in lateral ventricles -delicate structure, creates CSF -choroid plexus (within all ventricles) -CSF provides nourishment and support weight of brain -CSF filling the subarachnoid space

irregular bone

-none of the others -irregular shape ex. vertebrae, hip

ethmoid air cells ethmoid sinus

-not paired -18 small ethmoid air cells in adults -found in the spongy ethmoid bone in the upper part of the nose between the eyes. -They are lined with cells that make mucus to keep the nose from drying out.

choana/posterior nasal aperture (2)

-openings found at the back of the nasal passage

lateral pterygoid

-opens jaw -assisted by platysma (muscle of facial expression)

maxillary sinus

-paired -lie inside the maxillary bone on either side of the nose. The floors of these sinuses lie just above the upper teeth, one reason that a maxillary sinus infection sometimes manifests itself as an ache in the upper teeth.

sphenoid sinus

-paired in back -lie more in the interior of the skull, just above the oral cavity. The ethmoid sinuses lie between the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and the medial walls of the orbits, just under the ethmoid bone. The sphenoid sinus lies medially, just below the sella turcica.

suppination

-palms up -posterior to anatomical position

sella turcica

-posterior to sphenoid, saddle shaped

thoracic cage, 2 surfaces

-protective enclosure of the thoracic cavity and the superior viscera of the abdominal cavity 1. superior surface: sternum, ribs, body of 1st thoracic vertebrae 2. inferior surface: body of 12th thoracic vertebrae, 11th & 12th rib, costal cartilage of ribs 7-10 xiphoid process of sternum

pronation

-rotating the hand and forearm so the palm goes from anatomical position to facing posteriorly -turning palm down

understand the different terms of movement

-rotation -flexion, extension -abduction, adduction -opposition, reposition -elevation, depression -pronation, supination -eversion, inversion -dorsiflexion -plantarflexion -protrusion, retrusion

V2 - Maxillary division

-sensory -cutaneous sensation to the cheek, face, upper lip, nasal, and oral cavities, and upper teeth -passes through the foramen rotundum -passes through inferior orbital fissure to enter the orbit and emerges to the face through the infraorbital foramen -sends branches to nasal cavity (nasal mucosa), roof of mouth (hard and soft palates), maxillary teeth

V1 - ophthalamic division

-sensory -cutaneous sensation to the forehead, bridge of nose, and surface of the eye -passes through the superior orbital fissure

Can you identify the fibroblasts in dense regular connective tissue (tendon)? How about skeletal muscle?

-skeletal muscle is the redder portion with white lines -tendon it the tanner side with purple flat fibroblasts

frontal/coronal plane

-slices front half + back half (anterior & posterior) -abduction & adduction

Understand the artifacts during the tissue preparation. Can you give an example?

-something that's seen in the tissue that's not suppose to be there -distortion of tissue during processing producing structural abnormalities that are not present in the living tissue -ex. shrinking from stains or loss of lipids or glycogen

CN 11 quiz questions

-spinal accessory nerve -"It supplies the somatic fibers to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles" -"It comes off from the cervical spinal cord" -"It exists the skull through jugular foramen"

Can you distinguish the difference between the compact bone and spongy bone? What is predominantly found in the spongy bone (filled the space)?

-spongy bone has more air pocket looking circles (inside portion of bone) -compact bone has osteons, outside portion of bone -histology slide is a circle shape -red bone marrow in the spongy bone

body of sternum

-sternal angle -costal notches 2 --> 7 -articular end for ribs 7-10

dura mater of brain

-strongest and tough -most external -have infoldings (meningeal infoldings) -"The meninges have extensions, or dural foldings, that separate the brain from the cerebellum" -"The veins that drain blood from the brain are located in the subdural space" NOT 2 LAYERS

thoracic vertebrae parts

-superior articular process -superior articular facet -transverse costal facet -inferior demifacet -transverse process -inferior articular facet -spinous process -body -vertebral foramen -pedicle -lamina

vertebral column

-supports body; transfers weight -cervical: C1-C7 -thoracic: T1-T12 -lumbar: L1-L5 -sacrum: S1-S5 -coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae breakfast at 7 lunch at 12 dinner at 5

intraperitoneal

-suspended within abdominal cavity, covered by visceral peritoneum -LJ's TISS: liverm jejunum, stomach, transverse colon, ileum, sigmoid colon, spleen

Be able to identify the major structures of the skin.

-sweat gland -sebaceous glands -epidermis -dermis -hair follicle

arachnoid mater of spinal cord

-thin & "spiderweb" like, held tight against dura by pressure of CSF -subarachnoid space (filled with CSF)

Learn the components of the thoracic cage. What is the sternal angle? What are the false ribs, etc.

-thoracic cage -sternum -ribs -diaphragm -vertebral column

Have a basic understanding of the vertebral column and the thoracic vertebrae

-thoracic vertebrae (12) -larger than cervical but smaller than lumbar -articulation with ribs -body -vertebral foramen -vetebral arch (lamina & pedicle) -processes -unique to thoracic vertebrae: angles of superior and inferior articular facet & articulations with ribs the the superior demifacet and transverse costal facets

Understand CN 5 and its components.

-trigeminal -both motor & sensory -3 components: V1 - ophthalmic division V2 - Maxillary division Foramen Rotundum V3 - Mandibular division Foramen Ovale -All divisions come back to the trigeminal ganglion

Be familiar with skeletal terminology (points of muscle attachment and bony landmarks).

-tubercle (great, lesser) -sulcus -tuberosity -process -fossa -foramen -head -neck -shaft (diaphysis) -articular surface -condyle -epicondyle -trochanter (greater, lesser) -facet -notch

planar joint

-uniaxial gliding movement -shrugging -clavicle

pivot joint

-uniaxial movement around an axis on midsagittal plane by rotation -neck -ex. "joint b/w C1 & C2"

hinge joint

-uniaxial movement in 1 plane by flexion/extension -elbow, knee

maxilla/maxillary

-upper lip -upper jaw -forms the anterior aspect of the upper jaw and face -begins high on nose on each side of nasal bone and extends down to upper teeth, which grow out of this bone

CN 10

-vagus -motor (3 MUSCLES): soft palate muscles, pharyngeal & laryngeal muscles -sensory: general sense to the inferior pharynx and larynx, as well as the thoracic and abdominal organs -parasympathetic: thoracic and abdominal viscera down to 2/3 of transverse colon •in heart & GI tract, smooth muscle and glands of thoracic and abdominal viscera up to 2/3 colon -Largest area of distribution of any cranial nerves → a lot of target structures -Exits the skull through jugular foramen (call 911) -Supplies muscles of soft palate •Small muscles that elevate, block off entrance from nasal cavities from the back •Prevents food going into nasal cavity -Supplies muscles in pharynx: Swallows and prepare food motor in larynx = voice box -Sensory •Pharynx •Gag reflex, is glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve •Thoracic and abdominal cavities -Provided parasympathetics (rest, digest) •Slow down heart rate and respiration and increase rate of digestion within the same nerve

serous membranes, 2 types

-visceral: on top of the organ, deep, touches the organ/heart -parietal: outside layer, superficial

frontal sinus

-within frontal bone -located superior and medial to both eyes (orbits) -paired -b/w nose bridge -lie in the frontal bone on either side of the midline. They are just above the medial edge of the orbit at about the level of the eyebrows. You can see a frontal sinus on the split skull model. In some people, one or both frontal sinuses are reduced in size or absent.

Understand the pericardial sac

1. Fibrous Pericardium (outer layer) -Provides strength to the pericardial sac and prevents the heart from overfilling. 2. Parietal Layer of Serous Pericardium (middle layer) -Fused to the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium, helps the heartbeat in a frictionless environment. 3. Visceral Layer of Serous Pericardium (aka Epicardium, inner layer) -Not a layer of the pericardial sac, but rather the outermost layer of the heart. Is continuous with the parietal layer. -myocardium (cardiac muscle), further in past visceral layer

rib types

1. True Ribs 1-7: costal cartilages connect directly to sternum 2. False Ribs 8-10: costal cartilages connect indirectly to sternum through rib 7 3. Floating Ribs 11-12: no costal cartilage

Understand the arterial supply to the face and brain.

1. carotid arteries: runs through the neck and branches into carotids -internal carotid artery -external carotid artery -receptors: carotid sinus (baroreceptor) + carotid body (chemoreceptor) controlled by sinus nerve from CN 9 & 10 2. vertebral arteries

cribriform plate

CN 1

hypoglossal canal

CN 12

optic canal

CN 2

What cranial nerve innervates the medial rectus?

CN 3

medial rectus

CN 3 adduction

inferior rectus

CN 3 depression/Abduction

inferior oblique

CN 3 elevation/abduction

superior rectus

CN 3 elevation/adduction

superior orbital fissure

CN 3, 4, V1, 6

internal acoustic meatus

CN 7 & 8

Jugular foramen

CN 9, 10, 11

Know the basics of the cranial nerves (names, type of nerve information they carry, any parasympathetic).

CN I - Olfactory - sensory CN II - Optic - Sensory CN III - Oculomotor - motor CN IV - Trochlear - Motor CN V - Trigeminal - both CN V1 - Ophthalamic division - sensory CN V2 - maxillary division - sensory CN V3 - mandibular division - both CN VI - Abducens - motor CN VII - facial - both (PARASYMPATHETIC) CN VIII - vestibulocochlear - sensory CN IX - Glossopharyngeal - both CN X - Vagus - both CN XI - Accessory - motor Cn XII - Hypoglossal - motor

foramen rotundum

CN V2

foramen ovale

CN V3

lateral rectus

CN6 Abduction

superior oblique

Cn 4 depression/Abduction

order of type of joints that allows from limited to a large range of movement respectively:

Fibrous Joints, Cartilaginous Joints, Synovial Joints

CN 9

Glossopharyngeal -motor (1 MUSCLE): innervates stylopharyngeus muscle (muscle that elevates pharynx) -sensory: taste in posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx, carotid sinus, carotid body -parasympathetic = parotid gland -General sense and special sense of taste to the posterior ⅓ of the tongue, sensation to the pharynx, and monitors blood pressure and oxygen levels to the brain -Provides sense of taste on posterior ⅓ tongue -Sensation to pharynx -Sends branches to 2 structures in neck (carotid sinus, carotid body) -through posterior cranial fossa exiting through jugular foramen (911) -arise from brainstem -glosso = tongue -pharyngeal = pharynx = throat

Understand the most important anatomical terminology (terms of movement).

anatomical positions: -anterior (ventral) -posterior (dorsal) -superior (cranial) -inferior -medial (closer to midline) -lateral (further from midline) -rostral -caudal -proximal (only used for limbs) -distal (only used for limbs) -superficial (towards surface, ex skin) -deep

transversus thoracis

attaches like fingers from sternum to ribs; aid in depressing the ribs during expiration

Understand the axial and appendicular skeleton and their main function.

axial: bones that lie on the midsagittal plane involved in PROTECTION of organs - head, thoracic cage, & spine (skull, vertebrae, ribs) appendicular: bones in the limbs and girdles involved in weight transfer and movement (arms, legs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle)

neck

below the head of the bone (long bone)

CN 12 pathway

brainstem --> hypoglossal nerve --> down through foramen magnum --> through hypoglossal canal --> tongue

CN 10 pathway

brainstem --> vague nerve --> through posterior cranial fossa --> through jugular foramen --> motor + sensory + parasympathetic branches in face and body cavities

tubercle (greater, lesser)

bumps of bone varying in size

shaft (diaphysis)

central part of the bone (long bone)

CN 11 pathway

cervical spinal cord + brainstem (medullar) --> accessory nerve --> through foramen magnum --> through posterior cranial fossa --> through jugular foramen --> sternoclediomastoid + trapezius muscles

When the masseter muscles are contracted is the jaw open? Or closed?

closed

masseter

closes jaw and elevates mandible

function of cerebellum

coordination of movement

flexion

decreases the angle b/w 2 bones, movement in sagittal plane (hip, shoulder, wrist)

sulcus

depression line between greater and lesser tubercles

epicondyle

extension bump on top of the condyle (long bone)

process

extension of bone for muscle attachment or points of articulation (ex. vertebrae)

flat bone

flat: involved in protection ex. skull, scapula, sternum

pericardium

heart 1. visceral pericardium 2. parietal pericardium

foramen

hole through the bone for contents to pass through

extension

increases the angle b/w 2 bones (hip, shoulder, wrist)

trochanter (greater, lesser)

large bumps of the bone varying in size (femur)

condyle

large extension of the bone on the opposite end of the head of the bone (long bone)

CN 9 pathway

lateral brainstem --> glossopharyngeal nerve --> through posterior cranial fossa --> through jugular foramen --> stylopharyngeus muscle + tongue, pharynx, carotid sinus, carotid body + parotid gland

short bone

length = width ex. wrist and ankle

1. Can you identify the following structures in sample tissue of the eye? Cornea, Sclera, Lens, Anterior and Posterior Segments (cavities), and Ciliary bodies.

lens of the eye is attached to the ciliary body

What classification of bone are Clavicle, Humerus, Ilium, and Carpal bones respectively?

long, long, irregular, short

long bone

longer than they are wide ex. femur, radius, phalanges, arm, humerus, tibia

Which division of the trigeminal nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

mandibular division

median/midsagittal plane & sagittal plane

median (midsagittal): separates body left and right, cuts down the middle of body •Parasagittal is the same as sagittal •Sagittal: off-center but sliced down the middle

depression

moving downwards (scapula)

retrusion

moving jaw backward (mandible)

protrusion

moving jaw forward (out) in sagittal plane -mandible

elevation

moving upwards in the frontal/coronal plane (scapula)

You are unable to look up (elevate) with your eyes. Which cranial nerve would be affected?

oculomotor (CN 3)

plantarflexion

point toes down

tuberosity

roughened area of bone meant for muscle attachment

head

rounded projection on the end of the bone (long bone)

sesamoid bone

sits in the middle of a tendon ex. patella, in thumb

fossa

smooth depression within the bone for muscle to sit or attach (hips, shoulder blades)

articular surface

smooth surface at the point of contact b/w 2 bones that reduces friction (long bone)

rotation

spinning about an axis (hip, shoulder, head), transverse plane

The doctor asks you to look down and to the right with your right eye. Which muscle is responsible for this combination of movements?

superior oblique

internal carotid arteries

supplies to brain (temporal, frontal, parietal) branches into the circle of willis

external carotid artery

supplies to neck & face

reposition

thumb & pinkie return to anatomical position

opposition

thumb and pinkie meet together (touch)

eversion

turn foot away from midline

inversion

turn foot towards midline

notch

type of articular surface where another bone sits in the depression (ulna)

facet

type of articular surface where one bone overlaps with another (ribs and vertebrae)

subclavius

underneath the clavicle to move it inferiorly

pterygoids

Muscles of mastication that move your jaw from side to side.

Nemonic for the order of the cranial nerves

OOOT, TAF, VG, VAH