lab practical 2 bio 105 reidford Usi

Gyrus

ELEVATION in the cerebral cortex; increases the surface area

Phenol red indicates

Fats

Form and function are related. describe how the "form" of the tracheal wall is related to its four functions.

Firmness ensures trachea is always open and allows esophagus to expand

bicep brachii (flexes/extends) the forearm

Flexes

What is a listing of all foods eaten for a day?

Food Daily

Name the muscle group antagonistic to the quadriceps femoris group.

Hamstrings

Give an example of a basal metabolism activity?

Heart Rate, Breathing

what type of joint movement occurs when a muscle moves a body part AROUND ITS OWN AXIS?

Circumduction

muscle fatigue

Inability of muscle to maintain its strength of contraction or tension; may be related to insufficient oxygen, depletion of glycogen, and/or lactic acid buildup

what portion of the brain looks like a tree in the cross section?

Lateral Ventricle

what organ produces lipase and amylase that perform digestion in the small intestine?

Liver

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

extension

Moving jointed body parts away from each others

Flexion

Moving jointed body parts toward each other

what makes the white matter of the spinal cord appear white?

Mylein

if the chest volume decreased during an inhalation instead of increasing, what might be some reasons?

.Some reasons might be that there would be improper contraction of diaphragm or intercostal muscles that in turn would not allow the chest cavity to expand.

Air flow to Lungs

1. Nostrils 2. Nasal Cavity 3. Nasopharynx 4. Oropharynx 5. Glottis 6. Larynx 7. Trachea 8. Bronchus 9. Bronchioles 10. Alveoli

Sulcus

DEPRESSION in the cerebral cortex; increases the surface area

mouth

Passageway for air and food

Esophagus

Passageway for food to enter stomach

is the sciatic nerve part of the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system?

Peripheral

carpals

a group of small bones forming the wrist

the sartorius (abducts/adducts) the thigh.

abducts

Does pepsin function in an acidic or basic pH?

acidic

what part of an enzyme is specific for and accommodates its substrate?

active site

what type of joint movement occurs when a muscle moves a limb TOWARD THE MIDLINE of the body?

adduction

the adductor longus (abducts/adducts) the thigh

adducts

Alveoli

air sacs for gas exchange

Describe the damage to specific parts of the respiratory system with emphysema

alveolar walls are damaged and lungs lose elasticity

example of a basal metabolism activity

beating heart/breathing/maintaining body temperature

biceps brachii

bends forearm at elbow

rectus abdominis

bends vertebral column; compresses abdomen

what molecule emulsifies fats in the small intestine?

bile

Ideal weight includes lean body weight and what else?

body composition

calculation of ideal weight is considered to be the most accurate if it is based on your....

body composition

what two environmental conditions affect the ability of an enzyme to function properly?

boiling temp or pH

phalanges

bones of the fingers

Bronchi

branching airways

medulla oblongata

breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

Deltoid

brings arm away from side of body; moves arm up and down in front

pectoralis major

brings arm forward and across chest

Daily energy requirement must be in balance with what to not gain weight?

daily energy intake

Is compact bone located in the diaphysis or in the epiphyses?

diaphysis

The quadriceps femoris (extends/flexes) the leg

extends

tricep brachii (flexes/extends) the forearm

extends

gluteus maximus

extends thigh back

parietal bone

extends to sides of skull

The enzyme lipase digests

fats

in which sex is it natural to have a higher percentage of body fat?

female

name the strongest bone in the lower limbs

femur

nasal cavity

filters, warms, and moistens air

does the quadriceps femoris flex or extend the leg?

flex

the biceps femoris (extends/flexes) the leg

flexes

With age, the BMR decreases. What is the implication for daily energy intake?

fluid intake

frontal bone

forms the forehead

4 lobes of the cerebrum

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

if the average energy intake/day equals the average energy requirement/day, the person will not _______

gain or lose weight

What organ stores bile?

gallbladder

what muscle forms the buttocks?

gluteus maximus

temporal lobe

hearing

Describe the damage to specific parts of the respiratory system with asthma

inflammation of bronchial tubes; the tubes get swollen and intercostal muscles tighten

What part of the ear contains the sensory receptors for hearing?

inner ear

what type of neuron is found completely within the central nervous system?

interneuron

what structures absorb the products of digestion in the small intestine?

jejunum

what does "kcal" mean?

kilocalories

patella

kneecap

foramen magnum

large opening through which spinal cord passes to communicate with brain

temporal bone

located on sides of skull

Mandible

lower jaw

Hypothalamus

maintains homeostasis

liver

major metabolic organ that produces bile for emulsification of fats

what molecule is present after pancreatic amylase digests starch?

maltose

what structures protect the spinal cord?

mengines

What is the most posterior part of the brain stem?

midbrain

intercostal muscles

muscles between the ribs

what type of neuron is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses from the spinal cord to an effector?

neurotransmitter

Nostril

one of the two openings of the nose

lung

organ of gas exchange

what are bone cells called?

osteocytes (mature) & osteoblasts (immature)

dura mater

outer protection of the cerebrum

What cerebral lobe is associated with the sense of vision?

parietal

descending colon

part of colon that progresses downward (caudally)

transverse colon

passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen

what reagent was used to test for the digestion of proteins?

pepsin

what is the name given to a sample that contains the factor being tested and that goes through all the steps of the experiment?

positive control

SDA refers to energy needed for what activity?

processing food

Actin and myosin are what type of biological molecule?

protein

what results from the digestion of proteins by pepsin?

protein digestion

The enzyme pepsin digests

proteins

Trapezius

raises scapula, as when shrugging shoulders; pulls head backward

frontal lobe

responsible for personality

where are carbohydrates first digested by an enzyme?

salivary glands

salivary glands

secrete saliva that contains digestive enzymes for carbohydrates

neuromuscular junction

the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies (P. 166 in lab manual)

Humerus

the large long bone of the arm

tibia

the larger of the two long bones of the leg;

Radius

the long bone of the forearm; with a pivot joint at the elbow that allows rotational motion

femur

the long bone of the thigh

Ulna

the other long bone of the forearm, with a hinge joint at the elbow that allows motion in only one plane.

Explain how increasing the chest volume will force air to flow into the lungs.

the pressure from the diaphragm causes our lungs inflate, thus we inhale and when the diaphragm deflates, it makes us exhale.

Fibula

the smaller of the two long bones of the leg

Pharynx

throat, the common passageway for food/liquid from the mouth and for air from the nose

parietal lobe

touch and taste

optic nerve

transmits impulses to and from eye

spinal cord

transmits impulses to and from the brain

ascending colon

travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver

Eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward

tibialis anterior

turns foot upward, as when walking on heels

what is the anatomical for the eardrum that picks up sound waves?

tympanic membrane

Maxilla

upper jaw

You smell something delicious, and you want to inhale deeply to enjoy the smell more. Explain how you can increase the chest volume more than usual. What other muscles might be involved?

using my diaphragm to help increase the volume of my lungs to allow for more breathing.

occipital lobe

vision

Larynx

voice box; production of sound

arbor vitae

white matter of the cerebellum

cross section of spinal cord

white matter surrounds gray matter

Trachea

windpipe; main airway

Thalamus

"Gate keeper"; allows sensations to the cerebral cortex

Requirements for protein and fat digestion

(Table 9.4 on page 113 in manual) 1. Specific Enzyme 2. Specific substrate 3. Warm Temperature 4.Specific pH 5. Time 6.Fat Emulsifier

Path of air leaving the body

1. alveoli 2.bronchioles 3.bronchus 4.trachea 5.larynx 6.glottis 7.nasopharynx 8.nasal cavity 9.nose

Path of Air Entering the Body

1.nose 2.nasal cavity 3.nasopharynx 4.glottis 5.larynx 6.trachea 7.bronchus 8.bronchioles 9.alveoli

generally speaking, a male should have no more that what percentage body fat?

16%

how many kcal are equal to a pound of fat?

3500

A normal human body temperature in Celsius is:

37 degrees

Glycerinated muscle requires the addition of what molecule to supply the energy for muscle contraction?

ATP

Bronchiole

Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.

Why does a tall, thin person have a higher BMR than a short, stout person?

BMR is dependent on BSA

Daily energy requirement includes energy for physical activity, SDA, and what else?

BMR/ day

Cerebellum

Balance and coordination

(Bell Jar) Lungs

Balloons

(Bell Jar) Thoracic Cavity

Bell Jar

BMI values

Below 19 = Underweight above 25 = overweight above 30 = obese

what two tests were done to test for starch digestion?

Benedict's and Lugoi's

What part of the brain is divided into right and left hemisphere?

Cerebral hemisphere

Biurets test indicates

Proteins

(Bell Jar) Diaphragm

Rubber Membrane

Stomach

Secretes pepsin for protein digestion and acid to maintain stomach acidity; Churns to encourage digestion and sends food to small intestine

Diaphragm

Skeletal muscle of respiration

Describe the reasons for expecting larger lung volumes from "stronger" lungs as opposed to "weaker" lungs

Stronger lungs always have higher volume capacity than weak lungs. Stronger lungs have good circulation of blood and that's why we can expect that they have strong bronchioles, bronchi, trachea and other parts of lungs

How to calculate Lean Body Weight (LBW)

Subtract the amount of your body fat from present weight

if the rubber membrane of the bell jar model lung were accidently punctured by sharp nails, what would be the effect on the two balloons?

The rubber membrane of the bell jar model lung represents the diaphragm.When diaphragm contracts and relaxes, air is pushed in and out of the lungs respectively.When it is ruptured, breathing and circulation will be affected and abdominal contents could move into the chest cavity leading to a decrease in lung volume.

The respiratory membrane is made of two thin membranes from the alveolus and capillary walls. what is important about the thinness of the membranes?

The thinness of the membranes is because this is where a gas exchange happens.

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward

(Bell Jar) Trachea

Y-Shaped tube

lateral ventricle

cerebral spinal fluid

what are the vertebrae in the neck region called?

cervical vertebrae

Sternum

chest bone

what bones are part of a pectoral girdle?

clavicle and scapula

Clavicle

collar bone

external oblique

compresses abdomen; rotation of trunk

small intestine

contains bile from gallbladder to emulsify fat and digestive enzymes from pancreas: lipase digests fat, pancreatic amylase digests starch, Pepsin digests proteins; Produces enzymes to finalize digestion to nutrient molecules that enter the blood

Release of a neurotransmitter at a neuromuscular junction causes a muscle fiber to....

contract

What part of the eye refracts and focuses light rays?

corena

Epiglottis

covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing

occipital bone

curves to form back of skull

fornix

separate lateral and third ventricle

scapula

shoulder bone

olfactory bulb

smell

does compact bone or spongey bone contain red bone marrow?

spongey

Lugol's Iodine indicates

starch

The enzyme amylase digests

starch

what component of foods is digested by pancreatic amylase?

starch

Rectum

stores and regulates elimination of feces (Know where this is)

Gallbladder

stores bile from liver and sends it via ducts to the small intestine

triceps brachii

straightens forearm at elbow

quadriceps femoris

straightens leg at knee; raises thigh

skeletal muscle is voluntary, and its appearance is ______ because of the placement of actin and myosin fibers.

striated

Describe how the "form" of the bronchial wall is related to two functions

structurally, the bronchi are made up of cartilage that gives them stability and prevents their collapse.

Benedict's test indicates

sugar

corpus callosum

the "Bridge" of neurons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

Zygomatic bone

the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek

Describe the damage to specific parts of the respiratory system with chronic bronchitis

the bronchial tubes get inflammation and causes into coughing which leads into lot of mucus formation.