Lab Urinalysis
Fruity smelling urine:
bacteria
Ammonia smelling urine:
bacteria & diabetes
Leukocytes in the urine sediment and a positive nitrite reaction on the urinary colorimetric strip give presumptive evidence that the patient may have a:
bacterial infxn
Aged urine samples left at room temp. and exposed to UV light may cause a false negative result in which of the following biochemical tests:
bilirubin
The Ictotest is used to detect __ in urine.
bilirubin
What urine sediment component would be mos significant?
blood cells
In what species is ketonuria most commonly found?
bovine
Fresh urine appears what color when myoglobinuria is present?
brown
The most common urine crystal seen in horses and rabbits is:
calcium carbonate
Which of the following crystals is most likely to be foumd in the urine of an animal with ethylene glycol toxicity?
calcium oxalate
Which of the following statements regarding casts is false?
casts dissolve in acidic urine
Fat droplets in urine samples are most commonly seen in:
cats
The urine of an animal with hematuria is most likely to be?
cloudy and red
A good initial urinary screening tests for suspected Cushing dz is:
cortisol/creatinine ratio
Crystalluria:
crystals in the urine- can cause kidney irritation
Squamous epithelial cells are NOT normally seen in urine samples obtained by:
cystocentesis
What change would NOT be seen in stale urine?
decrease in pH
A drop of __ added to the urine sediment lyses RBC's but not fat droplets.
dilute acetic acid
What can you do if the SG of a urine sample is greater than 1.065?
dilute it 1:2 with distilled water
Color-less:
dilute urine- PD, diabetes, renal dz.
Azoturia:
excess urea in the urine
Polyuria:
excessive amounts of urine
In a urine sample, a red blood cell may be easily confused with a/an:
fat droplet
The best sample to examine for specific gravity of canine urine it the:
first morning sample
Casts seen urine sediment are:
formed in renal tubules
Clear, slightly cloudy:
fresh urine
Stress and epinephrine release and release in cats may cause an increase in:
glucose
Glucosuria, Glycosuria, Dextrosuria:
glucose (sugar) in the urine- uncontrolled diabetic
A renal cast is:
glycoprotein mold of the renal tubules
What type of cast is the most common on found in urine?
granular
Before beginning other diagnostics of the urine, a __ examination is recommended.
gross
Mr. Downing has brought in a urine sample from Cleo, his 6 year old female spayed cocker spaniel. The color of the urine appears red. On centrifugation of the sample, you find that the supernatantis now clear. Most likely the red color was due to:
hematuria
Bright red:
hematuria, hemoglobinuria
A urine sample that shows 3+ occult blood on a dipstick and is grossly red and clear would most likely contain?
hemoglobin
False Hemoglobinuria:
hemoglobin that's coming from RBC's that are hemolyzed in the urinary system (bacteria)
Hemoglobinuria:
hemoglobin that's coming from RBC's that ruptured in the vascular system (DIC)
Which of these would NOT be associated with ketones in the urine?
hemolysis
Water deprivation tests should never be performed on patients with:
high MCV
Epithelial cells in urine are estimated as the number per?
high power field
Dark yellow, cloudy urine generally would be expected to have a:
high specific gravity
Dark yellow:
highly concentrated- normal for first morning urine
Calcium carbonate crystals are often seen in __ urine.
horse
Mucus is normally often seen in __ urine.
horse
Cloudy with mucous:
horse urine
Normal voided urine is clear, except in which of the following species?
horses
In order for glycosuria to occur, which of the following must also be present?
hyperglycemia
Perenal azotemia refers to:
increases in BUN resulting from dehydration, shock, and/or decreased blood flow to the kidneys
Postrenal azotemia refers to?
increases in BUN resulting from the inability to urinate
Cystitis:
inflammation of the bladder (secondary issue) due to infected kidney/urethra
Nephritis:
inflammation of the kidneys (may involve the glomerulus, tubule, interstitial renal tissue)
Urine often has a sweet odor if which of the following is present?
ketones
Ketonuria:
ketones in the urine; seen w/ animals with diabetes mellitis result of fat being broken down to meet the animals energy needs
Sweet smelling urine:
ketones, diabetes & bacteria
The presence of protein in the urine may indicate?
kidney dz.
Anuria:
lack/without urine (sign of kidney failure)
An ammonium biurate crystal is sometimes described as:
looking like a thorny apple
Urine samples should be centrifuges at a:
low speed (1000 to 3000 rpm) for 20 min.
Urine crystals are estimated as the average per:
low-power feild
How would you expect the SG of dilute, colorless urine to compare with that of dark yellow urine?
lower
Struvite crystals are composed of:
magnesium ammonium phosphates
Isothenuria:
maintenance of concentration osmolitiy regardless of changes in osmotic pressure in the blood (occurs when USG approaches that of glomerular filtrate; between 1.008-1.012) urine not concen. by the kidneys
Brown urine most likely contains:
myoglobin
Myoglobinurea:
myoglobin in the urine (muscle protein)- severe muscle damage
Brown:
myoglobinuria
Straw, yellow, amber:
normal
Pale yellow, yellow:
normal dilute
Orange:
normal for rabbits, horses, and can be caused by certain drugs
Crystals in urine sediment often indicate:
nothing
Ketoacidosis (Ketosis):
occurs early in lactation when energy from milk production exceeds the nutritional intake; caused by insufficient cholesteral
Isothenuria is urine that would most likely have a specific gravity:
of 1.010
What is becoming a common type of urolith in cats?
oxalate
Dark yellow, bright green:
presence of biopigment +/- green foam
Urinary pH is NOT affected by the:
presence of crystals in the urine
What condition could result in myoglobinuria?
prolonged recumbency
In order for a cast to form, what be present in the filtrate?
protein
What substance increases in the urine in glomerular dz?
protein
Pyuria:
pus in the urine accompanied by bacteria (seen in cats)
Milky, rusty brown:
rabbit urine
What is the smallest epithelial cells seen on a urine sediment examination?
renal cell
WBC's in urine sediment may be confused with:
renal epithelial cells
Urine specific gravity is actually a measure of which of the following?
renal tubular function
Oliguria:
scant amounts of urine
Ketonemia:
seen with ketones in the blood (excess amount) seen w/ high fat diet, starvation, long term anorexia & impaired liver function
Calcium oxalate crystals are:
small squares that contain an x
The ability of the renal tubules to concentrate or dilute a urine sample is assessed by what component of the urinalysis?
specific gravity
The largest of the epithelial cells found in urine are the:
squamous epithelial cells
Urolitiasis:
stones/calculi in the urinary tract; calculi- mineral salts that are combining to form stones urolith- stone
Dipsticks for urine chemical analysis should always be:
stored in the refrigerator
The most common uroliths found in feline and canine urine are?
struvite
What is the most likely constituent of the grit seen in the urethra of male cats?
struvite
Cornified epithelial cells are synonymous with __ epithelial cells.
superficial
The normal numbers of erythrocytes and leukocytes in urine sediment do NOT exceed:
3-5 per high-power field
An alkaline urine pH can be the result of:
UTI
What urinalysis finding is consistent with bacterial cystitis in the dog and cat?
alkaline pH
Bacteria in urine sediment may be confused with:
amorphous phosphates or urates
Hyaline crystals:
are clear and colorless
Calcium oxalate crystals:
are seen with ethylene glycol toxicity
Sasha, a 11 year old spayed female domestic short hair cat, was accidentally over hydrated with IV fluids. You would expect her urine SG to be:
1.002
Which of the following is a typical specific gravity for dilute porcine urine?
1.010
Normal USG for dogs:
1.018-1.045 (1.025)
Normal USG for cats:
1.020-1.040 (1.030)
The specific gravity of a patients urine is so high you cannot measure it. You dilute the sample 1:2 with distilled water. Now the specific gravity is 1.032. What is the samples true specific gravity?
1.064
Reddish-brown:
+myoglobinuria, hemoglobinuria, hematuria
All of the following are assessed in a routine urinalysis, except?
BUN
Which of the following would NOT be on a urine dipstick?
BUN
Urine samples collected in the morning from housebroken dogs tend to be:
the most concentrated samples
For cytologic evaluations of urine, which of the following conditions should be observed:
the specimen may sit at room temp, for up to six hours
The specific gravity of urine is a measure of:
the weight of urine compared with the weight of water
Which of these cells is not an epithelial cell found in urine sedimentation:
trigeminal
What crystal is commonly described as having a coffin-lid appearance?
triple phosphate crystal
Struvite crystals is another name for:
triple phosphate crystals
Ammonia is metabolized by the liver and eliminated by the kidneys. Levels of which metobolic by-product of ammonia are measured to assess kidney function?
urea nitrogen
Micturition:
urination
What test on the urine dipstick is the least useful in animals?
urobilinogen
Urea:
waste product of protein metabolism formed in the liver & excreted in urine
Glycosuria exists:
when blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold for absorption of glucose
A control should be run on the urine dipstick:
when there is a shift change in personnel