Labs

Looking at the population projections for the world population until 2050, what is the trend related to fertility?

As fertility decreases, population size increases more slowly.

What are the ecological consequences of losing arthropod or plant biodiversity to exotic species or habitat destruction? (Written answer)

The ecosystem would be destroyed.

In an ecological pyramid, the widest bar is almost always the ___, which is a species that ___.

producer, photosynthesize

A sailing ship stopped at several islands, releasing one mating pair of goats onto each one. On the large island, the goats' growth rate was approximately exponential for a long time. If their per capita growth rate is 0.5 per year, how many years will it take before the goat population reaches 1000?

16 years

A sailing ship stopped at several islands, releasing one mating pair of goats onto each one. On the smallest island, the limited food supply could only support a total of 1500 goats. If their per captia growth rate is 0.5 per year, how many years will it take before the goat population reaches 1000?

18 years

A company is starting a fish farm in a man-made lake with a carrying capacity of 7500. The CEO wants to have a population of 5000 fish after 3 years, if the yearly population growth rate is 2.0, about how many fingerlings should they add to the lake to start their population?

250

Children receiving chemotherapy or bone marrow transplants to treat cancer have a weakened immune system. Some vaccinations are immunocompromised individuals in a community? (Choose all that apply)

1. Achieve high vaccination rates to provide herd immunity. 2. Create an alternative non-live vaccine. 3. Vaccinate their family and close contacts.

Which of the following were accurate conclusions from the experiment? Select all that apply.

1. Areas with low plant diversity had low arthropod diversity. 2. The number of plant and arthropod species in an area were related. 3. Areas with high plant diversity had high arthropod diversity.

Assuming the low fertility variant, which group of countries will have a decrease in population by 2100, compared to 2015 levels? Choose all that apply.

1. High-income countries 2. Middle-income countries 3. Upper-middle-income countries

Under constant fertility, which of the following population(s) will decrease between 2015 and 2100? Choose all that apply.

1. Japan

This interactive assumes one index patient (patient zero). However, a real outbreak is often not recognized until there are multiple patients. The vaccine used in recent Ebola outbreak is not yet licensed, but there is increasing evidence of its efficacy. For that reason, experts are recommending "compassionate use", in which those at the greatest risk are offered the vaccine even though it is unlicensed. Select the Ring Vaccination option for Ebola and examine the structure of a ring vaccination. What parameters would you use to set up a vaccination protocol for an Ebola outbreak? Assume that individuals will only be immunized after giving informed consent. Select all that apply.

1. Locate any infected person and vaccinate their family members. 2. Vaccinate all healthcare workers because they could be treating infected people. 3. Vaccinate people who could come in contact with an infected people. 4. Vaccinate secondary contacts- the people who would come into contact with people who would be in contact with an infected person.

Assuming the medium fertility variant, which group of countries will have a decrease in population by 2100, compared to 2015 levels? Choose all that apply.

1. Low-income countries 2. Lower-middle-income countries 3. Upper-middle-income countries 4. None of the groups of countries will decrease.

Consider the projections for low-income countries' populations into the 21st century (in assessment mode). Which of the following fertility scenarios will result in a decrease in their collection population? Choose all that apply.

1. No fertility scenario will result in a decrease in population.

The location of dots in the Dot Panel represents the general proximity between people. This is a screenshot of a dot panel where 80% of the population was vaccinated for measles. How would the spread of the disease be different if patient zero was in the starred location within the population? Select all that apply.

1. The initial infections would be higher because there are more unvaccinated individuals near patient zero. 2. Patient zero would spread measles to individuals nearby who could then spread measles to more unvaccinated individuals.

Start by selecting measles at 0% vaccination from the Settings panel. Run the stimulation several times. Then click on the Compare tab and select another disease along with the measles both at 0% vaccination and run the simulation several times. What do you observe? Select all that apply.

1. The number of infected people varies with the disease and with the disease and with the specific run of the simulation. 2. The measles appears to be a more contagious disease.

Which of the following factors threaten biodivirsity? Select all that apply.

1. habitat loss 2. climate change 3. human population increase

Look at the dataset for the world population in assessment mode. If fertility is low, population is predicted to be about ___ billion people by the year 2100, but if fertility is high, the population could reach ___ billion people. A medium level of fertility would result in a population of about ___ billion people by 2100.

7, 16, 11

What would you conclude after comparing the survivorship of the ground squirrel and the finch?

Both suffer high predation throughout the lifespan.

True or False: With low fertility, projected population size always decreases.

False

Looking at historical populations, if the model was used to predict the populations in the year 2000 based on growth rates from 1950-1955, it overestimated the population size of ___ countries, underestimated the population size of ___ countries, and was most accurate for ___ countries.

High-income, Low-income, Middle-income

Two populations of deer live in similar tracts of land. In tract A, the deer are left to forage on their own, in tract B, the villiage start providing supplemental food in the winter. What would you predict about the two populations after a few years?

If the villagers continue providing food, the deer in tract B will reach a higher steady state population, due to an increased carrying capacity.

In this graph, what does fertility represent?

The average number of children a woman has in her lifetime.

Niger has one of the highest fertility rates in the world. If fertility rates were to drop significantly to the Low Fertility population projection, would its population begin to decrease before 2100?

No, it may level off near 2100, but will continue to increase throughout the century.

Compare South Africa and Nigeria. Both are countries in a region commonly referred to as Sub-Saharan Africa. How do the population projections for each country relate given the medium fertility projection?

South Africa's population does not increase much, while Nigeria's population increases considerably more.

If the following data were obtained from the experiment instead, what conclusion would you draw about the relationship between plant diversity and arthropod diversity? (Graph with number of plant species (y) and number of arthropod species (x))

There is no apparent relationship between plant and arthropod diversity.

What do you notice about human survivorship in 2010 compared to 1910?

There was greater difference in survivorship between the sexes in 2010.

When a particular marine invertebrate species spawns, it releases thousands of eggs. The larvae spend months in the plankton before settling down into the substrate for the adult stage. Only a few of the thousands of eggs survive to become reproductive adults. What survivorship type would you predict for this species?

Type III

In the 2017-2018 flu season, the CDC estimates that just under 40% of adults were vaccinated against the flu. In the interactive, compare the 40% vaccination rate for seasonal flu to a 50% vaccination rate. Run the simulation multiple time. Does there appear to be a higher incidence rate of flu within the same time period for one of these environments?

Yes, most of the time the incidence of flu will be higher with 40% vaccination.

Plant diversity in the experiment was sampled by

averaging the number of plant species counted within three hula hoops per area.

Nutrient cycling, food, medicine, and ecosystem stability are all benefits of

biodivirsity

The purpose of this experiment was to

determine the relationship between numbers of plants and arthropods in various habitats.

These data represent a pyramid of ___. The trophic level transfer efficiency for the large fish is ___.

energy, 5.48%

Organisms not native to a region are called ____ species.

exotic

A typical ecosystem has ___ top carnivores, because energy is ____ at each transfer between trophic levels.

few, lost

The Spanish flu was a deadly strain of the seasonal flu that caused the flu pandemic of 1918. The virus infected an estimated 500 million people worldwide and killed between 20 to 50 million people. This pandemic occurred before flu vaccines were available. Compare the Spanish flu. Compare several runs for each pair of diseases. Measles infection rates are ___ compared to the Spanish flu. Ebola infection rates are ___ compared the Spanish flu. Season flu infection rates are ___ compared the Spanish flu.

higher, about the same, about the same

These data represent a pyramid of ___. This is an unusual ecosystem because there are ___ producers that consumers.

numbers (inverted), fewer

The data represent a pyramid of ___. The secondary carnivores are the ___.

numbers, birds

In the interactive graph for exponential and logistic growth, the y-axis shows ___ and the x-axis shows ___.

population size, time

Which exotic species was encountered during the experiment?

reed canary grass

Looking at the line graph for each scinario, the y-axis is ___ for the high vaccination rate, because ___ people become infected.

smaller, fewer

Arthropod diversity in the experiment was sampled by

sweep netting an area for 60 seconds and counting the total species.

What is biodiversity?

the number and abundance of species

The x-axis represents ___ graphed on a ___ scale and the y-axis represents ___ on a ___ scale.

years of age, linear, survivorship, log