Lahey test banks
acoustic codes.
. As often as it is possible, we store information in short-term memory in the form of
Third stage
10. According to the stage model of memory, which stage is the most permanent memory store?
human brain; computer
2. Information processing theories of memory emphasize the apparent similarities between the operation of the ______ and the ______.
What changes in the brain have researchers associated with later adulthood? A) 8% decrease in brain weight B) 8% increase in white matter C) 8% increase in gray matter D) No changes have been found
A) 8% decrease in brain weight
The disease known as ______ impairs the ability of the body's immune system to fight bacteria, viruses, and cancer. A) AIDS B) leukemia C) osteoporosis. D) lupus
A) AIDS
. Of the following ethnic groups, which has the highest percentage of deaths due to suicide? A) American Indians B) Asian Americans C) African Americans D) Non-Hispanic whites
A) American Indians
Which of the following are beliefs and opinions that influence people to behave in certain ways? A) Attitudes B) Tenets C) Laws D) Theories
A) Attitudes
Which theory states that we tend to explain our behaviors as being the result of particular causes? A) Attribution theory B) Attitudinal theory C) Conditioning theory D) Dissonance theory
A) Attribution theory
Sara learns that her attitudes regarding thinness contributed to the development of an eating disorder in her daughter. According to Festinger, why would Sara change her attitude regarding thinness? A) Cognitive dissonance B) Balance theory C) Reactance D) Self-perception
A) Cognitive dissonance
. Which hypothesis states that abnormal behavior is similar to normal behavior but is a more severe and harmful form of it? A) Continuity hypothesis B) Psychoanalytic hypothesis C) Discontinuity hypothesis D) Medical hypothesis
A) Continuity hypothesis
6. Which of the following concepts helps to explain why a group of bystanders would not help another person in need? A) Diffusion of responsibility B) Cognitive dissonance C) Groupthink D) Obedience to authority
A) Diffusion of responsibility
Which of the following is the most common male sexual dysfunction? A) Erectile dysfunction B) Premature ejaculation C) Impotence D) Inhibited male orgasm
A) Erectile dysfunction
Which of the following is a goal of interpersonal psychotherapy in helping a client with depression? A) Express feelings in constructive ways B) Focus on understanding the past C) Develop a healthy pessimistic focus D) Fix all relationships, no matter what
A) Express feelings in constructive ways
If an infant begins talking at a very early age, what can you conclude about the child's future abilities? A) He child will continue talking. B) He child will learn to write early. C) He child will be a good debater. D) He child is very intelligent.
A) He child will continue talking.
In the DSM-IV-TR, personality disorders are known as Axis ______ disorders. A) II B) I C) III D) IV
A) II
Andy likes Clara, but Clara does not know this. What should Andy do to increase the chance that Clara will like him? A) Let Clara know he likes her through self-disclosure. B) Impress on Clara how perfect he is to show self-confidence. C) Shower Clara with excessive gifts to increase social bonding. D) Use the lowball technique on her.
A) Let Clara know he likes her through self-disclosure.
Which is one of the least important factors in the persuasiveness of the speaker? A) Logic B) Credibility C) Attractiveness D) Intent
A) Logic
Which of the following is a common side effect to electroconvulsive therapy? A) Memory loss B) Immune system weakening C) Cardiovascular deterioration D) Aggressive behavior
A) Memory loss
What is the relationship between morphemes and words? A) Morphemes are closely related to but not the same as words. B) Every word is composed of one morpheme. C) Morphemes and words are exactly the same thing. D) Every word is composed of at least two morphemes.
A) Morphemes are closely related to but not the same as words.
"I realize that everyone is talking about me, mostly behind my back. Yesterday I read the paper and found that all the reporters were writing specifically about me. I found coded messages in several articles, which of course only I could decipher." Which disorder is the person in question most likely to be diagnosed with? A) Paranoid schizophrenia B) Catatonic schizophrenia C) Dissociative disorder D) Somatoform disorder
A) Paranoid schizophrenia
Jorge made the comment, "Things never work out for me. Anytime I'm involved in a project something breaks." What kind of thinking does Jorge's statement indicate? A) Personalization B) Selective abstraction C) Reaction formation D) Transference
A) Personalization
. According to Gilligan, moral development in males begins with ______ and moral development in females begins with ______. A) self-interest; self-interest B) self-interest; abstract principles of justice C) balanced concern for self and others; self-interest D) balanced concern for self and others; abstract principles of justice
A) self-interest; self-interest
In Piaget's cognitive development theory, the infancy period occurs during the _______ stage. A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational
A) sensorimotor
Adam has noticed that he can get more work out of his production crew when each member is given individual assignments than when an assignment is given to the crew as a whole. The reduction in output is likely to be the result of A) social loafing. B) deindividuation. C) forced compliance. D) disinhibition.
A) social loafing.
A therapist guided her client to perform new behaviors by giving instructions and demonstrations. The therapist most likely used A) social skills training. B) cognitive therapy. C) psychoanalytic therapy. D) humanistic therapy.
A) social skills training.
Incest is said to occur when A) someone is sexually victimized by a family member. B) a man is sexually victimized by a woman. C) a woman is sexually victimized by a man. D) a homosexual is sexually victimized by a heterosexual.
A) someone is sexually victimized by a family member.
An interactive dialogue is a process where group members influence each other by A) speaking back and forth to one another. B) giving speeches to large groups of people. C) minimizing the dissonance the crowd feels. D) using polarization to bring the group together.
A) speaking back and forth to one another.
Edwin is afraid to ride in elevators, and he quit his job because he was being moved to the 27th floor of his office building. He would probably be classified as exhibiting a A) specific phobia. B) general anxiety disorder. C) somatoform reaction. D) hysterical reaction.
A) specific phobia.
You are worried about losing your job so much that you are motivated to do extra research for a job requirement. This conversion of stress into socially approved activities is the defense mechanism of A) sublimation. B) denial. C) regression. D) repression.
A) sublimation.
The first stage of progressive relaxation training is to determine A) the difference between relaxed and tense muscles. B) if health insurance will cover the cost. C) if you are limber enough to perform its basic tasks. D) your individual level of hypnotic susceptibility.
A) the difference between relaxed and tense muscles.
The tendency for low-credibility speakers to influence our attitudes after a time is called A) the sleeper effect. B) delayed attraction. C) the delayed effect. D) delayed credibility.
A) the sleeper effect.
The fundamental belief of cognitive-behavior therapy is that individuals are abnormal because A) their environment taught them to be abnormal. B) their parents became fixated at an early age. C) the id and ego employ too many defense mechanisms. D) the real self and ideal self are in tumultuous conflict.
A) their environment taught them to be abnormal.
The client's tendency to express feelings of affection and approval to the psychoanalyst is called A) transference. B) interpretation. C) free association. D) unconditional regard.
A) transference.
A person who dresses in the clothes of the opposite sex practices A) transvestism. B) transsexualism. C) voyeurism. D) exhibitionism.
A) transvestism.
College admission usually requires some demonstration of _______ and _______ abilities. A) verbal; logical-mathematical B) logical-mathematical; intrapersonal C) spatial; linguistic D) kinesthetic; artistic
A) verbal; logical-mathematical
Gilligan objected to Köhlberg's stages of moral reasoning primarily because his stages A) were biased, favoring male-styled morality. B) did not show clear stagelike separation of behaviors. C) were based on speculation other than objective research. D) were not correlated with actual moral behavior.
A) were biased, favoring male-styled morality.
Female monkeys who were reared alone for the first six months of their lives and placed with an opposite-sex monkey at adulthood A) were fearful or clumsy in sexual situations. B) usually behaved in hypersexual ways. C) were as sexually adjusted as monkeys reared with peers. D) did not engage in any sexual behaviors.
A) were fearful or clumsy in sexual situations.
control mechanism.
According to the information-processing model, attention serves as a
Which of the following is a facet of cognition?
Active
episodic; semantic
After a head injury, a person cannot recall any information about past life events. In spite of the loss of memory about past events, the person knows can name the current president and today's date. This illustrates a deficit in _______ memory but not in _______ memory.
You make your famous strawberry banana daiquiris for a gathering of your best friends. You use a recipe to ensure the correct combination of ingredients. Which approach to problem solving was used in this example?
An algorithm
According to motivated forgetting theory, which type of experience is most likely to be forgotten?
An upsetting experience
. Depersonalization is a form of schizophrenia.
Answer: False
. Erectile dysfunction involves the walls of the vagina being too narrow for the penis to penetrate.
Answer: False
. Posttraumatic stress disorder is found only in war veterans who experienced combat situations.
Answer: False
. Reflection is a technique used by psychoanalysts.
Answer: False
. Social loafing occurs when being a member of a group improves that individual's performance.
Answer: False
116. Psychotherapy is a specialized process in which a trained professional uses psychological methods to help a person with physical problems.
Answer: False
146. Prejudice occurs because we do what we are told by people in authority.
Answer: False
155. The DSM-IV-TR is a multiaxial system containing four axes.
Answer: False
185. Child molestation occurs when force is used in the commission of a sexual assault.
Answer: False
A person with a somatoform disorder is actually faking physical symptoms.
Answer: False
A person with catatonic schizophrenia holds false beliefs that seriously distort reality, including delusions of grandeur.
Answer: False
A phobia is a mild, realistic fear.
Answer: False
A positive goal also has a negative outcome when you are faced with an avoidance-avoidance conflict.
Answer: False
According to Hans Selye, the body's initial response to a stressor is resistance.
Answer: False
According to the optimal level of arousal theory, unskilled performers are more likely to succeed in front of an audience.
Answer: False
Agoraphobia is an intense fear of social interactions
Answer: False
Anxiety disorders are always triggered by a specific stimulus in the environment.
Answer: False
Attitudes are innate beliefs that are difficult to change. Answer: False
Answer: False
Client-centered psychotherapy emerged from a behaviorist viewpoint.
Answer: False
Compared to younger widows and widowers, older widows and widowers are more likely to exhibit depression.
Answer: False
Electroconvulsive therapy is no longer used to treat depression.
Answer: False
Exhibitionism is the practice of obtaining sexual pleasure by watching others undressing or engaging in sexual activities.
Answer: False
Generally, the more attractive a person is, the less persuasive they are.
Answer: False
Gestalt therapists try to encourage self-awareness by being warm and understanding of the client's feelings.
Answer: False
Hallucinations are false beliefs that distort reality.
Answer: False
Having a childlike temper tantrum because you don't get your way at work is an example of the intellectualization defense mechanism
Answer: False
Health psychology is a branch of psychology that studies individuals as they interact with others.
Answer: False
Highly depressed individuals tend to have fully functioning immune systems.
Answer: False
In forming impressions of others, the good often outweighs the bad.
Answer: False
In general, speakers are more persuasive if they obviously intend to change your opinion and have something to gain by changing your opinion.
Answer: False
In the DSM-IV-TR, to be diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder you must possess at least eight of the possible symptoms.
Answer: False
Inconsistencies between attitudes and behavior are uncomfortable, and this discomfort is called discrimination.
Answer: False
Insanity has only one legal meaning and three different psychological meanings.
Answer: False
Interpersonal psychotherapy is only used to treat people who have social phobias.
Answer: False
It is ethical for psychotherapists to date former patients.
Answer: False
Major life events cause stress because they are always negative.
Answer: False
Mania is a period of deep depression.
Answer: False
Obedience is reduced when individuals are led to feel less responsible for their actions.
Answer: False
One of the advantages of group therapy is that it is much more effective for people with severe anxiety disorders.
Answer: False
One principle of feminist psychotherapy is for women to repress the anger they feel over becoming second-class citizens in society.
Answer: False
People who are determined to be "insane" are diagnosed by psychiatrists.
Answer: False
Proponents of the continuity hypothesis prefer the term mental illness over abnormal behavior.
Answer: False
Rapists have a very specific psychological profile that can help identify sexual offenders.
Answer: False
Removing stress is always an ineffective coping strategy.
Answer: False
Someone with dependent personality disorder has few friendships, a high level of suspiciousness, and might believe that their mind can be read by others.
Answer: False
Stress produces either a psychological or physiological reaction, depending on the person.
Answer: False
Studies of listener characteristics have concluded that women are more easily persuaded than men.
Answer: False
Sublimation is an effective coping mechanism, because dangerous motives are reduced by attributing them to someone else.
Answer: False
The fundamental attribution error is our tendency to overestimate the importance of situations on others.
Answer: False
The goal of family therapy is to focus on the problems of the abnormal family member and help them find ways of fitting back into the family system.
Answer: False
The impact of the first information we learn about a person is called the erstwhile effect.
Answer: False
The most common means by which HIV is spread is through intravenous drug use.
Answer: False
To guard against groupthink, all members of the group should hold similar opinions.
Answer: False
Training bar servers has little impact in reducing excessive drinking in college students.
Answer: False
Transsexualism refers to the practice of dressing in clothes of the other sex.
Answer: False
Transvestites feel like they were born with the wrong genitals.
Answer: False
Uninvolved bystanders have a personality disorder called deindividuation.
Answer: False
Withdrawal has been shown with research to be an effective coping mechanism for dealing with stress.
Answer: False
Women are five times more likely to have AIDS in the United States than men.
Answer: False
Women are more likely to have health insurance compared to men.
Answer: False
Women place more emphasis on physical attractiveness when falling in love compared to men.
Answer: False
Abnormality is defined by the frequency of a particular disorder.
Answer: False Book: Lahey
. A person who feels as if he or she has become distorted or unreal, or that their surroundings are unreal, may be suffering from depersonalization.
Answer: True
. Cognitive therapy has been shown to be just as effective as antidepressant medications in the treatment of depression.
Answer: True
. Depressed people more accurately rate their social skills than nondepressed people.
Answer: True
132. Social psychologists study individuals as they interact with others.
Answer: True
157. Prejudice can be reduced if a person becomes aware of her or his own prejudices.
Answer: True
167. Conversion disorder and hypochondriasis are both types of somatoform disorders.
Answer: True
A compulsion is an irresistible urge to repeat a behavior over and over, even when unnecessary.
Answer: True
A new form of psychotherapy called interpersonal psychotherapy has emerged from the psychoanalytic tradition and has been found to be quite successful in many circumstances.
Answer: True
A person with a Type A personality tends to be hostile, aggressive, and angry with others.
Answer: True
A seemingly perfect person can become more attractive if she or he makes a mistake.
Answer: True
A soldier suffering severe stress reactions years after a war has ended describes the characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Answer: True
According to supernatural theory, abnormality was caused by evil spirits.
Answer: True
African Americans are half as likely to die from suicide as Asian Americans.
Answer: True
An unwanted sexual advance is one component of sexual harassment.
Answer: True
Beliefs that predispose us to act and feel in certain ways are known as attitudes.
Answer: True
Bringing unconscious conflicts into consciousness is the goal of psychoanalysis.
Answer: True
Catharsis is the process of letting out emotions based on unconscious conflicts.
Answer: True
Cognitive restructuring has been found to be most effective in the treatment of panic disorder.
Answer: True
Companionate love is a combination of friendship, intimacy, commitment, and security.
Answer: True
Compulsions are irresistible urges to carry out a behavior.
Answer: True
Conflict arises when two or more motives cannot be satisfied because they interfere with one another.
Answer: True
Decreased salt intake can be beneficial to individuals with high blood pressure.
Answer: True
Depression and mania are mood disorders.
Answer: True
Diffusion of responsibility suggests that the presence of other bystanders makes each individual less likely to assume any responsibility.
Answer: True
Equity theory is used to explain why relationships endure or end.
Answer: True
Fear appeals are more likely to be persuasive if they offer an effective way of avoiding the fearful outcome.
Answer: True
Feminist psychotherapy advocates an equal relationship between the client and therapist.
Answer: True
Finding positive meaning in a stressful situation is a form of cognitive coping.
Answer: True
Free-floating anxiety is associated with the generalized anxiety disorder.
Answer: True
Generally, we tend to be attracted to more competent people compared to less competent people. Answer: True
Answer: True
Graded exposure is the second step in a procedure called systematic desensitization.
Answer: True
Group therapy can sometimes be an efficient use of a therapist's time.
Answer: True
Major depression is an episodic disorder.
Answer: True
One of the causes of stereotypes and prejudice is the "us vs. them" mentality.
Answer: True
Opposites tend to attract when the opposite characteristics complement each other.
Answer: True
Persons from collectivistic cultures are more susceptible to conformity than persons from individualistic cultures.
Answer: True
Philip Zimbardo's study provided evidence that people change their behavior when given new social roles.
Answer: True
Phobias can often be cured by using extinction to a fearful stimulus; a procedure based on this fact is known as graded exposure.
Answer: True
Positive and negative events can be stressful.
Answer: True
Prejudice is a harmful attitude based on an inaccurate generalization about a group of people.
Answer: True
Prior experience with a stressful situation can lead to reduced stress if that situation reoccurs.
Answer: True
Psychoanalysts believe that releasing pent-up emotions is a benefit of psychoanalysis.
Answer: True
Psychotherapists are required to evaluate the effectiveness of a client's treatment.
Answer: True
Reappraisal allows individuals to change they way they think or interpret life's stressful events.
Answer: True
Resistance is important in psychoanalysis because it helps locate conflict.
Answer: True
Social roles tell us what is expected of us.
Answer: True
Social support has been shown to reduce the magnitude of stress reactions.
Answer: True
Someone with antisocial personality disorder frequently violates social rules and laws, takes advantage of others, and feels very little guilt.
Answer: True
Stereotypes are harmful because they lead to faulty attributions.
Answer: True
Stereotyping is not always negative.
Answer: True
The first stage of the GAS model of our reactions to psychological stress is alarm.
Answer: True
The fundamental attribution error suggests that we underestimate the power of the situation when examining other's behavior but not when examining our own behavior
Answer: True
The goal of progressive relaxation training is to teach people to deeply relax large body muscles.
Answer: True
The lo-ball technique is similar to the foot-in-the-door technique.
Answer: True
The process of transcranial stimulation passes a strong magnetic field through parts of the frontal cortex.
Answer: True
The term abnormal behavior, as it is used by the mental health community, includes problems in negotiating life that are experienced by many people.
Answer: True
To stigmatize a psychological disorder means that we have negative perceptions of that disorder.
Answer: True
When a group is unanimous about an issue, conformity is at its highest point.
Answer: True
When people feel more anonymous within a crowd, they are more likely to be aggressive.
Answer: True
When people speak with one another back and forth in a small group, this is known as an interactive dialogue.
Answer: True
According to the levels of processing model, what is happening during elaboration?
Associations are made between new and existing memories.
To vigorously challenge and question clients about critical issues and force them to face their problems are techniques used in ________ therapy. A) reflective B) Gestalt C) client-centered D) humanistic
B) Gestalt
Which of the following is a mild form of a somatoform disorder? A) Generalized anxiety disorder B) Hypochondriasis C) Schizophrenia D) Posttraumatic stress disorder
B) Hypochondriasis
32. What is the body's natural disease-fighting system called? A) Suppression system B) Immune system C) Autonomic system D) Parasympathetic system
B) Immune system
Of the following, which has contributed most to the progressive lowering of the onset of menarche in American women? A) Older males tend to be attracted to much younger females. B) Improved health and nutrition lead to earlier maturity. C) Decreased hormones found in milk bring on earlier onset of menarche. D) The gradual increase in minimum wage and financial equity between males and females.
B) Improved health and nutrition lead to earlier maturity.
Concerning environmental enrichment, which of the following research results was reported? A) Beneficial influences were limited to very early childhood. B) Improved scores of crystallized and fluid intelligence have been reported. C) Improvements were reported until children reached the age of 9 years. D) Improvements were reported only after children reached the age of 15 years.
B) Improved scores of crystallized and fluid
Speakers are generally less persuasive if they obviously want to change our opinions, such as a salesperson trying to convince us to buy a car. Which speaker characteristic does this demonstrate? A) Attractiveness B) Intent C) Source power D) Context
B) Intent
Which of the following is true about feminist psychotherapy? A) It is only for women. B) It fosters independence. C) It encourages traditional roles. D) It is not accepted by other psychotherapies.
B) It fosters independence.
24. How does the sympathetic nervous system respond during the alarm reaction of the general adaptation syndrome? A) It increases blood flow to the intestines. B) It increases blood flow to the skeletal muscles. C) It decreases perspiration. D) It does all of these.
B) It increases blood flow to the skeletal muscles.
Social loafing is more likely to occur in which types of groups? A) Small groups of strangers B) Larger groups C) Same-sex groups D) Groups of high-income persons
B) Larger groups
Which technique used in the persuasion of a sale often works even though the buyer gets the worst end of the deal? A) Foot-in-the-door technique B) Lowball technique C) Too-good-to-be-true technique D) Buyer-beware technique
B) Lowball technique
Based on research of gender differences in interpersonal attraction, which of the following is true? A) Women value physical attractiveness more than men do. B) Men value physical attractiveness more than women do. C) Women place more emphasis on sense of humor than men do. D) Men place more emphasis on intelligence than women do.
B) Men value physical attractiveness more than women do.
130. What is the common theme in sadism and masochism? A) Using children for sexual pleasure B) Pain for sexual pleasure C) Using inanimate objects for sexual pleasure D) Watching sexual acts performed by others for sexual pleasure
B) Pain for sexual pleasure
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Type A personality? A) Extremely healthy B) Perfectionistic C) Effective coping D) Prone to cancer
B) Perfectionistic
42. The idea that individuals respond in certain ways based on the setting is known as A) the social loafing effect. B) Person X situation interactionism. C) the just world phenomenon. D) the contextual situational effect.
B) Person X situation interactionism.
Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought? A) Sensorimotor B) Preoperational C) Concrete operational D) Formal operational
B) Preoperational
34. A college senior is more likely to know how to handle examination stress and therefore will be under less stress than an incoming freshman. Which of the following factors that influence reactions to stress does this illustrate? A) Predictability and control B) Prior experience with stress C) Social support D) Physiological factors producing stress
B) Prior experience with stress
Which of the following characteristics best fits dependent personality disorder? A) Unrealistic sense of self-importance B) Puts others' needs before self C) Impulsive and unpredictable D) Very smooth social skills
B) Puts others' needs before self
Which of the following is a suggested method for combating prejudice? A) Encourage prejudice where it is unexpected. B) Recognize prejudice wherever it occurs. C) Decrease contact with prejudicial groups. D) Form groups to study prejudiced people.
B) Recognize prejudice wherever it occurs.
What do Köhlberg and Gilligan's first levels of moral development have in common? A) Children have no sense of morality. B) Rewards are sought and punishment is avoided. C) Self-sacrifice and the approval of others is the impetus for behavior. D) One's own principles of morality are employed.
B) Rewards are sought and punishment is avoided.
In the modern era, the first and most influential advocate of the view that psychological problems had psychological causes was A) Hippocrates. B) Richard von Krafft-Ebing. C) Sigmund Freud. D) Carl Rogers.
B) Richard von Krafft-Ebing.
. We are not born with an unconscious mind according to A) Freud. B) Rogers. C) Adler. D) Horney.
B) Rogers.
What are the chief physical characteristics of a panic attack? A) Muscle tension and hyperactivity B) Shortness of breath, trembling, and helplessness C) Actual visual hallucinations involving danger D) Repetitive, ritualistic behaviors
B) Shortness of breath, trembling, and helplessness
Joe thinks that the only reason he did poorly on his driver's test was that it contained all trick questions. What type of attribution is Joe using here? A) Internal attribution bias B) Situational attribution C) Dissonance reduction D) Stereotypic thinking
B) Situational attribution
The idea that a person must map or identify common characteristics between situations in order to solve problems comes from ______ theory of intelligent behavior. A) Thurstone's B) Sternberg's C) Gardner's D) Guilford's
B) Sternberg's
What three emotions are neonates capable of expressing? A) Pleasure, fear, and anger B) Surprise, pleasure, and distress C) Shyness, pleasure, and anger D) Pleasure, anger, and distress
B) Surprise, pleasure, and distress
Karen's 5-year-old boy, Josh, keeps biting his classmates, siblings, and even adults. Karen assumed that Josh would see the school psychologist on his own, but the psychologist insisted that she come to sessions and even bring Josh's siblings. What therapeutic technique will the psychologist probably use? A) Social skills training B) Systems approach C) Flooding D) Reflection
B) Systems approach
What impact did the Harlows' research with monkeys have on Freudian beliefs about development? A) The Harlows' research supported Freud's belief about critical periods. B) The Harlows' research supported Freud's belief that early experiences are very important. C) The Harlows' research conflicted with Freud's theory of moral development. D) The Harlows' research did not support Freud's beliefs about the influence of early experiences.
B) The Harlows' research supported Freud's belief that early experiences are very important.
. If a defendant is given a "guilty but mentally ill" sentence, which of the following is true? A) The defendant must be severely psychotic and untreatable. B) The defendant will serve a prison sentence. C) The defendant will receive mandatory psychiatric treatment but no prison time. D) The defendant will be committed to a mental hospital for life.
B) The defendant will serve a prison sentence.
Which of the following is a characteristic of all personality disorders? A) The disorders do not bother the person who has them. B) The disorders are difficult to treat. C) The disorders begin in mid-adulthood. D) The disorders do not bother other people.
B) The disorders are difficult to treat.
What is the relationship between the ethical use of a treatment and its evaluation? A) Evaluation of treatment effectiveness is at the discretion of the therapist. B) The effectiveness of a treatment must be evaluated in some way. C) If a treatment is in use, it is assumed to be effective for most patients. D) Insurance companies determine whether a treatment is effective or not.
B) The effectiveness of a treatment must be evaluated in some way.
. Which of Freud's structures of the mind is responsible for discharging built-up tensions? A) The id B) The ego C) The superego D) The conscience
B) The ego
How does the gender of the therapist influence the effectiveness of psychotherapy? A) Generally speaking, male clients experience more effective therapy with male therapists. B) The gender of the therapist does not influence effectiveness for male or female clients. C) Usually, female therapists are more effective in treating men than male therapists. D) Female therapists do a significantly more effective job at treating female clients.
B) The gender of the therapist does not influence effectiveness for male or female clients.
Which of the following is true of stereotypes? A) They lead us to treat people as individuals. B) They can narrow expectations for behavior. C) They are usually fairly accurate. D) They are a product of dissonance.
B) They can narrow expectations for behavior.
What do free association and dream interpretation have in common? A) They are part of client-centered therapy. B) They were used by Freud to uncover unconscious thoughts. C) They are used as an alternative to psychoanalysis. D) They are part of all psychotherapies.
B) They were used by Freud to uncover unconscious thoughts.
. Which drug marked the beginning of the drug therapy movement in 1954 with its success in helping schizophrenic patients? A) Librium B) Thorazine C) Stelazine D) Lithium
B) Thorazine
How is HIV spread between individuals? A) Through any type of sexual contact B) Through transmission of bodily fluids C) Through unsanitary conditions D) Through physical contact with infected individuals
B) Through transmission of bodily fluids
Jo is very popular at her school and is a leader among her group members. The students who do not follow her lead are considered outsiders. Which explanation of how prejudice arises appears to be at work in this example? A) Conflict theory B) Us vs. them C) Obedience theory D) Group polarization
B) Us vs. them
Under what condition are more intelligent listeners easier to persuade than less intelligent listeners? A) When social approval is involved B) When the message is difficult to understand C) When the message is overly simple D) When the speaker has poor self-esteem
B) When the message is difficult to understand
According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used to A) assure that the id is gratified. B) control the anxiety of the ego. C) protect the superego from the ego. D) protect the ego from the superego.
B) control the anxiety of the ego.
A child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into a club. The child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable because it is what his friends expect of him. According to Köhlberg, the child is operating at the _______ level. A) premoral B) conventional C) principled D) social influence
B) conventional
. Somatoform disorders in which individuals experience serious somatic symptoms such as functional blindness, deafness, or paralysis are known as ________ disorders. A) psychogenic pain B) conversion C) hypochondriacal D) fugue
B) conversion
The therapist's principal job in client-centered therapy is to A) convey thoughtful interpretations. B) create a safe atmosphere. C) be critical of the patient's irrational beliefs. D) develop a conditional therapeutic situation.
B) create a safe atmosphere.
7. The most costly adjustment a person can report on the social readjustment scale is A) being fired from work. B) death of a spouse. C) having a child. D) being jailed.
B) death of a spouse.
Studies with the visual cliff suggest that infants A) cannot perceive depth until 9 months of age. B) develop fear after they learn to crawl and experience a stumble or fall. C) are fearful of heights as early as 2 weeks old. D) up to 1 year of age willingly crawl over a "drop" to reach their mom.
B) develop fear after they learn to crawl and experience a stumble or fall.
3. Psychologists who believe abnormal behavior is entirely different from normal psychological problems would be advocates of the ________ hypothesis. A) continuity B) discontinuity C) biological D) progression
B) discontinuity
Amnesia caused by extensive psychological stress is termed ________ amnesia. A) physiogenic B) dissociative C) retrograde D) anterograde
B) dissociative
The most widely used approach within medical therapies today is A) transcranial magnetic stimulation. B) drug therapy. C) electroconvulsive therapy. D) psychosurgery.
B) drug therapy.
Carol confides to her gynecologist during a regular checkup that she has been avoiding sexual intercourse with her husband because of physical pain. Her gynecologist would probably consider a diagnosis of A) vaginismus. B) dyspareunia. C) orgasmic dysfunction. D) sexual aversion disorder.
B) dyspareunia.
The goal of ________ is to reduce depression by inducing seizure activity in the brains of severely depressed people. A) psychosurgery B) electroconvulsive therapy C) prefrontal lobotomy D) neuroleptic drug therapy
B) electroconvulsive therapy
What do the goals of treatment, choice of treatment, and voluntary client participation have in common? They are ________ considerations in psychotherapy. A) monetary B) ethical C) cultural D) moral
B) ethical
When a relationship is just beginning and the couple do not know each other very well, the attraction they feel for one another is based largely on A) equity. B) expectations. C) companionate love. D) reality.
B) expectations.
Married people tend to be ______ than those not in committed relationships. A) less monogamous B) far healthier C) less sexually active D) not as healthy
B) far healthier
. One of the earliest biological theories of abnormal behavior was offered by Hippocrates, who believed that the ______ fluids or humors of the body, when out of balance, caused abnormal behavior. A) three B) four C) five D) seven
B) four
. If a therapist were asking a client to talk in a loose and undirected way about anything that was popping into their minds, then the therapist would be using a technique called A) catharsis. B) free association. C) dream analysis. D) transference.
B) free association.
Jennifer worries constantly about grades, classes, and about how her family and friends feel about her. She seems to be anxious about most things in her life. Her behavior best fits the diagnosis of A) a social phobia. B) generalized anxiety disorder. C) hypochondriasis. D) borderline panic disorder.
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
For therapy to be ethical, therapist and client must agree on the ________ of the psychotherapy. A) cost B) goals C) insurance carrier D) payments
B) goals
. When a therapist helps a person overcome a phobia by gradually accompanying the patient from mildly fearful event to more fearful events, the therapist is using the ______ technique. A) free interpretation B) graded exposure C) intermittent punishment D) catharsis
B) graded exposure
96. Patients sometimes hear, see, smell, or taste things that are not there. These false perceptions are known as A) defense mechanisms. B) hallucinations. C) paraphilias. D) thought disorders.
B) hallucinations.
Training bar service workers to recognize the effects of alcohol and signs of excessive alcohol use A) have not been shown to have any effect on drinking. B) have been shown to reduce amounts of alcohol consumed by patrons. C) resulted in increased drinking and a focus on alcohol. D) have never been tried on a consistent long-term basis.
B) have been shown to reduce amounts of alcohol consumed by patrons.
The cognitive view of depression states that it is not that bad things happening to a person causes depression, but A) the level of medication consumed determines the severity of the depression. B) how we interpret those events makes all the difference. C) the nature and role of childhood experiences explains our reaction to those events. D) the behavior of the person toward others causes depression.
B) how we interpret those events makes all the difference.
Stereotypes are ______ generalizations about a group of people. A) numerous B) inaccurate C) complimentary D) accurate
B) inaccurate
Although self-medication is a common method of coping with stress, it has generally been found to be A) moderately effective. B) ineffective. C) inexpensive. D) highly effective.
B) ineffective.
16. Eileen was not sure she knew the poem well enough and stammered while reciting it in her English class. After class, she recited it perfectly for the teacher. Eileen was probably demonstrating social A) facilitation. B) inhibition. C) loafing. D) comparison.
B) inhibition.
A person reduces stressful mistakes into small, logical errors through the defense mechanism called A) projection. B) intellectualization. C) sublimation. D) denial.
B) intellectualization.
The notion concerning how well a person uses cognition to cope with the world is known as A) motivation. B) intelligence. C) socialization. D) nurture.
B) intelligence.
. A new form of therapy loosely based on psychoanalysis is called A) client-centered psychotherapy. B) interpersonal psychotherapy. C) humanistic therapy. D) cognitive restructuring.
B) interpersonal psychotherapy.
Insanity is best characterized as a ________ term. A) medical B) legal C) psychological D) psychiatric
B) legal
The more people who are present during an emergency, the A) more likely they are to intervene. B) less responsible each feels for intervening. C) less likely the victim will be noticed. D) less diffuse responsibility becomes.
B) less responsible each feels for intervening.
Consistency between attitudes and behaviors is an indicator of ________ cognitive dissonance. A) high B) low C) polarized D) unmeasurable
B) low
6. After your checkup, your physician tells you that you must lower your life change units. Specifically, she is trying to tell you to A) lower your blood sugar level. B) lower your stress level. C) reduce your level of conflict. D) avoid repressing your thoughts.
B) lower your stress level.
. Someone who uses cognitive restructuring believes that ______ are the causes of abnormal behavior. A) parental relationships B) maladaptive beliefs C) chemical imbalances D) childhood experiences
B) maladaptive beliefs
If one of your friends was experiencing an intense euphoria (or "high") that is quite enjoyable, they may be in the midst of an episode of A) catatonia. B) mania. C) fugue. D) amnesia.
B) mania.
While it is true that all groups of human beings are affected by depression, A) minority groups may exhibit less depression because of religious values. B) men experience four to five times the "success" rate of suicide. C) depressed women are more likely to commit suicide than are depressed men. D) men and women commit suicide at the same rates.
B) men experience four to five times the "success" rate of suicide.
If you tend to downplay or ignore compliments given to you, and this behavior is taken to the extreme, Beck might suggest that you are exhibiting the cognitive error of A) selective abstraction. B) minimization. C) graded exposure. D) safe emergency.
B) minimization.
Members of a minority culture experience _____ stress as compared to those members of the majority culture. A) less B) more C) almost no D) minimal
B) more
Going to college means that you will meet new friends, gain freedom, increase job options, and so on. It also means the possibility of failure, leaving old friends, and so on. Thus, going to college may present a(n) A) avoidance reaction. B) multiple approach-avoidance conflict. C) negative approach gradient. D) approach-approach conflict.
B) multiple approach-avoidance conflict.
The idea that a child cannot learn how to play catch with a ball before motor development has occurred is related most to A) nurture. B) nature. C) society and family. D) genes and environment.
B) nature.
In thinking about our perceptions of others, we tend to place a greater value on ______ information as compared to ______ information. A) positive; negative B) negative; positive C) recent; past D) past; recent
B) negative; positive
The first two weeks of life are known as the ______ period. A) gestational B) neonatal C) imprinting D) critical
B) neonatal
According to research, individuals high in ______ tend not to marry, and when they do, their marriages tend to be unhappy. A) extraversion B) neuroticism C) narcissism D) self-reliance
B) neuroticism
45. When an authority figure gives you specific instructions and you follow them to the letter, ________ has occurred. A) attribution B) obedience C) dissonance D) groupthink
B) obedience
The idea that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight is known as A) egocentrism. B) object permanence. C) hindsight bias. D) conservation.
B) object permanence.
A pattern of anxiety with long periods of calm broken by intensely uncomfortable anxiety attacks is A) generalized anxiety disorder. B) panic anxiety disorder. C) agoraphobia. D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) panic anxiety disorder.
Early researchers discovered that ______ is an advanced stage of the venereal disease syphilis. A) cirrhosis B) paresis C) catharsis D) endometriosis
B) paresis
When a child is the subject of sexual satisfaction, the abnormal behavior is called A) sadomasochism. B) pedophilia. C) transsexualism. D) dyspareunia.
B) pedophilia.
The personal characteristics of how we respond to stressful situations are known as ______ variables. A) dependent B) person C) independent D) correlated
B) person
A ______ is linked to a specific situation, while ______ is a cause of anxiety that is not linked to a specific situation. A) generalized anxiety disorder; bipolar disorder B) phobia; generalized anxiety disorder C) somatoform disorder; phobia D) bipolar disorder; somatoform disorder
B) phobia; generalized anxiety disorder
A person who has a terrible fear of garbage cans, with no good reason to be afraid of garbage cans, is suffering from a(n) ________ disorder. A) obsessive-compulsive B) phobic C) schizophrenic D) posttraumatic stress
B) phobic
When groups of people are asked for their advice, they will sometimes take extreme positions and recommend risky options. This is known as A) conformity. B) polarization. C) facilitation. D) dissonance.
B) polarization.
Bill thinks stereotypically about foreigners, disliking them without making any efforts to know them. Bill is demonstrating A) reactance. B) prejudice. C) dissonance. D) displacement.
B) prejudice.
The general prejudgment of a person based on inappropriate criteria (such as race or gender) is formally called A) racism. B) prejudice. C) sexism. D) discrimination.
B) prejudice.
At Köhlberg's _______ level of moral development, individuals make choices to obtain rewards and avoid punishment. A) conventional B) premoral C) principled D) postmoral
B) premoral
Zimbardo's famous study involving the manipulation of social roles was conducted in a simulated ______ setting. A) classroom B) prison C) factory D) home
B) prison
When we see our own problems as the problems of others, _______ is occurring. A) displacement B) projection C) rejection D) reaction formation
B) projection
. You have been caught in a lie by your spouse, but instead you turn it around and accuse your spouse of doing the lying. This is the defense mechanism known as A) reaction formation. B) projection. C) denial. D) rationalization.
B) projection.
The process used by mental health professionals to help people with psychological problems is known as A) behavior therapy. B) psychotherapy. C) psychoanalytic treatment. D) drug therapy.
B) psychotherapy.
. Concerning the sexual abuse of children, _____ refers to a sexual assault including force or the threat of force, while ______ refers to sexual contact without the context of force. A) rape; sadism B) rape; molestation C) molestation; masochism D) molestation; rape
B) rape; molestation
The mathematical approach that Binet used to calculate the IQ of children is known as the A) deviation IQ. B) ratio IQ. C) normal IQ. D) valid IQ.
B) ratio IQ.
When a client-centered therapist is using ______, the therapist helps the client clarify feelings expressed by mirroring back the emotions of the client. A) catharsis B) reflection C) free association D) immersion
B) reflection
You are not even considering the stressful, unacceptable desires in your consciousness, and you don't even know what you are not considering. This defense mechanism is known as A) reaction formation. B) repression. C) regression. D) rationalization.
B) repression.
. Jennifer canceled her next appointment with her analyst after a particularly disturbing session. The analyst would probably suggest Jennifer's behavior is an example of A) transference. B) resistance. C) catharsis. D) working through.
B) resistance.
The more obvious physical changes that occur during puberty are called A) primary sex characteristics. B) secondary sex characteristics. C) climacteric sex characteristics. D) tertiary sex characteristics.
B) secondary sex characteristics.
Unwanted sexual advances, unwanted sexually suggestive comments, and sexual coercion are all forms of A) rape trauma syndrome. B) sexual harassment. C) sadomasochism. D) sexual dysfunction.
B) sexual harassment.
The study of group interactions, relationships, perceptions, and attitudes is the study of ________ psychology. A) behavioral B) social C) cognitive D) group
B) social
You are interested in how having other people around influences your own behavior. You have interests similar to a ________ psychologist. A) cognitive B) social C) developmental D) environmental
B) social
When being in a group improves the performance of individual members of that group, ______ is said to have occurred. A) diffusion of responsibility B) social facilitation C) obedience to authority D) social loafing
B) social facilitation
People working in groups will often exert less effort than if they worked alone. This tendency is known as A) social inhibition. B) social loafing. C) social dissonance. D) personal inconsistency.
B) social loafing.
Tina appears very professional and diligent at work. When she is with her family, she kicks back and lets her mother take care of her needs. When she is with friends, she lets loose, jokes, and plays interactional games. Tina behaves very differently in each situation due to varying A) levels of conformity. B) social roles. C) degrees of arousal. D) gender rules.
B) social roles.
What best distinguishes the infancy stage from other stages of development? A) Physical growth is most rapid in the first year. B) Cognitive growth is five times greater than in any other developmental stage. C) Emotions are fully developed before the next developmental stage. D) It is the only stage that has no emotional development.
A) Physical growth is most rapid in the first year.
Which of the following is considered an orgasm dysfunction? A) Premature ejaculation B) Erectile dysfunction C) Vaginismus D) Inhibited sexual desire
A) Premature ejaculation
Jarrett was diagnosed with migraine headaches and ulcers as a result of general anxiety. What treatment would most likely be advocated by a health psychologist? A) Progressive relaxation training B) Stress removal techniques C) Controlled aggression training D) General adaptation therapy
A) Progressive relaxation training
Which of the following is a common form of managing stress reactions? A) Relaxation activities B) Getting rid of the source of stress C) Eating comfort foods high in carbohydrates D) Committing to do better next time
A) Relaxation activities
The general adaptation syndrome approach to understanding the body's reaction to stress was suggested by A) Selye. B) Freud. C) Skinner. D) Bandura.
A) Selye.
. If a therapist encounters a problem with a patient that the therapist has not been trained to treat, what should the ethical therapist do? A) The therapist should refer that case to a qualified therapist who treats that problem. B) He or she should go back to school to learn about the problem, and then help the patient. C) The therapist should help the patient in any way using the best knowledge has available to him or her. D) The therapist should send the patient to a medical doctor for drug intervention treatment.
A) The therapist should refer that case to a qualified therapist who treats that problem.
Which of the following is true concerning the intelligence scores of identical twins? A) They are very similar. B) They resemble those of dizygotic twins. C) They are unrelated to their natural parents. D) They indicate intelligence is mostly influenced by environment.
A) They are very similar.
Of the following, why are intelligence tests used? A) To predict behavior B) To categorize people C) To measure expertise D) To normalize society
A) To predict behavior
50. Psychologists have identified a hard-driving, achievement-oriented, coronary-prone personality pattern. This pattern is called a __________ personality. A) Type A B) dissonant C) hot D) sensitizer
A) Type A
If a person was described to you as a voyeur, which of the following behaviors would that person most likely engage in? A) Watching others have sex B) Exposing sexual organs to strangers C) Involving children in sexual practices D) Dressing in opposite-sex clothing
A) Watching others have sex
Which of the following would describe the behavior of a voyeur? A) Watching others involved in sexual acts B) Exposing genitals to others C) Receiving pleasure by inflicting pain D) Receiving pleasure by receiving pain
A) Watching others involved in sexual acts
What does it mean to stigmatize someone with abnormal behavior? A) We have negative perceptions of the person. B) We try to diagnose them without training. C) We are likely to participate in healthy behaviors with them. D) We do not understand what they are going through.
A) We have negative perceptions of the person.
Why do we need to be cautious about concluding that people are more intelligent than they used to be? A) Younger people may be more familiar with the types of problems tested. B) The test items used have actually become easier. C) The tests do not measure fluid intelligence. D) Old people have better fluid intelligence than young people.
A) Younger people may be more familiar with the types of problems tested.
5. Actions, thoughts, and feeling that are harmful to yourself or others defines ______ behavior. A) abnormal B) violent C) atypical D) aberrant
A) abnormal
During infancy and childhood, the outcome of Erikson's developmental crises are primarily influenced by the A) actions of the child's parents. B) child's genetic blueprint. C) degree of cognitive and moral reasoning. D) degree of self-concern.
A) actions of the child's parents.
The fear of open spaces is known as A) agoraphobia. B) social phobia. C) acrophobia. D) envirophobia.
A) agoraphobia.
People who violate social rules and laws, take advantage of others, and feel little guilt about their behavior have A) antisocial personalities. B) paranoid schizophrenia. C) affective psychosis. D) depersonalization disorders.
A) antisocial personalities.
. The idea that if you think about the stress differently, the stress may not have as much as a detrimental effect on you is known as the ______ of stress. A) appraisal B) transduction C) excitation D) modification
A) appraisal
When a person thinks, feels, and acts toward something in a consistently favorable or unfavorable way, a(n) ________ has developed. A) attitude B) trait C) disposition D) attribution
A) attitude
Withdrawing from stress means that you _______ the stress. A) avoid B) confront C) erase D) dissolve
A) avoid
When periods of mania alternate with periods of severe depression, ______ disorder is defined in this manner. A) bipolar B) obsessive C) somatoform D) compulsive
A) bipolar
Sternberg's findings suggest that an important part of intelligent problem solving is A) careful and deliberate encoding of information. B) careful and deliberate inferring of relationships. C) rapid and efficient encoding of information. D) spending the most time on mapping our characteristics of a problem.
A) careful and deliberate encoding of information.
The relief gained from therapy when unconscious conflicts are released and intense emotions are experienced is called A) catharsis. B) transference. C) interpretation. D) manifestation.
A) catharsis.
Gestalt psychotherapy grew out of the same school of thought as A) client-centered therapy. B) psychoanalytic therapy. C) behavioral therapy. D) social skills training.
A) client-centered therapy.
Mary's therapist focuses on her current situation and aids her by sharing feelings and providing warmth. This therapist is most likely to have a background in A) client-centered therapy. B) psychoanalysis. C) behavior therapy. D) psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
A) client-centered therapy.
The first time a child possesses the ability of conservation occurs during the ______ stage of cognitive development. A) concrete operations B) sensorimotor C) preoperational D) formal operations
A) concrete operations
sch asked college students to make judgments about lengths of lines. Confederates of the researcher purposely made errors, causing the research participants to do the same. This experiment illustrates the phenomenon of A) conformity. B) compliance. C) attribution. D) reactance.
A) conformity.
Most contemporary psychologists believe that biological factors A) contribute to behavior disorders. B) are the sole cause of behavior disorders. C) play no role in behavior disorders. D) are the minor cause of some behavior disorders.
A) contribute to behavior disorders.
After age 11, ______ moral reasoning predominates according to Köhlberg. A) conventional B) concrete C) premoral D) principled
A) conventional
In social psychology, equity theory attempts to predict the A) degree of success in maintaining relationships. B) required attribution levels to maintain relationships. C) appropriate balance of predispositional and situational attributions. D) the appropriate balance between primacy and recency factors in a relationship.
A) degree of success in maintaining relationships.
The strange beliefs held by schizophrenics are called A) delusions. B) obsessions. C) compulsions. D) hallucinations.
A) delusions.
. The rate and extent of changes in intelligence level are A) dependent in part upon exercise and activity during adulthood. B) fixed and unavoidable. C) dependent upon activity and health in childhood. D) decreasing abilities with age.
A) dependent in part upon exercise and activity during adulthood.
If an individual is judged to be a direct danger to him- or herself or to others, the term insanity is most likely being used to determine A) involuntary commitment. B) competency to stand trial. C) an individual's guilt. D) psychiatric treatment.
A) involuntary commitment.
. One of the characteristics of conversion disorder is la belle indifference, which means that the person A) is not upset by their condition. B) has no knowledge of their condition. C) knows of no cure for their condition. D) is extremely upset by their condition.
A) is not upset by their condition.
If you see that handsome guy in your history class at every sporting event and you want to meet him under the best of circumstances, introduce yourself A) just after your team has won a game. B) when he seems to need cheering up. C) just after your team has finished a game. D) outside the men's rest room.
A) just after your team has won a game.
Sexual aversion disorder is a sexual disorder involving A) lack of desire. B) orgasm problems. C) lack of arousal. D) dyspareunia.
A) lack of desire.
Stereotypes are harmful because they A) lead to narrow views of individuals and expectations of their behavior. B) cause people to be honest about their feelings. C) allow people to make accurate attributions that hurt others with the truth. D) are used only by prejudiced people.
A) lead to narrow views of individuals and expectations of their behavior.
Children develop some of their own attitudes about the behavior of others through parental modeling. This means that children A) may pick up the attitudes they see in their parents. B) have a natural tendency to want to dress nicely. C) are preferred to be seen and not heard. D) are preferred to be heard but not seen.
A) may pick up the attitudes they see in their parents.
A type of therapy that is specifically designed to change the functioning of the brain is known as a(n) ______ therapy. A) medical B) Gestalt C) supernatural D) Adlerian
A) medical
Not wanting to experience the side effects of prescribed medication is an example of a problem with A) medical compliance. B) avoidance-avoidance conflict. C) frustration. D) a sensitizer personality.
A) medical compliance.
With children, the intelligence quotient is calculated as A) mental age divided by chronological age, then multiplied by 100. B) mental age multiplied by 100, then divided by chronological age. C) chronological age divided by mental age, then multiplied by 1000. D) mental age divided by 100, then multiplied by chronological age.
A) mental age divided by chronological age, then multiplied by 100.
. IQs of adopted children are A) more similar to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents. B) more similar to their adoptive parents than to their biological parents. C) equally similar to adoptive and biological parents. D) uncorrelated to either their adoptive parents or their biological parents.
A) more similar to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents.
Side effects of drugs occur because A) more than one neurotransmitter is manipulated by the medication. B) only one neurotransmitter is manipulated by any one medication. C) patients typically overdose on these new drugs. D) patients using the drugs expect to have side effects.
A) more than one neurotransmitter is manipulated by the medication
Based on research, women experience ______ of the most common forms of mental disorders compared to men and receive ______ mental health services. A) more; fewer B) more; more C) less; fewer D) less; more
A) more; fewer
46. The ______ social support a person has, the ______ effect of stress on that person. A) more; less B) less; less C) type of; more D) more; more
A) more; less
Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience indicate that A) most people will obey inappropriate demands if they are received from an authority figure. B) less than half the people will obey inappropriate demands, even if they are received from an authority figure. C) only a few people will obey inappropriate demands, even if they are received from an authority figure. D) most people will obey a demand from an authority figure, unless it will result in hurting someone else.
A) most people will obey inappropriate demands if they are received from an authority figure.
The reason cognitive tasks are completed faster and more accurately as a child grows is most related to A) myelination in the cerebral cortex. B) learning from observation. C) genetics. D) immaturity levels reported only after children reached the age of 15 years.
A) myelination in the cerebral cortex.
A person who feels compelled to repeat some behavior in a ritualistic manner has a(n) ________ disorder. A) obsessive-compulsive B) conversion C) somatization D) dissociative
A) obsessive-compulsive
The process of understanding why one particular person is attracted to another particular person is studied in the area of social psychology known as A) person perception. B) obedience to authority. C) stereotypes. D) groupthink.
A) person perception.
An attempt to change someone's attitudes is generally called A) persuasion. B) groupthink. C) polarization. D) attribution.
A) persuasion.
In the early stages of attraction and relationships, ______ seems to be the most important factor. A) physical attractiveness B) chosen vocation C) financial security D) home location
A) physical attractiveness
Other things being equal, when we are forming an impression about a person, we tend to A) place greater emphasis on negative characteristics than on positive. B) place greater emphasis on positive characteristics than on negative. C) weigh positive and negative characteristics about evenly. D) look mainly at neutral characteristics.
A) place greater emphasis on negative characteristics than on positive.
Which of the following best described behavioral activation? Helping a client resume A) potentially enjoyable activities. B) their regular medication regimen. C) regular therapy sessions. D) confrontations with family members.
A) potentially enjoyable activities.
The highest ethical standards must be maintained during psychotherapy due to differences in ________ between the therapist and the client. A) power B) social standing C) income D) education
A) power
A harmful attitude based on an inaccurate generalization about a group of people is called a(n) A) prejudice. B) attribute. C) polarization. D) proximal.
A) prejudice.
When interviewing for a job, it is important to dress well, shake hands firmly, and be appropriately assertive and friendly because of the A) primacy effect. B) recency effect. C) equity effect. D) proximity effect.
A) primacy effect.
Someone scoring a 15 on an IQ test would be classified as ______ retarded. A) profoundly B) moderately C) severely D) mildly
A) profoundly
Teaching a person to alternately tense the major muscles and then release that tension is used in A) progressive relaxation. B) aerobic exercise. C) behavioral inhibition. D) aversion therapy.
A) progressive relaxation.
The term ______ describes the use of oversimplified logic by adolescents. A) pseudostupidity B) psychoneurotic C) prepuberic D) preadolescent
A) pseudostupidity
If a psychotherapist is working hard to create a condition where the censorship of the ego is relaxed, then this person is most likely using a ______ approach to psychotherapy. A) psychoanalytic B) humanistic C) behavioral D) cognitive
A) psychoanalytic
. Before 1950, many uncontrollable psychotic patients underwent ________ to control their behavior. A) psychosurgery B) psychoanalysis C) drug therapy D) tertiary treatment
A) psychosurgery
You are not getting good enough grades to attend graduate school, but rather than admitting it you tell people that graduate school education has nothing valuable to offer you, and they wouldn't understand you anyway. This is the defense mechanism known as A) rationalization. B) displacement. C) denial. D) projection.
A) rationalization.
The theory that explains that people become prejudiced toward one another because of competition for jobs or territory is called the A) realistic conflict theory. B) us vs. them conflict. C) fundamental attribution error. D) false equity theory.
A) realistic conflict theory.
33. Upsetting emotions and depression may affect the immune system by A) reducing the body's resistance to disease. B) increasing the resistance of the autonomic nervous system. C) reducing the response time of a person's general adaptation response. D) increasing tolerance to microstressors.
A) reducing the body's resistance to disease.
When Jane said, "I just feel like my father never listened to me; he just blocked me out like I wasn't significant enough to be considered," her counselor said, "You sound hurt and angry that your father didn't pay more attention to you." The therapist was using the client-centered technique of A) reflection. B) interpretation. C) resistance. D) flooding.
A) reflection.
The idea that a test score is stable across two different administrations, or that a test score would be stable if the test were administered by two different people depicts the test characteristic known as A) reliability. B) validity. C) objectivity. D) standardization.
A) reliability.
Based on research, one effective technique in coping with stress is stress A) removal. B) redefinition. C) amplification. D) reexamination.
A) removal.
Effective coping involves _______, whereas ineffective coping involves _______. A) removing the source of stress; withdrawing from the stress B) defense mechanisms; managing stress reactions C) aggression; frustration D) repression; sensitization
A) removing the source of stress; withdrawing from the stress
The underlying belief of psychoanalytic psychotherapy is that emotional problems result from A) repressed conflicts. B) conscious indecision over major stressors. C) excessive sexual activity. D) the inability to feel guilt.
A) repressed conflicts.
When a therapist and client act as if they were people in a problematic social situation, the therapist is employing the ______ technique. A) role-playing B) immersion C) systematic desensitization D) reverse shaping
A) role-playing
In Gestalt therapy, the therapist shows concern for the client but also deals with the client in a confrontational and challenging manner. This environment where the client is attempting to improve via confrontation is known as a A) safe emergency. B) cathartic free fall. C) nondirective tour. D) leap of faith.
A) safe emergency.
The following symptoms—severe problems with thoughts, perceptions, communications, emotions, motor behavior, and social situations—are characteristic of people with A) schizophrenia. B) bipolar disorder. C) dissociative disorder. D) multiple personality disorder.
A) schizophrenia.
You know someone who gets their sexual satisfaction only from licking other people's toes. What type of sexual behavior does this person exhibit? A) Masochism B) Transvestism C) A fetish D) Pedophilia
C) A fetish
Which type of therapist would most likely use free association and dream analysis to explain unconscious motivations? A) A feminist therapist B) A cognitive therapist C) A psychoanalyst D) A Gestalt therapist
C) A psychoanalyst
Which of the following illustrates the principle of a critical period? A) Learning to ride a bicycle when physically mature B) Developing secondary sexual characteristics C) An animal that must reach a certain age before it learns to hunt D) Learning to hop only after learning to walk
C) An animal that must reach a certain age before it learns to hunt
If a manager recognizes that prejudice exists between workers of different ethnic backgrounds, what can she do to possibly reduce the prejudice? A) Give the workers competitive tasks B) Raise the status of the "out-group" C) Arrange after-work informal gatherings D) Talk to employees one-on-one about others' exceptional qualities
C) Arrange after-work informal gatherings
. Suppose you have a choice between staying home alone for the weekend and going to visit your aunt, neither of which you really want to do. Which type of conflict are you experiencing? A) Approach-approach B) Approach-avoidance C) Avoidance-avoidance D) Double approach-avoidance
C) Avoidance-avoidance
. Which type of schizophrenia is most likely to involve disturbances in body movements? A) Disorganized B) Paranoid C) Catatonic D) Undifferentiated
C) Catatonic
In terms of therapeutic approaches, which approach is based on the premise that people possess the capacity to solve their own problems if given help in confronting troubling things? A) Psychoanalysis B) Behavior therapy C) Client-centered therapy D) Somatic therapy
C) Client-centered therapy
Which of the following is an example of a dissociative disorder? A) Schizophrenia B) Social phobia C) Depersonalization D) Hypochondriasis
C) Depersonalization
1. Why is it so difficult to define abnormal behavior? A) Psychologists have no standardized diagnostic criteria. B) Abnormal behaviors are rarely clearly distinguishable. C) Diagnosis involves subjective judgments. D) Supernatural components are involved.
C) Diagnosis involves subjective judgments.
. Dan was the only survivor of a train wreck; however, he has no memory of the accident. How would Dan's memory loss be categorized? A) Dissociative fugue B) Dissociative catatonia C) Dissociative amnesia D) Dissociative posttraumatic stress
C) Dissociative amnesia
In which type of therapy must the therapist understand a person within the context in which she or he lives? A) Feminist B) Group C) Family D) Client-centered
C) Family
If you have an equal relationship with your therapist and you are encouraged to see the ways in which society has limited your development and pushed you into a dependent role, which type of therapy are you most likely participating in? A) Interpersonal psychoanalysis B) Gestalt psychotherapy C) Feminist psychotherapy D) Adlerian psychotherapy
C) Feminist psychotherapy
Individual survival, self-sacrifice, and equity are components of _______ theory of moral development. A) Köhlberg's B) Erickson's C) Gilligan's D) Heinz's
C) Gilligan's
Which of the following characteristics best matches with the Type A personality? A) Understanding B) Easygoing C) Hard-driving D) Patient
C) Hard-driving
. Peter has gotten through the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome. What will happen to him next? A) He will enter the withdrawal stage. B) He will experience countershock. C) He will enter the resistance stage. D) He will enter the exhaustion stage.
C) He will enter the resistance stage.
. Your friend has somatic symptoms, and her thoughts are dominated by health concerns. She overreacts to minor coughs and pains and goes to unusual lengths to avoid germs and carcinogens. Which of the disorders below best fits the description of your friend? A) Bipolar disorder B) Phobia C) Hypochondriasis D) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) Hypochondriasis
Which of the following is a characteristic of interpersonal psychotherapy? A) Usually lasts one year or longer B) Focuses on transference C) Ignores unconscious motivation D) Maximizes discussion of the past
C) Ignores unconscious motivation
. Progressive relaxation training has been found to be helpful in which of the following areas? A) Hypothermia B) Low blood pressure C) Insomnia D) Uremia
C) Insomnia
Moira displays little emotion and appears cold and aloof. She has no serious cognitive disturbances but is extremely socially withdrawn. Which diagnosis best fits Moira's symptoms? A) Paranoid schizophrenia B) Antisocial personality disorder C) Schizoid personality disorder D) Undifferentiated schizophrenia
C) Schizoid personality disorder
During the 1960s in the United States, many males were faced with the choice of going to Vietnam and fighting in a war they did not believe in, or deserting, an act that meant giving up personal freedom. This was an example of a(n) _______ conflict. A) approach-avoidance B) approach-approach C) avoidance-avoidance D) double avoidance-approach
C) avoidance-avoidance
. Judith is experiencing delusions and hallucinations. She is withdrawing from human contact and often acts silly, with childlike behaviors. When she was admitted to the state hospital, she was diagnosed with A) dissociative reaction. B) catatonic schizophrenia. C) disorganized schizophrenia. D) general anxiety reaction.
C) disorganized schizophrenia.
During the time intelligence scores have risen, people from different regions have become more mobile, choosing mates from regions with people with fewer shared traits (fewer harmful recessive traits). This particular explanation for increases in intelligence scores over time is known as A) intellectual imprinting. B) latent learning. C) hybrid vigor. D) survival of the fittest.
C) hybrid vigor.
The recommendation of risky options is much more likely to occur A) during groupthink. B) in one-on-one discussions. C) in an informal group discussion. D) within tightly knit groups.
C) in an informal group discussion.
Based on research findings, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder always begins A) because of parents. B) with drug use. C) in childhood. D) as paranoia.
C) in childhood.
Regarding one's reasons for falling in love, women tend to value ______ more than men. A) sense of humor B) political party affiliation C) intelligence and character D) level of religiosity
C) intelligence and character
. In terms of increasing worker use of safety gear and safe work procedures, research indicates A) safety may cost production more than it saves. B) it is possible to make work so safe that jobs can't be done productively. C) it is not possible to improve quality and safety as well. D) safety is more a matter of selecting safe employees, not in training in safety after hiring.
C) it is not possible to improve quality and safety as well.
According to Freudian dream interpretation, the obvious content of a person's dream hides the true meaning or content of the dream, called the ______ content. A) obtuse B) subliminal C) latent D) manifest
C) latent
f you maintain that William got a poor grade on his examination because he is not very intelligent, you are A) increasing cognitive dissonance. B) making an external attribution. C) making a dispositional attribution. D) exhibiting cognitive reactance.
C) making a dispositional attribution.
For Freud, the obvious interpretation of the meaning of a dream is known as the ______ content. A) latent B) hidden C) manifest D) foundational
C) manifest
. To change the way the body functions is one method in treating maladaptive behavioral problems. This general approach is called ________ therapy. A) behavioral B) cognitive C) medical D) neobehavioral
C) medical
Based on research, while marriage is good for both men and women, it is better for A) attorneys. B) children. C) men. D) women.
C) men.
Women are ______ likely to experience osteoporosis than men and ______ likely to have health insurance than men. A) less; less B) less; more C) more; more D) more; less
C) more; more
In an avoidance-avoidance conflict, a person must choose between ______ outcomes. A) multiple positive B) positive and negative C) multiple negative D) positive and neutral
C) multiple negative
About one-third of those who experience an episode of major depression for the first time will A) also have periods of mania. B) make a suicide attempt. C) not experience another episode. D) also experience conversion disorder.
C) not experience another episode.
If items on an intelligence test can have more than one correct answer, the test is lacking the very important characteristic of A) validity. B) reliability. C) objectivity. D) uniformness.
C) objectivity.
Peggy is troubled by unwelcome thoughts of her children being harmed by a strange man. These thoughts will not go away, even when she tries hard to think of other things. Peggy's therapist told her she is having A) compulsions. B) hallucinations. C) obsessions. D) delusions.
C) obsessions.
A person with ______ experiences sharp, intensely uncomfortable attacks of anxiety. A) generalized anxiety disorder B) social phobia C) panic anxiety disorder D) posttraumatic stress disorder
C) panic anxiety disorder
If your friend exhibits a high degree of suspiciousness and mistrust of others, extreme irritability, and coldness, then he would most likely possess ______ personality disorder. A) avoidant B) borderline C) paranoid D) histrionic
C) paranoid
71. The concept of "g" would best support the observation that A) impoverished environments can reduce IQ test scores. B) the stability of IQ changes with age. C) people who are good at math also tend to be good at reading. D) some mentally retarded individuals are spectacularly gifted.
C) people who are good at math also tend to be good at reading.
he process of changing another person's attitudes through arguments and other related means is called A) conformity. B) obedience. C) persuasion. D) attribution.
C) persuasion.
6. The term "maturation" refers to systematic changes of the body brought about by A) environment. B) learning. C) physical growth. D) nurture.
C) physical growth.
Flashbacks, feelings of guilt over their survival, and pervasive tenseness are characteristic of persons suffering from A) IV drug use. B) a phobic disorder. C) posttraumatic stress disorder. D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C) posttraumatic stress disorder.
. When the initial information that we receive about a person tends to dominate what we think about that person it is called the ________ effect. A) evaluative B) recency C) primacy D) central trait
C) primacy
In family therapy, it is assumed that the A) person who has the symptoms does not have the problem. B) person who has the symptoms is causing the problem. C) problem originates in the interactions of the family members. D) healthy family members are responsible for the disturbed family member's behavior.
C) problem originates in the interactions of the family members.
Sternberg's theory of intelligence is an advance over previous theories of intelligence because it A) quantifies the "g" factor. B) identifies the best heuristics for problem solving. C) provides a basis for discovering how some people are more intelligent. D) takes into account all aspects of intellectual functioning.
C) provides a basis for discovering how some people are more intelligent.
. To relax the patient's conscious control and interpret unconscious symbols through therapy describes the approaches of a A) humanistic psychologist. B) behavior therapist. C) psychoanalyst. D) Gestalt therapist.
C) psychoanalyst.
As a mother, you are really not fond at all of your daughter, but instead of being honest you work overly hard to try to find reasons to go visit your daughter. The ability to turn one desire into the opposite desire is known as the defense mechanism of A) projection. B) sublimation. C) reaction formation. D) rationalization.
C) reaction formation.
If a therapist cannot respect the beliefs and ways of a client, then the ethical therapist should A) change his or her own beliefs to conform. B) prescribe non-habit-forming medication. C) refer that person to another therapist. D) try to change the client's mind.
C) refer that person to another therapist.
John's psychology class took a test on Friday. On the following Friday, the class was asked to take the same test again. The professor was determining the _______ of the test. A) validity B) readability C) reliability D) comprehension
C) reliability
To keep powerful desires out of consciousness altogether is an example of A) projection. B) intellectualization. C) repression. D) regression.
C) repression.
Sometimes a therapist cannot get at the crux of a client's problems because the client uses unconscious defense strategies for protection. When this happens, ________ is said to be occurring. A) transference B) catharsis C) resistance D) defiance
C) resistance
13. An approach-approach conflict may be defined as a conflict in which an individual must choose between A) two positive goals of unequal value. B) two or more negative goals. C) two positive goals of approximately equal value. D) alternatives that contain both positive and negative properties.
C) two positive goals of approximately equal value.
Someone with obsessive-compulsive disorder suffers from ______ that occur ______. A) posttraumatic stress; twice per month B) one problem; every other week C) two separate problems; together often D) pre-traumatic stress; twice per week
C) two separate problems; together often
Interpersonal psychotherapy is a brief form of psychotherapy that usually lasts A) 24 hours. B) 26 to 52 weeks. C) one to two weeks. D) 12 to 16 weeks.
D) 12 to 16 weeks.
The period known as infancy lasts from about ______ to ______. A) 2 weeks; 26 weeks B) 2 weeks; 1 year C) 1 week; 26 weeks D) 2 weeks; 2 years
D) 2 weeks; 2 years
About _____ of adolescents are relatively happy and well adjusted. A) 10% B) 30% C) 65% D) 80%
D) 80%
Which type of therapist is most likely to maintain that a client is acting depressed because the behavior is being rewarded by the people around the client? A) A psychoanalyst B) A client-centered therapist C) A Gestalt therapist D) A behavior therapist
D) A behavior therapist
Whereas group decisions are generally superior to individual decisions, there are some conditions under which the group can be faulty. The key factors are all but which of the following? A) Polarization of the group B) Cohesiveness of the group C) Size of the group D) Age of the group members
D) Age of the group members
During which stage of the general adaptation syndrome does the body enter a temporary state of shock? A) Avoidance B) Exhaustion C) Resistance D) Alarm
D) Alarm
Minorities in most cultures experience stress differently. Compared to the majority groups, A) minorities have stress as a result of prejudice and discrimination from stereotypes. B) minorities are stressed by observed changes in family members, usually children. C) minorities are stressed by pressure from other minorities to not change. D) All of the above are stressors to members of minority groups.
D) All of the above are stressors to members of minority groups.
Which of the following is a symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder? A) Difficulty sleeping B) Irritability C) Hyperarousal D) All of these
D) All of these
Which of the following is a goal of family therapy? A) Decrease communication among family members B) Decrease the amount of intimacy among family members C) Decrease the number of rules set for all family members D) Increase the amount of warmth among family members
D) Increase the amount of warmth among family members
. Which of the following is an advantage to group psychotherapy? A) Letting other people solve your problems for you B) Learning that your problems are unique to you C) Getting more individual attention from the therapist D) Learning that you are not alone in your problems
D) Learning that you are not alone in your problems
. The age 30 transition is a component of ______'s stage theory of development. A) Gilligan B) Köhlberg C) Piaget D) Levinson
D) Levinson
Of the four designations of retardation, which accounts for the greatest percentage of individuals who are considered retarded? A) Profoundly B) Severely C) Moderately D) Mildly
D) Mildly
If you want to change someone's opinion about something, what is the optimum level of self-esteem for that person to possess? A) No self-esteem B) High self-esteem C) Low self-esteem D) Moderate self-esteem
D) Moderate self-esteem
Bill has recurrent thoughts about germs and spends a large portion of each day washing his hands. Which anxiety disorder is Bill experiencing? A) Panic anxiety disorder B) Generalized anxiety disorder C) Phobic disorder D) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Which of the following is a characteristic of inattention? A) Rarely forgetful B) Frequent interruptions C) Excessive talking D) Often disorganized
D) Often disorganized
In defining hyperactivity-impulsivity, which of the following would qualify as a characteristic of hyperactivity-impulsivity? A) Often remains seated in times of distraction B) Rarely talks excessively C) Knows the answers but never blurts them out D) Often leaves seat when should remain seated
D) Often leaves seat when should remain seated
John is relatively certain that his company should hire a particular job candidate. If he feels even more strongly about the candidate after a company meeting, what has occurred? A) A risky shift B) Majority influence C) Groupthink D) Polarization
D) Polarization
Jennifer sees her own shortcomings and wicked desires in the behaviors of others. She is using which defense mechanism? A) Regression B) Rationalization C) Reaction formation D) Projection
D) Projection
What does research suggest about the permanence of early abnormal experiences on human development? A) Early abnormal experiences produce irreversible damage to social development. B) Humans are affected by early abnormal experiences in a manner similar to Harlows' monkeys. C) Psychologists agree that abnormal early experiences can be reversed before the age of 15 years. D) Psychologists disagree about the permanence of abnormal early experiences on human development.
D) Psychologists disagree about the permanence of abnormal early experiences on human development.
90. White American women are more likely to commit suicide than other ethnic groups of women. Why? A) They are less religious. B) They are more likely to use drugs and alcohol. C) They feel less needed by their children. D) Psychologists do not conclusively know.
D) Psychologists do not conclusively know.
38. Which of the following is one of the aspects of providing social support to help buffer against stress? A) Reminisce about past experiences B) Reexamine job requirements C) Redefine the stressful event D) Receive advice and solace
D) Receive advice and solace
Which of the following would indicate absolute thinking? A) Thinking you will never find a job after being fired B) Saying that your girlfriend is a cheat after she looked at another man C) Thinking that the weather is bad because you want to be outside D) Saying that your life has been nothing but wonderful
D) Saying that your life has been nothing but wonderful
Which personality disorder includes individuals who have no interest in social contact? A) Dependent personality disorder B) Narcissistic personality disorder C) Antisocial personality disorder D) Schizoid personality disorder
D) Schizoid personality disorder
The psychoanalytic approach to therapy was founded by A) Abraham Maslow. B) B. F. Skinner. C) Carl Rogers. D) Sigmund Freud.
D) Sigmund Freud.
If Elena is unpleasant to John and he thinks it must be because she is under pressure from her job and classes, what process has John used? A) Cognitive integration B) Rational externalization C) Ego externalization D) Situational attribution
D) Situational attribution
Which of the following describes the moral stage of morality as self-sacrifice? A) A person acts for a higher purpose, following an internalized moral code. B) A person acts in such a way as to obtain rewards for themselves and to avoid punishments. C) A person views his or her own needs as equal to those needs of others. D) To be good and receive approval, a person must self-sacrifice and meet the needs of others.
D) To be good and receive approval, a person must self-sacrifice and meet the needs of others.
52. Denise always feels like she's running out of time. She rarely takes a vacation and finds it hard to relax at home. She demands perfection of herself and is competitive in all arenas of her life. Denise can be labeled a A) sensitizer. B) Type B personality. C) repressor. D) Type A personality.
D) Type A personality.
Which form of intercourse is the most common form for transmitting HIV? A) Homosexual B) Anal C) Oral D) Vaginal
D) Vaginal
Which of the following is the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure? A) Nonbiased B) Standardization C) Reliability D) Validity
D) Validity
Which of the following factors would increase the likelihood of group conformity? A) When the group is not well known B) When the person is from an individualistic culture C) When the group is extremely small D) When the group is unanimous
D) When the group is unanimous
Under which condition will increased contact among prejudiced groups decrease prejudice? A) When the groups view each other's members as exceptional B) When interactions between the groups are kept formal C) When the two groups are given competitive tasks D) When the two groups have equal status
D) When the two groups have equal status
The notion that the more vocabulary or categories a language has, the more varied our perceptions will be, is a theory connected to A) Rosch. B) Chomsky. C) Miller. D) Whorf.
D) Whorf.
Another term for the linguistic relativity hypothesis is the A) Wallas constraint. B) Sternberg triarch. C) Chomsky declaration. D) Whorfian hypothesis.
D) Whorfian hypothesis. Answer: D
Of the research studies that advocated lower fat diets, the most successful employed A) pamphlets mailed to households. B) work-site training sessions. C) free classes at local hospitals. D) a multimedia nutrition campaign.
D) a multimedia nutrition campaign.
In transcranial stimulation, ______ is passed though part of the frontal cortex. A) a neurotransmitter receptor blocker B) needle-tin electrical instrument C) an omega-3 fatty acid D) a strong magnetic field
D) a strong magnetic field
Carlos is a nice-looking, apparently charming man who has been assuming the identity of a psychiatrist. He can lie his way out of any negative situation with a straight face and is very impulsive. Carlos would be characterized as having a(n) ________ personality disorder. A) borderline B) dependent C) avoidant D) antisocial
D) antisocial
An individual who engages in stealing and vandalism, who cannot uphold financial obligations, and who shows no remorse after harming someone may have a(n) A) schizoid personality disorder. B) bipolar anxiety disorder. C) somatoform disorder. D) antisocial personality disorder.
D) antisocial personality disorder.
In terms of helping behavior and the number of bystanders present, we help most when there A) is much to be gained. B) is little to be gained. C) are many people around. D) are few people around.
D) are few people around.
Cognitive dissonance theory A) assumes that tension is not produced by an inconsistency between acts and attitudes. B) also explains person perception and impression formation. C) assumes that individuals do not have stable attitudes. D) assumes that tension is produced by an inconsistency between acts and attitudes.
D) assumes that tension is produced by an inconsistency between acts and attitudes.
The theory that proposes that human beings tend to try to explain why things happen is called ______ theory. A) prejudicial B) discrimination C) stereotype D) attribution
D) attribution
17. In the DSM-IV-TR system, there are five A) personality traits. B) problems. C) diagnoses. D) axes.
D) axes.
One method to help avoid groupthink from occurring would be to have someone in the group A) recruit more group members. B) bring the group closer together. C) give a serial monologue. D) be a devil's advocate.
D) be a devil's advocate.
A specific goal of feminist psychotherapy is to encourage women to A) understand the benefits of society's push into dependent roles. B) understand the inherent interdependences of woman, wife, and daughter. C) consider the needs of taking care of others over their own needs. D) become aware of the anger caused by being second-class citizens.
D) become aware of the anger caused by being second-class citizens.
. The viewpoint that considers the causes of psychological disorders as stemming from bacterial infections or physical problems is known as the ________ viewpoint. A) humanistic B) psychoanalytic C) neuropsychiatric D) biological
D) biological
According to the ethics of psychotherapy, the choices for treatment methods should be A) whatever the HMO has certified and authorized. B) based on a Freudian approach to understanding behavior. C) made based on one's ability to pay. D) carefully considered on an individual basis
D) carefully considered on an individual basis
108. Waxy flexibility is a symptom that is most closely associated with ______ schizophrenia. A) undifferentiated B) paranoid C) disorganized D) catatonic
D) catatonic
A therapist using ______ therapy strives to create a safe atmosphere so that clients will feel free to express themselves. A) interpersonal B) Freudian C) medical D) client-centered
D) client-centered
. Helping the patient to think clearly and rationally, to dispel irrational beliefs, and to find the connections between beliefs and feelings are the goals of A) behavior therapists. B) psychoanalytic therapists. C) humanistic therapists. D) cognitive therapists.
D) cognitive therapists.
. The ______ approach to psychotherapy is most closely associated with the social learning theory of personality. A) eclectic B) psychoanalytic C) humanistic D) cognitive-behavior
D) cognitive-behavior
The desire to have someone near to you and feelings of friendship, intimacy, and commitment for a person are traits of ________ love. A) passionate B) eros C) romantic D) companionate
D) companionate
When the term insanity is used to determine whether or not a person should stand trial, it is used in the context of A) criminality. B) commitment. C) medicine. D) competence.
D) competence.
Mr. West spends hours straightening his clothes closet and his desk drawers. He is very uncomfortable if they become the least bit disordered. Mr. West's behavior can be described as A) phobic. B) dissociative. C) hysteric. D) compulsive.
D) compulsive.
93. A therapist who uses feminist psychotherapy would encourage clients to A) follow traditional roles. B) dislike powerful males. C) be empathetic toward others. D) consider their own needs.
D) consider their own needs.
If Elena does not cheat on tests because she feels it is important to obey rules set down by her teachers, then she is probably functioning at the _______ stage of moral development. A) authoritarian B) survival C) principled D) conventional
D) conventional
Regular aerobic exercise can _______ blood pressure and _______ blood cholesterol levels. A) increase; decrease B) increase; increase C) decrease; increase D) decrease; decrease
D) decrease; decrease
When a person can blend into a group and not worry about his or her own personal responsibilities, ________ has occurred. A) altruism B) normalization C) social loafing D) deindividuation
D) deindividuation
Prozac is primarily used in the treatment of A) antisocial personality disorders. B) bipolar disorder. C) psychotic symptoms. D) depression and anxiety.
D) depression and anxiety.
When an attitude and a behavior are not consistent with each other, we feel A) ebullient. B) confident. C) obedient. D) discomfort.
D) discomfort.
. If you believe in the ______ hypothesis, then terms such as insanity and mental illness should not be used to describe abnormal behavior. A) jurisprudence B) continuity C) Freudian D) discontinuity
D) discontinuity
78. You yell at your best friend when you are really angry with your college professor. This is the defense mechanism of A) denial. B) projection. C) reaction formation. D) displacement.
D) displacement.
A woman wandered away from her hometown and was discovered five years later in a distant city under a different name and identity. She is probably suffering from A) multiple personality. B) depersonalization. C) dissociative identity disorder. D) dissociative fugue.
D) dissociative fugue.
Most individuals who exhibit major depression share all the following except A) thoughts about death. B) higher risk for suicide attempts. C) recurrent episodes of depression. D) eating disorders.
D) eating disorders.
In client-centered psychotherapy, the therapist must have an accurate understanding of the emotions and sharing of the client. This concept is known as A) telepathy. B) homeopathy. C) psychopathy. D) empathy.
D) empathy.
. It is commonly found that persons suffering from panic attacks A) are extremely sensitive to small changes in their heart rates. B) interpret normal changes in their body functioning as catastrophic. C) are very sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide levels. D) exhibit all of the above symptoms.
D) exhibit all of the above symptoms.
. If a person is a(n) _______, they become sexually aroused by _______. A) masochist; inflicting pain B) transsexual; inflicting pain C) pedophile; exposing genitals D) exhibitionist; exposing genitals
D) exhibitionist; exposing genitals
One reason that relationships end is because our ________ surrounding the person turn out to be ________. A) feelings; uncontrollable B) feelings; inconsistent C) expectations; fulfilled D) expectations; incorrect
D) expectations; incorrect
One side effect of electroconvulsive therapy is that the client may A) experience severe depression. B) become schizophrenic. C) become violent and aggressive. D) experience memory loss.
D) experience memory loss.
. If your best friend has sexual aversion disorder, it means that he A) is interested in sadism but not in masochism. B) is interested in masochism but not in sadism. C) is afraid to express any homosexual tendencies. D) fears and avoids sexual contact with others.
D) fears and avoids sexual contact with others.
. The ability to process information quickly and devise strategies for dealing with novel problems is known as A) generativity. B) g. C) crystallized intelligence. D) fluid intelligence.
D) fluid intelligence.
In a discussion of intelligence, the concept of "g" refers to A) generational intellect. B) generic performance. C) genetic superiority. D) general intelligence.
D) general intelligence.
According to the theory of cognitive dissonance, if I wanted to change someone's attitude, I should A) present a high-fear persuasive speech. B) present a medium-fear persuasive speech. C) present a low-fear persuasive speech. D) get the person to change behavior first.
D) get the person to change behavior first.
. Making more efficient use of a therapist's time is an advantage of ________ psychotherapy. A) Freudian B) Jungian C) feminist D) group
D) group
If you could give someone with schizophrenia a drug that would stop them from hearing voices that were not actually present, the drug would eliminate A) delusions. B) proclivities. C) catatonias. D) hallucinations.
D) hallucinations.
A stressful event can be perceived as less stressful if you believe you A) strongly believe in religion. B) have a solution to the problem. C) cannot predict the stress. D) have control over the stress.
D) have control over the stress.
Married persons, compared to people who are single in their adult years, A) have the same levels of health. B) have lowered levels of benefits compared to single persons. C) experience happier but not healthier lives. D) have greater health benefits.
D) have greater health benefits.
The area in psychology that studies factors surrounding health, lifestyles, and health care is called _______ psychology. A) medical B) life span C) fitness D) health
D) health
The body's natural disease-fighting system is the ______ system. A) sympathetic B) skeletal C) endocrine D) immune
D) immune
. If you use defense mechanisms to cope with stress, you are using a(n) _______ coping strategy. A) aggressive B) beneficial C) preventative D) ineffective
D) ineffective
. Most medications are used to treat persons with psychological disorders by A) causing neurons to fire more quickly or more slowly. B) causing the reuptake of neurotransmitters. C) causing specific neurotransmitters to be released. D) influencing neurotransmitters.
D) influencing neurotransmitters.
The older adult who sees meaning in his or her life continues to live a satisfying existence. Erikson refers to this as A) despair. B) generativity. C) intimacy. D) integrity.
D) integrity.
Men tend to be ______ compared to women and ______ compared to women. A) more depressed; less likely to commit suicide B) more depressed; more likely to commit suicide C) less depressed; less likely to commit suicide D) less depressed; more likely to commit suicide
D) less depressed; more likely to commit suicide
The more predictable a stressful event is, the _______ the reaction to the event. A) less healthy B) less beneficial C) more stressful D) less stressful
D) less stressful
A person under the influence of deindividuation acts in such a way that they are ______ aware of their own behavior and ______ concerned with what others think. A) more; less B) more; more C) less; more D) less; less
D) less; less
Generally speaking, we tend to be more attracted to A) nonattractive people than attractive people. B) liberals rather than conservatives. C) nonreligious people than religious people. D) low in neuroticism.
D) low in neuroticism.
Unhealthy feelings, no energy, poor appetite, and difficulty making decisions are characteristics of someone suffering from A) posttraumatic stress disorder. B) hypochondriasis. C) psychogenic amnesia. D) major depression.
D) major depression.
Because society expects us to behave differently in different social settings we have A) a single social role. B) many gender roles. C) several levels of obedience. D) many different social roles.
D) many different social roles.
Regarding sexual pleasure, receiving pain for sexual pleasure is known as ______ and inflicting pain for sexual pleasure in known as ______. A) exhibitionism; masochism B) exhibitionism; sadism C) masochism; exhibitionism D) masochism; sadism
D) masochism; sadism
The fact that a 2-year-old child cannot catch a ball with one hand would emphasize the importance of _______ in development. A) experience B) interest C) critical periods D) maturation
D) maturation
In social skills training, a therapist typically ________ appropriate social behaviors. A) talks about B) avoids C) reads about D) models
D) models
. In dissociative identity disorder, the individual's original personality is usually A) completely destroyed. B) sensual and uninhibited. C) rebellious and unconventional. D) moralistic and unhappy.
D) moralistic and unhappy.
20. Nelson has been offered a promotion to a promising job position in a small town in an isolated area. He likes the town he lives in, his children love their school, but his present job is a dead-end job with little chance for promotion. Nelson is tense, upset, and is not sleeping well at night. He is experiencing a(n) _______ conflict. A) anxiety B) frustration C) avoidance-avoidance D) multiple approach-avoidance
D) multiple approach-avoidance
If your friend has an unrealistic sense of self-importance, is preoccupied with her fantasies of self-success, requires constant praise and attention, exploits others, and feels entitled to special consideration, then she most likely possesses ______ personality disorder. A) schizotypal B) dependent C) histrionic D) narcissistic
D) narcissistic
Elderly people who are very active and vital can be viewed as abnormal younger people because stereotypes A) create diffusion of responsibility. B) create social facilitation. C) raise our usage of situational attributes. D) narrow our expectations for behavior.
D) narrow our expectations for behavior.
98. When a test is given to a large group of individuals varying in age, sex, background, and so on to form a basis for interpreting an individual's score, the group is referred to as the _______ sample. A) standardization B) validity C) affirmative D) normative
D) normative
When we do what we are told to do by people in authority, we are being A) attributed. B) dissonanced. C) polarized. D) obedient.
D) obedient.
If you are suffering from anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away, you are suffering from A) hallucinations. B) delusions. C) compulsions. D) obsessions.
D) obsessions.
In Gilligan's second level of moral development, there is increased awareness A) that sacrifices should be shared. B) of the consequences of behavior. C) of the rules of society. D) of the needs of others.
D) of the needs of others.
In depersonalization, an individual feels that his or her body is A) at rest. B) feeling normal. C) recovering from stress. D) out of voluntary control.
D) out of voluntary control.
Jack was sitting, reading a book when all of a sudden he felt he was "losing his mind." His heart beat faster and he began to sweat and tremble. His behavior mostly resembles __________ disorder. A) generalized anxiety B) specific anxiety C) obsessive-compulsive D) panic anxiety
D) panic anxiety
The person who truly thinks that it rained today to punish them for getting their car washed today is most likely exhibiting the signs of A) selective abstraction. B) absolutist thinking. C) minimization. D) personalization.
D) personalization.
Anxieties involving irrational fears, usually of a specific event or object, are called A) compulsions. B) obsessions. C) conversions. D) phobias.
D) phobias.
Larry's mother did not enjoy going to the mall. Whenever she went, she invariably asked Larry to take her home within 10 minutes. One day Larry wanted to stay and insisted that she wait for him. After about 10 more minutes his mother reported feeling a smothering and choking sensation and intensely fearful. Her symptoms are probably the result of a(n) A) obsessive disorder. B) conversion disorder. C) compulsive disorder. D) phobic disorder.
D) phobic disorder.
Ever since Harry was nearly beaten to death by his fellow inmates in prison, his life has been miserable. He still has vivid memories of the episode that he can't get escape. Harry's symptoms sound most like A) paranoid schizophrenia. B) obsessive-compulsive disorder. C) specific phobia. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.
The idea that stress reactions continue for years for soldiers even after a war is over is known as A) panic anxiety disorder. B) generalized anxiety disorder. C) agoraphobia. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.
According to Kohlberg, nearly all children use only ______ reasoning at the age of 7. A) principled B) abstract C) conventional D) premoral
D) premoral
12. Stress arising from negative events is called A) aggression. B) frustration. C) anger. D) pressure.
D) pressure.
The first information learned about a person tends to be given more importance than later information, which is called the A) fundamental attribution. B) polarization effect. C) recency effect. D) primacy effect.
D) primacy effect.
. The process of ______ training teaches people to deeply relax the large muscles of the body. A) mindfulness B) rationalization C) disinhibition D) progressive relaxation
D) progressive relaxation
. Free association is most closely associated with ________ psychotherapy. A) client-centered B) Gestalt C) cognitive D) psychoanalytic
D) psychoanalytic
One of your colleagues from work has been diagnosed with dissociative amnesia. This means that he is experiencing memory loss that is A) caused by imagination. B) chemically caused. C) physically caused. D) psychologically caused.
D) psychologically caused.
When one person forces another person to have sex, it is called A) fetishism. B) exhibitionism. C) masochism. D) rape.
D) rape.
Changing the way we think about the stressful events in our lives in an attempt to reduce stress is called A) reaffirmation. B) refocusing. C) reframing. D) reappraisal.
D) reappraisal.
If after getting a C in a class that you thought you deserved a B in, you threw a little childlike temper tantrum outside your teacher's office, you exhibited the defense mechanism of A) reaction formation. B) repression. C) rationalization. D) regression.
D) regression.
Infants about 6 to 9 months in age experience crying and fussing when their parents leave and they are left with the babysitter. This phenomenon is known as A) maturation. B) egocentrism. C) hindsight bias. D) separation anxiety.
D) separation anxiety.
You are a psychologist interested in how groups behave. You study groups in the laboratory, at the workplace, and in informal settings. Most likely, you are a ________ psychologist. A) work B) school C) educational D) social
D) social
Role playing is a technique used in A) rationalization therapy. B) safe emergency. C) genuine empathy. D) social skills training.
D) social skills training.
Shaping and positive reinforcement are specific tools used in the cognitive-behavior technique known as A) unconditional positive regard. B) self-actualization. C) catharsis. D) social skills training.
D) social skills training.
Reading the identical directions to every person taking a given intelligence test is an aspect of the test's A) reliability. B) validity. C) normalization. D) standardization.
D) standardization.
. Social learning theorists have hypothesized that dissociative identity disorder results from a patient's high degree of A) rebelliousness toward the therapist. B) egocentric thought processes. C) autonomic arousal. D) suggestibility to the idea of hidden personality.
D) suggestibility to the idea of hidden personality.
To use progressive relaxation training, you must first know the difference between _______ and _______. A) muscle; fat B) mind; behavior C) stress; aggression D) tense muscle; relaxed muscle
D) tense muscle; relaxed muscle
In children's IQ testing, chronological age refers to the measure of A) the age of the parents when the child was born. B) how quickly the child can answer questions. C) how many questions the child can answer. D) the age of the child.
D) the age of the child.
When a patient starts acting toward his therapist as if he were a child and the therapist were a parent (and seeking parental approval), ______ has occurred in this patient-therapist relationship. A) association B) catharsis C) resistance D) transference
D) transference
Sherice started seeing a psychotherapist because of marital problems. She is unhappy because she feels her husband does not give her enough attention. After several sessions, she is quite taken with her male therapist because he gives her undivided attention. This growing affection for the therapist is called A) resistance. B) latent content. C) reflection. D) transference.
D) transference.
American males begin to produce sperm about _______ the average age of menarche in females. A) two years before B) one year after C) the same time as D) two years after
D) two years after
. Persons with antisocial personality disorder have a(n) ________ need for physiological arousal. A) unusually low B) moderate C) fluctuating D) unusually high
D) unusually high
People sometimes respond to frustration by trying to ignore it or to escape from it. This tendency is referred to as A) sublimation. B) reaction formation. C) suppression. D) withdrawal.
D) withdrawal.
The definition of conformity involves the notion of yielding to group pressure A) because of some social threat. B) because of a fear of negative consequences. C) for fear of retribution. D) without a direct request to comply.
D) without a direct request to comply.
In terms of the research on anxiety disorders, ______ are more affected by anxiety disorders than ______. A) smokers; nonsmokers B) high school graduates; college graduates C) children; adults D) women; men
D) women; men
n preparing for any test, which of the following would be most beneficial?
Elaboration
According to interference theory, memories that are not used gradually fade over time.
False
Forgetting occurs in a similar fashion in short-term and long-term memory.
False
Human brains and computers operate in exactly the same way.
False
Long-term memory and short-term memory are similar in the way in which information is recalled.
False
Procedural memory and working memory are the same kinds of memories.
False
Recall tests work better than other methods of memory testing because they give you cues.
False
Short-term memory is the first stage of memory—it is very brief, designed to hold exact images.
False
The engram has been located in the frontal lobes.
False
The idea that an item's position on a list influences its probability of recall is known as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
False
The relearning method is the least sensitive method of evaluating memory.
False
The storage capacity of long-term memory is seven plus or minus two items.
False
We tend to use certain steps in the solution of a problem. Before we can understand the elements of a problem, we must _______ the problem.
Formulate
Janice finished organizing the elements of a problem. Which cognitive operation should she perform next?
Generate and evaluate alternative solutions
decay
How does forgetting differ between short-term and long-term memory? Short-term memory loss appears to be better explained by _______ theory than long-term memory failure.
the meaning for a specific behavioral context.
If I were to tell you that I was recalled an episodic memory, that would mean that I was remembering
long-term
If you are using a cue to retrieve information in memory, the information you are looking for is stored in _______ memory.
episodic memory.
If you describe an event in detail including descriptions of the setting, objects, colors, smells, sounds, etc., you are probably using
Up to 30 seconds
If you look up a telephone number in a phone book, how long will you remember the number if it is not renewed in some way?
chunking.
If you remember the 12-letter series NBCIBMCBSFBI in the form of three-letter abbreviations for well-known organizations NBC IBM CBS FBI, you improve your ability to recall the series by means of
related
In a research study, participants were shown real words and made-up words and asked to respond to them by pressing a yes or no button. The researchers were interested in the reaction times for the responses to real words. According to the results of the study, the reaction time for the word "cow" would be increased if a(n) _______ word preceded its presentation. rel
prevent rehearsal from prolonging memory retention.
In a short-term memory experiment, Peterson and Peterson asked experimental participants to remember a single combination of three consonants while counting backward by threes. The purpose of the counting was to
associative network
In studying long-term memory, if you believe that memories are linked together through experience, then you believe in the ______ theory of long-term memory.
exact
In the sensory register, a(n) ______ image of each sensory experience is held until that sensory experience can be processed.
sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory stages.
In the stage theory of memory, the different stages are the
The length of time information is stored during each stage.
In the stage theory of memory, what is a major difference between the stages?
there is much more information in LTM.
Information must be retrieved from STM and LTM differently because
hippocampus; cortical
Information stored in LTM is integrated in the _______ before it is transferred to _______ areas for permanent storage.
Which theory states that information is lost from STM because it is replaced or pushed out by new information?
Interference
In a study of the serial position effect, what happened when recall was delayed for more than 30 seconds?
Items at the end of the list were poorly recalled.
episodic memories.
Jill reminisced about her first date and how she felt when she received her first kiss. Memories associated with life experiences like Jill's are called
permanent storage is to temporary storage.
Long-term memory is to short-term memory as
YOU
ME
semantic
Mary, whose hobby is the study of whales, tells her teacher all about the beluga whale, even though she has never actually seen one. Mary's information is stored as a(n) _______ memory.
procedural
Memories for how to ride a bike or other types of skills are known as ______ memories.
According to the spreading activation model of memory, which memories would be easiest to remember?
Memories that are closely associated with the memory cue
episodic memory.
Memory for experiences that can be defined in terms of time and place is called
semantic
Memory for meaning is known as _______ memory.
information processing
Memory theories based on the similarities between the operation of the human brain and the computer are called _______ theories.
You find a box full of old love letters written more than 25 years ago to the spouse you bitterly divorced six months ago. You remember almost none of the details the letters reveal. What theory can help explain this?
Motivated forgetting
Episodic
Of all the types of long-term memories, which type appears to be the most fragile?
organize the material into chunks.
Of the following, the best way to expand the amount of material one can store in short-term memory is to
working
On Lincoln's birthday Mary recited the Gettysburg Address. While she was reciting, the information was being held in _______ memory.
short-term memory.
Our working memory space tends to overlap with the functions of
According to the decay theory, what causes forgetting to occur?
Passage of time
Which of the following statements about memory loss is true?
People with anterograde amnesia cannot recall new memories.
What are the three primary facets of cognition?
Processes information, is active, is useful
When you must choose correct information among alternatives, what type of memory test is being utilized?
Recognition
short-term memory.
Rehearsal is a process that helps renew the information being held in
You wish to log on to your computer network and the system requests your password. You no longer have the piece of paper you wrote the password on, so you must rely on
Relearning
declarative
Researchers who study memory sometimes group semantic and episodic memories together under the category ______ memories.
Decay theory can be used to explain forgetting in _______ but not _______.
STM; LTM
In remembering your wife's wedding gown, you distinctly remember it being covered with lace (in reality it was only half covered). In addition, you distinctly remember renting a Ford (it was a Chevy) and spending your wedding night in a Holiday Inn (it was actually a Marriott). This is all evidence for which account of forgetting?
Schema theory
frontal lobes
Short-term memories are primarily handled by the _____ of the brain.
What best explains the degree of recall for items at the beginning of a list?
They are remembered better because they have more opportunity for rehearsal.
chunking
To stretch the storage capacity of short-term memory, individuals are capable of grouping like items together. For instance, the directions north, south, east, and west can be group as "directions," and "directions" could be one item in memory. This process of stretching the limits of short-term memory in this fashion is called
chunking.
To stretch the storage capacity of short-term memory, individuals are capable of grouping like items together. For instance, the directions north, south, east, and west can be group as "directions," and "directions" could be one item in memory. This process of stretching the limits of short-term memory in this fashion is called
Anterograde amnesia is the inability to store and retrieve new information.
True
Decay theory is not particularly good at explaining forgetting in long-term memory.
True
Deep processing involves more elaboration than shallow processing.
True
Information in short-term memory can be renewed through rehearsal.
True
Just paying attention to information is enough to transfer it into short-term memory.
True
Mental repetition is necessary to keep information in short-term memory.
True
Procedural memory is memory for skills.
True
Relating new information to your own life is a way of improving future recall of the new information.
True
Short-term memory can store any information received by the brain through the senses.
True
The change made to the brain when a new memory is stored is referred to as the engram.
True
The levels of processing theory of long-term memory suggests two levels, shallow and deep processing.
True
The relearning method of long-term memory retrieval is the most sensitive method.
True
The sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory are components of the stage theory of memory.
True
When you want to remember something, making up a story using items you want to remember works better than rehearsing the information.
True
retrieval problems.
Unlike forgetting in short-term memory, forgetting in long-term memory is due to
one-quarter
Visual information is retained in the sensory register for about ______ of a second.
one-quarter of a second.
Visual information remains in the sensory register for about
four
Weaker sensory "echoes" from auditory information can be held in the sensory register for up to ______ seconds.
Procedural memory
When asked what your parents' phone number is, you cannot repeat it, but a moment later you can dial it from memory without looking it up. In this case, which memory system has served you well?
When is a concept considered a conjunctive concept?
When two or more features define it
Rehearsal
Which control process would be used to maintain a phone number in short-term memory?
Input, storage, and retrieval
Which of the following are the operations associated with the information-processing model of memory?
It is designed to hold an exact image of the sensory experience.
Which of the following best describes the memory capacity of the sensory register?
Procedural memory
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in the stage model of memory?
It is good for only temporary storage of information.
Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of short-term memory?
Retrieval
Which of the following is an example of a control mechanism?
We form connections between concepts based on experience.
Which of the following is the best explanation of the spreading activation model of long-term memory?
Spreading activation model
Which theory of the organization of long-term memory claims that concepts are linked by experience?
the sensory register
You are reading a book and your friend John asks you a question. By the time you say, "What did you say?" you hear his question. This is due to storage of information in _______ for audition.
short-term memory.
You were introduced to your date's best friend just 10 minutes ago. Now you need to get her attention but you cannot remember her name. You forgot because of the limits of
Damage to the hippocampus, as in H. M.'s case, can lead to the memory problem
anterograde amnesia.
H. M. suffered from severe epileptic seizures that led doctors to remove some of his brain. After surgery, H. M. demonstrated a classic case of
anterograde amnesia.
In long-term memory, a memory disorder in which one cannot store or retrieve new information is called
anterograde amnesia.
Suppose a person is injected with a drug that leaves current memory intact, but prevents new information from passing from short-term to long-term memory. This drug would produce
anterograde amnesia.
The famous memory case of H. M. illustrates the memory disorder known as
anterograde amnesia.
In Rosch's study of the ability of the subjects from the Dani tribe to learn names of colors, she found evidence that some color concepts
are better prototypes than others.
Natural concepts have two primary characteristics: ______ and ______.
basic; prototypical
The intellectual processes by which information is obtained, transformed, stored, retrieved, and used is called
cognition.
The basic units of thinking are called
concepts.
If an individual with Korsakoff's syndrome cannot remember how to end a statement, she/he will engage in
confabulation.
It's difficult not to be able to remember items that others expect you to remember. If you just started making up memories to answer others' questions, this is known as
confabulation.
The concept of "father" suggests that two concepts exist at the same time—male and parent. This is an example of a ______ concept.
conjunctive
The term "adult" is sometimes used to defined as a person who is 1) 18 years or older, and 2) has completed puberty, and 3) is financially independent. If a person had to have all three characteristics to qualify as an adult, the term "adult" could refer to a
conjunctive concept.
The type of reasoning that requires a conclusion beyond the information presented (thus relying on information you bring from your own background) is called ______ reasoning.
convergent
The forgetting theory of memory that suggests that memories decay or fade over time is the ______ theory.
decay
A strike in baseball occurs if either 1) the batter swings at the ball and misses or 2) the batter does not swing at the ball when it passes through the strike zone. The concept of a "strike" is an example of a _______ concept.
disjunctive
According to the original Stanford-Binet formula, IQ was calculated as mental age _______ chronological age and the result was _______ by 100.
divided by; multiplied
When people forget, they are not only distorting information but may also be remembering events that never occurred. This is consistent with the idea of
false memories.
The correct sequence of cognitive operations used in problem solving (starting from the beginning) is
formulate, understand, generate.
The depth at which we process information determines how well it is encoded, stored, and retrieved. This statement is the central idea of the
levels of processing model.
The key to deep processing is that it involves the understanding of
meaning.
The notion that a person would forget something because that memory would be threatening to the individual in some way is know as the theory of
motivated forgetting.
Concepts that are learned more easily than others are called ________ concepts.
natural
Anterograde amnesia is the inability to store and retrieve ______ information in long-term memory.
new
The interference theory of forgetting suggests that ______ the to-be-remembered item.
other memories impede the retrieval of
According to the levels of processing model, the best memory for a list of words would be obtained by
relating an important event in your life to each word.
The savings method of memory retrieval is also know as the ______ method of memory retrieval.
relearning
According to the schema theory, forgetting appears to occur during
retrieval.
You are unable to remember your previous address because you tend to confuse it with your current address. This illustrates _______ interference.
retroactive
If a disruption of consolidation of memories takes place due to some sort of traumatic event (for example, a seizure or brain damage), ______ could occur and hinder the retrieval of events prior to the traumatic event.
retroactive amnesia
While delivering his papers, Ernie had a bicycle accident and received a hard blow to the head. As a result, he could not remember the events preceding the accident. Ernie is experiencing
retrograde amnesia.
Studies have shown that, after hearing a story, people have trouble distinguishing between what has been explicitly stated and what was only strongly implied. This research has been used to support the _______ theory of forgetting.
schema
Research has shown that when drawing ambiguous figures from memory, people will alter the drawing to better suit the labels that have been assigned to the drawings. This research has been interpreted as support for the
schema theory of forgetting.
An associative network of beliefs, knowledge, and expectations is known as a
schema.
The two fundamental levels in the levels of processing theory of memory are
shallow and deep.
In the levels of processing model, STM is to LTM as
shallow processing is to deep processing.
When a false memory occurs, this means that
something is remembered that never happened.
One of the criticisms against the research on motivated forgetting is that
stressful events can cause forgetting by biological means.
Language codes are to semantic content as _______ is to _______. A) phoneme; sound B) language; intelligence C) surface structure; deep structure D) conjunctive concept; disjunctive concept
surface structure; deep structure
Regarding the formation and continued existence of new memories, the process of consolidation suggests that
synaptic changes that lead to memories are fragile at first and must avoid disruption.
. The theory of memory that suggests that the basis of learning and memory is due to unique patterns of neuronal activity causing changes in synapses to occur is known as
synaptic facilitation.
A person using heuristics to solve a problem would
take shortcuts.
According to schema theory, we remember events in
terms of their meanings and then make up the details to fit.
The memory exercise in your text presented a "study" list of words and a "test" list of words later. Many students incorrectly recalled "sleep" as being in the study list when it was not. This illustrates
the false memory construction of memory.
The tendency to recall the beginning and the end of a list of items is known as
the serial position effect.
When remembering the last items from a long list, improved memory for those last items is thought to be because
those items are still in short-term memory.
You cannot quite recall a word, but you remember what letter it begins with. This is characteristic of the _______ phenomenon.
tip-of-the-tongue
When we are trying to recall a fact that we can almost remember—that is, we know we know the fact but can't quite recall it—this experience is known as the
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
Korsakoff's syndrome patients sometimes experience both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. This syndrome is caused by
vitamin loss due to the diet of chronic alcoholics.
The Americans with Disabilities Act came into existence in A) 1980. B) 1985. C) 1990. D) 1995.
C) 1990.
the meaning of something.
A semantic memory is a type of memory where one remembers
16. The first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical of Mental Disorder (DSM) was published in A) 1952. B) 1962. C) 1972. D) 1982.
A) 1952.
. Sarah felt unreal, like a robot. Her hands seemed too large for the rest of her body and they seemed to move of their own free will. She knew that her perceptions were not accurate, but they had an eerie sense of reality to them. Her altered state of consciousness was temporary and could be considered A) depersonalization. B) a conversion disorder. C) psychogenic fugue. D) delusional schizophrenia.
A) depersonalization.
People who are low in omega-3 fatty acids are more likely to be A) depressed. B) motivated. C) self-actualized. D) ambivalent.
A) depressed.
Individuals who fall far short of who they would like to be are more likely to experience _______ compared to those who meet their own expectations. A) depression B) anxiety C) obsession D) compulsion
A) depression
The fact that younger widows tend to be depressed for longer periods of time after the death of their spouse compared to older widows shows the influence of _______ factors on stress reactions. A) developmental B) prior experience C) control D) person variables
A) developmental
A class of disorders that are characterized by sudden alterations in cognition in the areas of memory, perception, or identity are called _______ disorders. A) dissociative B) somatoform C) affective D) anxiety
A) dissociative
. According to research, signs for safe behavior like wearing seat belts when riding in cars are A) effective when used consistently. B) not effective on a long-term basis. C) effective only for a short time. D) obeyed mostly by women, not men.
A) effective when used consistently.
Which of the following describes the supernatural approach to understanding abnormal behavior? Abnormal behavior is caused by A) evil spirits. B) chemical imbalances. C) maladaptive learning. D) toxic environments.
A) evil spirits.
Contact between prejudiced groups will be ineffective in reducing prejudice if the group views the other group members as A) exceptions to the rule. B) typical of their group. C) cooperative. D) equal in status.
A) exceptions to the rule.
Compared to others, people with a Type A personality tend to A) experience greater physiological arousal in competitive situations. B) experience less physiological arousal in situations where they must do nothing but sit. C) have extremely effective coping styles in competitive situations. D) have depressed nervous activity in response to frustrating failure experiences.
A) experience greater physiological arousal in competitive situations.
. If a woman has dyspareunia, it means that she has ______ during intercourse. A) experienced pain B) a single orgasm C) fallen asleep D) multiple orgasms
A) experienced pain
If you were to be diagnosed with somatoform pain disorder, you would A) feel pain, but no physical cause could be determined. B) not feel pain, but you would say you were in pain to get out of work. C) feel pain, but the feelings of pain would be overexaggerated. D) not feel pain because of your constant self-medication.
A) feel pain, but no physical cause could be determined.
The technique from persuasion called ______ means that a person makes a small request first to get you to agree and then makes a larger request second. A) foot-in-the-door B) door-in-the-face C) obedience to authority D) bait-and-switch
A) foot-in-the-door
You enjoyed your general psychology course so much that you decided to register for more psychology courses next semester. However, you are among the last to register, and all the desirable psychology courses are already filled. The stress you are feeling is the result of A) frustration. B) conflict. C) pressure. D) personality inadequacy.
A) frustration.
In attribution, people display a tendency to see their own behavior as externally caused and the behavior of others as internally caused. This tendency is known as the A) fundamental attribution error. B) halo effect. C) diffusion of responsibility. D) reduction of dissonance.
A) fundamental attribution error.
Brittany seems to be in a continuous state of anxiety but she is unable to identify the source of her feelings. The most likely diagnosis for Brittany is A) generalized anxiety disorder. B) simple phobia. C) panic anxiety disorder. D) somatoform disorder.
A) generalized anxiety disorder.
Carol is constantly plagued with a wide variety of exaggerated worries such as "I might hurt myself" or "This is going to be a bad day." She may be suffering from A) generalized anxiety disorder. B) agoraphobia. C) panic anxiety disorder. D) a specific phobia.
A) generalized anxiety disorder.
When researchers discuss the importance of proximity on the development of romantic relationships, they are referring to A) geographical closeness. B) similarity of political views. C) couples' obedience to authority. D) overlap in religious beliefs.
A) geographical closeness.
Bob went to a therapist because he is afraid of crowds. After Bob is taught to relax, the therapist will use a technique called ________ to help Bob decrease his fear. A) graded exposure B) transference C) reflection D) role playing
A) graded exposure
The specialization known as ______ psychology seeks to improve physical well-being. A) health B) abnormal C) personality D) social
A) health
The positive effects of marriage for both males and females can be explained in part because A) healthy people get married more often than ill persons. B) married people avoid risks. C) unmarried people are more self-destructive. D) all of the above are possible explanations.
A) healthy people get married more often than ill persons.
. People with the Type A behavior pattern who used effective coping skills experienced a decrease in A) heart attacks and early death. B) their life events score. C) approach-approach conflicts. D) approach-avoidance conflicts.
A) heart attacks and early death.
Millie goes to the doctor at least twice a month and is always worried about becoming ill even though the doctor assures her that her health is perfect. Millie's pattern resembles A) hypochondriasis. B) somatoform disorder. C) psychosomatic disorder. D) organic mental disorder.
A) hypochondriasis.
AIDS, as caused by HIV, has killed ______ people worldwide. A) 2 million B) 20 million C) 200,000 D) 200 million
B) 20 million
How many phonemes are there in the English language? A) 26 B) 44 C) Approximately 12,000 D) An infinite number
B) 44
A person begins to lose the ability to hear low-pitched sounds beginning in his or her A) 50s. B) 60s. C) 40s. D) 30s.
B) 60s.
In which of the following situations is it appropriate for a therapist to breach confidentiality? A) A spouse inquiry B) A court order C) An insurance company order D) A relative asks a question
B) A court order
Jeff used a coping strategy that was ineffective because it distorted reality. What kind of strategy did he use? A) Cognitive coping B) A defense mechanism C) Sensitization D) Stress removal
B) A defense mechanism
During which stage of the general adaptation syndrome would increases in heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and blood sugar be detected? A) Autonomic phase B) Alarm reaction C) Resistance D) Exhaustion
B) Alarm reaction
4. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the discontinuity hypothesis of abnormality? A) A behavior that is taken to a dangerous extreme can be considered abnormal. B) Alcoholism is a mental disorder, not a person who sometimes drinks more than intended. C) Everybody has breakdowns once in a while. D) Someone with a personality disorder is simply unable to handle life's problems.
B) Alcoholism is a mental disorder, not a person who sometimes drinks more than intended.
Steve dislikes the thought of staying in school but does not want to work either. Which type of conflict is at work here? A) Approach-approach B) Avoidance-avoidance C) Approach-avoidance D) Double approach-approach
B) Avoidance-avoidance
What characteristic does dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue have in common? A) Both are very temporary. B) Both involve memory loss. C) Both involve intermittent wandering. D) A change in personality occurs in both.
B) Both involve memory loss.
. Which of the following would be the best example of an approach-approach conflict? A) Choosing between going to the dentist or getting your car repaired B) Choosing between one good job offer or a second good job offer C) Choosing between going to the pool and getting your car repaired D) Choosing between studying for your final or applying to graduate school
B) Choosing between one good job offer or a second good job offer
Friendship groups or cliques begin to develop during which stage of cognitive development? A) Preoperational B) Concrete operational C) Sensorimotor D) Formal operational
B) Concrete operational
. In which context does the term "insanity" apply most appropriately? A) Hospital B) Courtroom C) Clinic D) Halfway house
B) Courtroom
Which of the following is an effect of climacteric in men? A) Increase in sex hormones B) Decline in sperm cell production C) Men don't experience climacteric. D) Psychological and sexual effects
B) Decline in sperm cell production
Which form of IQ is currently used by psychologists? A) Ratio IQ B) Deviation IQ C) Reliability IQ D) Algebraic IQ
B) Deviation IQ
. Ivan is very depressed, and the danger of suicide is eminent. He is not responding to the drugs normally employed to treat depression. Which of the following treatments is most likely to prove helpful in reducing Ivan's depression and suicidal behavior? A) Psychoanalysis B) Electroconvulsive therapy C) Encounter groups D) Minor tranquilizers
B) Electroconvulsive therapy
Which of the following, when consumed in excess, can lead to high levels of cholesterol? A) Fresh vegetables B) Fatty red meats C) Low-fat dairy products D) Lean white meats
B) Fatty red meats
How does crystallized intelligence differ from fluid intelligence? A) Crystallized intelligence stabilizes before adolescence while fluid intelligence always improves. B) Fluid intelligence shows age-related declines before crystallized intelligence. C) Crystallized intelligence is set from birth, and fluid intelligence is not. D) Fluid intelligence improves until retirement age, and at the same time crystallized intelligence declines.
B) Fluid intelligence shows age-related declines before crystallized intelligence.
How many stages does Levinson use to describe developmental transitions in middle adulthood? A) One B) Four C) Five D) Nine
B) Four
How does generalized anxiety disorder differ from panic anxiety disorder? A) Generalized anxiety can lead to agoraphobia. B) Generalized anxiety is relatively mild in comparison. C) Panic anxiety is more predictable. D) Generalized anxiety can lead to extreme heart arhythmia and heart failure.
B) Generalized anxiety is relatively mild in comparison.
Moderate aerobic exercise means ______ minutes of continuous exercise that raises the heart rate at least _____ times a week. A) 60; 5 B) 20; 2 C) 30; 3 D) 45; 4
C) 30; 3
If you were a car salesperson and you were instructed to use the lowball technique, which of the following would be an example of that technique? A) You would get the person to agree that, in retrospect, they really don't need a car anyway. B) You would get the person to buy the car under favorable conditions and then change the conditions. C) You would get the person to buy the car at a higher price than necessary, improving the profit. D) You would get the person to buy two cars for the price of one.
B) You would get the person to buy the car under favorable conditions and then change the conditions.
Sustained exercise that stimulates heart and lung activity is called _______ exercise. A) anorexic B) aerobic C) anaerobic D) assimilative
B) aerobic
Jim was caught again trying to pawn some of his parents' antique jewelry. He skipped so much school that he will have to repeat his courses. He is also unconcerned that he has gotten two different girls pregnant in the past year. He would probably be diagnosed as having a(n) A) adventurous adolescent period. B) antisocial personality disorder. C) schizoid personality disorder. D) dependent personality disorder.
B) antisocial personality disorder.
If an individual has excessive problems with nervousness, tension, worry, and fright, he or she may be suffering from a(n) A) paresis. B) anxiety disorder. C) paranoid reaction. D) conversion disorder.
B) anxiety disorder.
53. Obsessions are ________, while compulsions are ________. A) irresistible urges to engage in behaviors; anxiety-provoking thoughts B) anxiety-provoking thoughts; irresistible urges to engage in behaviors C) vague uneasy sensations of tension; the desire to run away from a threatening situation D) the desire to run away from a threatening situation; vague uneasy sensations of tension
B) anxiety-provoking thoughts; irresistible urges to engage in behaviors
Carla received a ticket for speeding that she feels is unjust. She can pay the ticket and forget it, or she can hire a lawyer, pay her fees, and perhaps be vindicated for being unjustly charged. Carla is tense and upset because she is experiencing a(n) _______ conflict. A) approach-approach B) approach-avoidance C) negative-approach D) frustration
B) approach-avoidance
If you are in a situation where no choice can be made and the only option involves both positive and negative aspects, this is an _______ conflict. A) approach-approach B) approach-avoidance C) avoidance-avoidance D) undeterminable
B) approach-avoidance
Pat normally avoids working with people outside her ethnic group, but she recently worked with Barb and found her to be unlike the others. Pat thought Barb's behavior was probably because she mostly worked with people of Pat's ethnic group. Pat's desire to explain Barb's behavior matches A) discrimination theory. B) attribution theory. C) cognitive dissonance theory. D) us vs. them theory.
B) attribution theory.
Jerry is a transvestite. In this case, Jerry's sexual behavior would probably be considered A) abnormal. B) atypical. C) a sexual dysfunction. D) a form of transsexualism.
B) atypical.
Using cognitive-behavior therapy, a therapist may help a depressed client by helping the client resume activities that are meaningful and enjoyable. This approach to minimizing the negative effects of depression is known as A) magnification. B) behavioral activation. C) cathartic rescue. D) safe emergency.
B) behavioral activation.
In equity theory, each person in the relationship is compared on the basis of the ratio of perceived ________ divided by perceived ________. A) contributions; benefits B) benefits; contributions C) commitment; mutual respect D) mutual respect; commitment
B) benefits; contributions
Treatment for the disorder known as paresis was important in advancing the ________ theory of abnormal behavior. A) supernatural B) biological C) psychological D) interpersonal
B) biological
After several months in psychoanalysis, Ryan had an emotional outburst during which he cried and sobbed as he talked about a childhood experience. Freud termed this emotional release A) transference. B) catharsis. C) regression. D) id release.
B) catharsis.
The procedure known as ______ uses electrical probes to destroy the cingulated cortex of the limbic system. A) commissurotomy B) cingulotomy C) transcranial stimulation D) prefrontal lobotomy
B) cingulotomy
Jean Piaget is notable for proposing a widely influential theory of _______ development. A) personality B) cognitive C) physical D) moral
B) cognitive
James states that he believes in conservation of energy and care for the environment. James drives a big SUV to work every day by himself rather than carpool or take the bus. When he becomes aware of the contradiction here, James will feel uncomfortable because of A) sleeper effects. B) cognitive dissonance. C) attitudinal diffusion. D) responsibility diffusion.
B) cognitive dissonance.
64. The therapy based on the assumption that abnormal behavior is due to faulty ways of thinking and believing is A) humanistic psychotherapy. B) cognitive therapy. C) Gestalt therapy. D) psychoanalysis.
B) cognitive therapy.
31. High levels of depression are ______ among individuals undergoing stress. A) uncommon B) common C) rare D) nonexistent
B) common
Even in the most healthy and enduring relationships, passionate love usually transforms into A) extreme hate. B) companionate love. C) mutual disregard. D) storgic love.
B) companionate love.
According to Köhlberg, higher levels of moral development reflect an increase in A) understanding rules and laws. B) concern over the ethics of a person's actions. C) the consequences of a person's actions. D) doing what society
B) concern over the ethics of a person's actions.
The idea that when in a group we tend to behave like others in the group is known as A) attribution. B) conformity. C) dissonance. D) prejudice.
B) conformity.
When Brenda showed up at her supervisor's party, she noticed she had dressed rather formally and everyone else had dressed casually. She quickly went home, changed, and returned. Brenda's behavior is best explained by A) deindividuation. B) conformity. C) embarrassment. D) social facilitation.
B) conformity.
Mary has been changing doctors frequently and can't understand why none of her doctors can find anything wrong with her. She complains of nausea and tiredness and has recently started taking many different kinds of pills, hoping that something will help. Mary is displaying the characteristics of A) conversion disorder. B) somatization disorder. C) compulsive disorder. D) panic attack.
B) somatization disorder
When the occurrence of an event causes an individual's ability to cope to be exceeded, ______ occurs. A) sublimation B) stress C) satiation D) sobriety
B) stress
A situation, circumstance, or event that threatens the individual and requires some form of coping mechanism best defines A) conflict. B) stress. C) frustration. D) pressure.
B) stress.
The most common approach used in family therapy is the ________ approach. A) cathartic B) systems C) Freudian D) humanistic
B) systems
The ability to get things done or "everyday" intelligence is known as A) fluid intelligence. B) tacit intelligence. C) g. D) ratio IQ.
B) tacit intelligence.
. A psychological method in the use of psychotherapy can be any kind of human interaction as long as it is based on A) past use. B) theory. C) ability to pay. D) noncontroversial data.
B) theory.
Your friend John was born a male but has always thought that he was a female trapped in a male body. On occasion, John chooses to dress in the clothes of the opposite sex, even though he feels he is a female. John is a A) fetishist. B) transsexual. C) exhibitionist. D) transvestite.
B) transsexual.
One should deliver ________ messages to individuals who are initially favorable to the message and ________ messages to individuals who are initially unfavorable toward it. A) one-sided; two-sided B) two-sided; two-sided C) one-sided; one-sided D) two-sided; one-sided
B) two-sided; two-sided
When considering how OTHER people behave, we tend to ______ the effects of the social situation and ______ the importance of their personal characteristics. A) underestimate; underestimate B) underestimate; overestimate C) accurately estimate; underestimate D) overestimate; overestimate
B) underestimate; overestimate
The most serious criticism about how the subjects in Milgram's studies were handled was the A) amount they were paid for participation. B) unethical practices used. C) failure to replicate the study. D) usefulness of the results.
B) unethical practices used.
. If the walls of a woman's vagina begin to involuntarily contract such that a penis cannot penetrate the vagina, this phenomenon is known as A) dyspareunia. B) vaginismus. C) vaginal dysfunction. D) inhibited penetration.
B) vaginismus.
. Marriage seems to benefit men more than women, according to your text, because A) women have many more criticisms of their marriage than men. B) women have more social supports outside of marriage. C) wives often urge husbands to lead healthier lifestyles. D) single/divorced men lead less safe lives.
B) women have more social supports outside of marriage.
Experiences of depersonalization are more common among A) elderly people. B) young adults. C) children from unstable homes. D) fully self-actualized people.
B) young adults.
Rosch believes basic concepts are easier to learn. Which of the following does she use in support of this statement?
Basic concepts are easily named.
What is the average age of menopause? A) 10 to 12 years B) 34 to 38 years C) 46 to 48 years D) 52 to 54 years
C) 46 to 48 years
Which of the following would be the most likely conclusion from family therapy? A) Sibling rivalry is the chief cause of grief and must be eventually resolved. B) The problems of a family are based on the dissimilarities between parents. C) Interactions between all family members contribute to how well a family can adjust. D) Unconscious motives and childhood experiences explain why children behave as they do.
C) Interactions between all family members contribute to how well a family can adjust.
Which of the following is a contemporary neo-Freudian form of psychotherapy that ignores unconscious motivation? A) Social skills training B) Systematic desensitization C) Interpersonal psychotherapy D) Assertiveness training
C) Interpersonal psychotherapy
In Milgram's shock experiment, what effect did issuing orders over the telephone and lowering the prestige of the authority figure have on the behavior of research participants? A) It increased the transfer from one experimental session to the next. B) It increased the tendency to obey. C) It reduced the tendency to obey. D) It increased the validity of the experiment.
C) It reduced the tendency to obey.
Which of the following was used to explain why Americans eat so poorly? A) A genetic preference for high fat foods B) Poor attitude toward nutrition experts C) Lack of knowledge about healthy foods D) Unavailability of healthy foods
C) Lack of knowledge about healthy foods
In a study, autonomic arousal was measured while one group received electric shock 95 % of the time, a second received electric shock 50% of the time, and a third received electric shock 5% of the time. The group that was shocked 5% of the time showed the most arousal due to the influence of what factor? A) Increased withdrawal B) Increased conflict C) Lowered predictability D) Lowered immune functioning
C) Lowered predictability
Which of the following most clearly exemplifies a dispositional attribution? A) Hans believes his sister plays the piano to make a good impression on others. B) Larry believes his father is hostile because of difficulties at work. C) Maria believes Rob gossips about others because of a mean and spiteful streak. D) Diane believes her son lies to her to avoid possible punishment.
C) Maria believes Rob gossips about others because of a mean and spiteful streak.
. After her poem was not selected for the school literary magazine, Kate concluded that she must not be a good writer. Which type of maladaptive cognition best fits Kate's thinking? A) Selective abstraction B) Projection C) Overgeneralization D) Rationalization
C) Overgeneralization
In the treatment of ______, transcranial stimulation has been found to be more effective that placebo trials. A) incest and pedophilia B) neurosis and psychosis C) PTSD and depression D) dissociative identity disorder
C) PTSD and depression
Which of the following is true regarding listener characteristics and persuasion? A) More intelligent people are easier to persuade. B) People are easier to persuade when they are listening alone. C) People with a high need for social approval are generally easier to persuade. D) People with high self-concepts are easier to persuade.
C) People with a high need for social approval are generally easier to persuade.
Which individuals are least likely to respond to negative life events with depression and anxiety? A) People with little control B) People with poor social support C) People with good social support D) People with no prior experience
C) People with good social support
You give your younger brother Joe a bag of marbles. While he is playing with them, you ask him how many blue marbles there are. He correctly answers, "Nine!" You ask, "How many green marbles?" Joe says, "Four!" You then ask, "Are there more blue or green?" He responds, "Blue!" Finally, you ask, "Are there more blue marbles or more round marbles?" Joe responds, "Blue!" He is most likely in which developmental stage? A) Concrete operational B) Egocentric C) Preoperational D) Equilibrational
C) Preoperational
5. Sigrid is feeling stress because she is afraid of losing her job to downsizing. What is the source of Sigrid's stress? A) Avoidance-avoidance conflict B) Double approach-avoidance conflict C) Pressure D) Frustration
C) Pressure
Dr. Susan is your family therapist. She believes that to adequately understand psychological problems, she must understand the role that you play in the family system. Which of the following statements supports that underlying belief? A) Older siblings are usually relied upon to provide therapeutic solutions. B) The individual must be cured before the remainder of the family is infected. C) Problems of the individual are often caused by problems in the family. D) Mothers and fathers are the cause of almost every psychological problem.
C) Problems of the individual are often caused by problems in the family.
20. How often does the legal defense "not guilty by reason of insanity" work? A) Always B) Often C) Rarely D) Never
C) Rarely
You explain to a friend that it is probably the best thing that could have happened because you learned a lot from the way the situation turned out and, besides, there are at least 100 reasons why you would not have been happy at Harvard anyway. You are using which defense mechanism? A) Projection B) Regression C) Rationalization D) Reaction formation
C) Rationalization
After being promoted to department head, Bill found the job to be uncomfortable and highly stressful. Ultimately, Bill resigned from the position and returned to his former job, where he reported being much happier. Which method of coping with stress did Bill use? A) Managing stress reactions, an effective coping method B) Withdrawal, an ineffective coping method C) Removing stress, an effective coping method D) Excessive use of defense mechanisms, an ineffective coping method
C) Removing stress, an effective coping method
Which of the following is a characteristic of sexual harassment? A) Consensual sex B) Desired sexual advances C) Requests for sexual favors D) Telling unfunny jokes
C) Requests for sexual favors
If 10 people say that a color is blue when it actually is not, what is the 11th person likely to do? A) Identify the color correctly B) Say that the group is wrong C) Say that the color is blue D) Show signs of reactance
C) Say that the color is blue
A researcher asks participants if they can hear the radio over the background static when actually only pure static is present. Participants are more likely to hear the radio when other participants say they do. This research is most similar in interpretation to A) Milgram's shock study. B) Zimbardo's prison study. C) Sherif's autokinetic effect study. D) Latané and Darley's decision tree.
C) Sherif's autokinetic effect study.
Which of the following would be a typical characteristic of an exhibitionist? A) Violent B) Unmarried C) Shy D) Uninhibited sex life
C) Shy
What was the main finding of Zimbardo's prison study? A) Regular techniques are not effective in changing the attitudes of prisoners. B) The prison experience makes inmates more likely to reject attitude-change attempts. C) Social situations can have a powerful influence on behavior. D) Prison reform should include more opportunity for self-expression.
C) Social situations can have a powerful influence on behavior.
When resistance occurs in therapy, what event is taking place? A) The procedure of free association is inoperative. B) The therapist must resist growing attraction for the client. C) The client will not share deep personal problems. D) The client opens up and shares difficult emotional feelings.
C) The client will not share deep personal problems.
How does prior experience with stress influence our ability to deal with future stress? A) Eventually all possible stressful events are experiences, causing no more stress. B) Each stressful event is handled uniquely, with no influence from past events. C) The more previous experience with stress, the better future stress is handled. D) The more stress accumulates overall, the worse the reaction to future stress.
C) The more previous experience with stress, the better future stress is handled.
Which of the following is true about stress reactions? A) They produce a physiological reaction only. B) Psychological reactions happen independently of physiological reactions. C) They produce both a physiological and psychological reactions. D) Physiological reactions differ depending on the stressor.
C) They produce both a physiological and psychological reactions.
How do Puerto Ricans living in the United States compare to Puerto Ricans living in Puerto Rico in terms of depression? A) Both group rates are comparable. B) Puerto Ricans who stay home have more depression due to poverty. C) Those who immigrate have higher rates of depression. D) Puerto Ricans who immigrate have less depression due to improved economic conditions.
C) Those who immigrate have higher rates of depression.
How many phonemes are found in the word "tree"? A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four
C) Three
Why would a humanist use group therapy to treat clients? A) To teach adaptive behavior B) To more easily detect faulty thinking C) To foster accurate self-perceptions D) To act as an interpreter of group interactions
C) To foster accurate self-perceptions
Which class of drugs is effective in the treatment of anxiety? A) Stimulants B) Antidepressants C) Tranquilizers D) Phenothiazines
C) Tranquilizers
Some psychologists hold the idea that we are limited in the thoughts that we have when our vocabulary is limited. This idea is known as the A) availability heuristic. B) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. C) Whorfian hypothesis. D) generativity effect.
C) Whorfian hypothesis.
If someone feels an irrational need to touch every parking meter on the street as she walks along, she is probably suffering from A) agoraphobia. B) a dissociative state. C) a compulsion. D) obsessive rumination.
C) a compulsion.
Because they believe that higher education and favorable employment are determined by a person's ability, the authors of The Bell Curve believe American society is moving toward A) genetic superiority. B) intellectual superiority. C) a meritocracy. D) an aristocracy.
C) a meritocracy.
After a very stressful period, Mr. Stepanek quit his job, stayed home, and shut out his family and friends. He appeared to get better, but one day he walked out on his family. He worked as a cook in a truck stop in another state. Two months later he came home depressed and wouldn't talk with anybody. Mr. Stepanek is probably suffering from A) paranoid schizophrenia. B) undifferentiated schizophrenia. C) a mood disorder. D) a dissociative reaction.
C) a mood disorder.
Whenever Joe is around more than three people, he becomes tense and apprehensive. Lately, Joe has been refusing to leave his home to avoid such feelings. Joe is suffering from A) a somatoform disorder. B) a conversion disorder. C) a social phobia. D) agoraphobia.
C) a social phobia.
A Gestalt psychotherapist is ______ conversations during therapy sessions. A) video- but not audio-recording B) never a participant in C) actively involved in D) passively listening to
C) actively involved in
The first step in responding to stress is often the production of hormones and the mobilization of bodily resources. This first stage is referred to as the A) avoidance reaction stage. B) resistance stage. C) alarm reaction stage. D) adjustment phase.
C) alarm reaction stage.
. The theory of cognitive dissonance holds that inconsistencies between attitudes and behavior are uncomfortable, A) causing people to engage in groupthink. B) but attitude change does not reduce dissonance. C) and people will therefore change their attitudes to reduce this discomfort. D) and so people engage in attribution to reduce the discomfort.
C) and people will therefore change their attitudes to reduce this discomfort.
Posttraumatic stress disorder falls under the classification of ________ disorders. A) somatoform B) dissociative C) anxiety D) mood
C) anxiety
. If your pattern of thinking is that every time you get a phone call it will be bad news, then you are making the cognitive error of A) graded exposure. B) minimization. C) arbitrary inference. D) cathartic leap.
C) arbitrary inference.
According to social psychologists, ______ are beliefs that predispose us to act and feel certain ways. A) conforms B) stereotypes C) attitudes D) social roles
C) attitudes
Generally speaking, a speaker who is attractive, popular, famous, and likable will A) be less effective in changing our opinions compared to an unattractive speaker. B) not be taken seriously by anyone due to the impact of the halo effect. C) be more effective in changing our opinions compared to an unattractive speaker. D) not be able to persuade anyone because they don't look like their audience.
C) be more effective in changing our opinions compared to an unattractive speaker.
An approach to therapy that emphasizes the learning of new skills is the __________ approach. A) Gestalt B) cognitive C) behavioral D) client-centered
C) behavioral
The main contribution of Hippocrates to the understanding of abnormal behavior was his A) belief that the mind was in the brain. B) suggestion that human behavior had counterparts in animal behavior. C) belief that abnormal behaviors have natural causes. D) belief that the body contains four important fluids.
C) belief that abnormal behaviors have natural causes.
Persons raised in collectivist cultures when compared to persons raised in individualistic cultures A) believe that group influence on behavior is very small. B) believe that group influence is less than individual influence on our behavior. C) believe that group influence is much greater on behavior. D) show no difference in inferences.
C) believe that group influence is much greater on behavior.
If a paranoid schizophrenic is reported to have delusions of grandeur, this means that they A) feel as if they are being followed or persecuted. B) need to see vistas of uncommon beauty. C) believe that they are exceptionally important. D) see objects and hear voices that do not exist.
C) believe that they are exceptionally important.
A stage theorist is likely to believe that development proceeds according to A) the laws of learning. B) the influences of society. C) biological programming. D) the stages of personal experience.
C) biological programming.
Mary arrived at work one day in uncommonly good spirits. She told her coworkers she had a terrific idea about starting her own business and that she would soon be rich. She quit her job the same day. Several weeks later her former coworkers learned she was feeling very down and would not see anyone. Mary most likely has A) major depression. B) dissociative identity disorder. C) bipolar disorder. D) psychogenic fugue.
C) bipolar disorder.
Which of the following would be an example of catharsis occurring during a therapy session? The patient A) calls his mother and father and forgives them. B) pays for the therapy session in pennies. C) blurts out his feelings and becomes very emotional. D) discovers an attraction to his female psychoanalyst.
C) blurts out his feelings and becomes very emotional.
Several efforts have been made to teach apes human language. Although there have been varying degrees of success, the main issue seems to be whether apes A) have the anatomy for speech. B) have the intelligence for speech. C) can generate new combinations of language. D) can be taught American Sign Language.
C) can generate new combinations of language.
After two semesters of making the dean's list, Maria had a semester of poor grades. She was quite upset by this and thought she should drop out of college. Her roommate convinced her she was in a temporary "sophomore slump," and soon Maria was back to her usual good performance. This is an example of coping with stress by A) removing stress. B) withdrawal. C) cognitive coping. D) stress management exercises.
C) cognitive coping.
According to ______ theory, attitudes tend to shift to be consistent with behavior. A) social role B) polarization C) cognitive dissonance D) groupthink
C) cognitive dissonance
Social skills training is a specific technique of A) psychosurgery. B) interpersonal psychotherapy. C) cognitive-behavior training. D) Gestalt therapy.
C) cognitive-behavior training.
The presence of two or more powerful motives, both having highly attractive goals, but only one of which can be attained, are the ingredients for A) inhibition. B) frustration. C) conflict. D) coping.
C) conflict.
When others in the group all agree on the same answer, a person is most likely to A) polarize. B) dissent. C) conform. D) disagree.
C) conform.
Attempts to deal with the source of stress or to control our reactions to it, or both, describe A) the alarm reaction. B) exhaustion. C) coping. D) frustration.
C) coping
35. With repeated exposures to stressful situations, a person's general stress level A) increases. B) disappears. C) decreases. D) remains constant.
C) decreases.
In Freudian terms, the ego uses ______ unconsciously to discharge tension and stress. A) dream analysis B) word association C) defense mechanisms D) catharsis
C) defense mechanisms
. When a person feels anonymous and unidentifiable as a part of a group, ______ has occurred. A) cognitive dissonance B) groupthink C) deindividuation D) social facilitation
C) deindividuation
. You are consciously refusing to deal with reality, such as ignoring the warning labels on alcohol products. This defense mechanism is known as A) sublimation. B) projection. C) denial. D) displacement.
C) denial.
Bob saw a child crying as if she had lost her mother and he assumed someone else in the crowd at the mall would take care of the situation. This is an example of A) discrimination. B) generalization. C) diffusion of responsibility. D) fundamental attribution error.
C) diffusion of responsibility.
Inappropriate affective behavior, especially silliness and giggling, is characteristic of ________ schizophrenia. A) catatonic B) delusional C) disorganized D) mood
C) disorganized
A schizophrenic may laugh at a very serious statement such as "Your mother died this morning." This is representative of A) a cognitive disturbance. B) delusional reactance. C) disorganized emotion. D) a catatonic episode.
C) disorganized emotion.
An athlete responds to a career-threatening injury by persevering through a rigorous rehabilitation program. Those who know this athlete explain his perseverance in terms of his desire to compete and to express his natural talents. The social process underlying this explanation is A) social penetration. B) dissonance reduction. C) dispositional attribution. D) diffusion of responsibility.
C) dispositional attribution.
71. Mary was asked to contribute $100 to humanitarian relief by a Red Cross representative. After she said "no," the representative suggested any amount would be welcomed. Mary is likely to contribute the smaller amount because of the A) lowball technique. B) foot-in-the-door technique. C) door-in-the-face technique. D) too-good-to-be-true technique.
C) door-in-the-face technique.
Erikson's theory is based on the assumption that A) development is driven by personal choices, independent of the actions of parents and others. B) life is full of disasters and the challenge we face is to suffer through without giving up. C) each person faces a set of predictable life-changing challenges at various stages of life. D) most of the social behaviors we learn are acquired by watching other people behave socially.
C) each person faces a set of predictable life-changing challenges at various stages of life.
Feminist psychotherapy believes in a(n) ________ relationship between the therapist and the client. A) forgiving B) androgynous C) equal D) aggressive
C) equal
The theory that suggests that enduring relationships are a result of partners giving and receiving in equal proportions is known as A) passionate love erosion. B) the fundamental attribution error. C) equity theory. D) cognitive dissonance.
C) equity theory.
29. The last stage of the general adaptation syndrome is A) alarm. B) resistance. C) exhaustion. D) plateau.
C) exhaustion.
. When an inanimate object is used in a sexual way and it interferes with normal sexual functioning, this practice of using such objects is known as a A) voyeur. B) masochism. C) fetish. D) exhibition.
C) fetish.
You have gone to your car after attending a basketball game with 12,000 fans present. You are unable to start your car. The bystander effect suggests that you will have a better chance of getting help if A) it is very cold outside. B) it is very warm outside. C) few people are left in the parking lot. D) many people are left in the parking lot.
C) few people are left in the parking lot.
An individual who is described as having "blunted affect" would most likely A) have an obsessive-compulsive disorder. B) have a phobic disorder. C) find little enjoyment in life. D) be experiencing a manic episode.
C) find little enjoyment in life.
. The good news about major depression is that it is episodic, meaning that A) it doesn't get worse over time. B) it is treatable with medication. C) for many people it goes away. D) certain types of memories are lost.
C) for many people it goes away.
The idea that there are an infinite number of possible things a person can say and that these sayings come from a finite number of words and rules of language is called A) fluid intelligence. B) the Whorfian effect. C) generativity. D) syntactic collaboration.
C) generativity.
Max had been in the hospital for 12 years. Everyone knew him, but they didn't call him Max. He insisted that they call him J. C. and that he had died once for their sins. Max suffered from delusions of ________, a symptom of ________ schizophrenia. A) persecution; disorganized B) reference; catatonic C) grandeur; paranoid D) paranoia; undifferentiated
C) grandeur; paranoid
The individual who joins a lynch mob or a vigilante group almost never has a previous history of violent behavior. This fact demonstrates the powerful effects of A) the diffusion of responsibility. B) latent aggressive tendencies in people. C) group actions upon individuals' behavior. D) dispositional attributions.
C) group actions upon individuals' behavior.
Highly cohesive groups often think in ways that foster unanimous agreement rather than critical evaluation. This tendency is known as A) collective behavior. B) social facilitation. C) groupthink. D) forced compliance.
C) groupthink.
The Terman study that followed gifted children from childhood through adulthood found that the gifted individuals A) were just as successful as non-gifted individuals. B) had higher rates of adult alcoholism. C) had a lower death rate than the national average. D) had average family incomes.
C) had a lower death rate than the national average.
Based on research, students with physical challenges A) were viewed as hard-hearted and egotistical by the able-bodied students. B) were less likely to be satisfied with their dating than able-bodied students. C) had the same level of self-esteem as able-bodied students. D) were viewed only with negative stereotypes by able-bodied students.
C) had the same level of self-esteem as able-bodied students.
. Abnormal behavior is defined in terms of ______ rather than _______. A) rarity; commonness B) the law; the psychologist C) harm; unusualness D) unusualness; legally
C) harm; unusualness
The term "g" refers to the idea that intelligence A) is made of genetically inherited abilities. B) may be grouped into subcategories. C) has a basic general component. D) was developed by Sir Francis Galton.
C) has a basic general component.
It is believed that persons with high "g" A) have faster reflexes but slower reaction times. B) have slower reflexes due to more complex neural connections. C) have both faster reflexes and faster reaction times. D) do not differ from lower "g" persons in any measurable ways.
C) have both faster reflexes and faster reaction times.
. According to Ellis and Beck, people become psychologically disturbed because they A) learn maladaptive behaviors. B) are unaware of unconscious conflicts. C) have maladaptive ways of thinking. D) are aware of their irrational beliefs.
C) have maladaptive ways of thinking.
The component of Type A behavior that is most closely related to coronary heart disease is A) time urgency. B) repression. C) hostile aggression. D) achievement motivation.
C) hostile aggression.
You tell your boyfriend of five years how much you love and care about him and that he doesn't compare to anyone else from your past. Your boyfriend forgets about all the nice things and only focuses on your comment about past boyfriends. You current boyfriend is unfortunately using the technique called A) magnification. B) arbitrary inference. C) selective abstraction. D) overgeneralization.
C) selective abstraction.
The Primary Mental Abilities Test is designed to measure ______ different types of intelligence. A) three B) five C) seven D) nine
C) seven
If we believe that someone is acting because of some external or environmental cause, this is a(n) ______ attribution. A) dispositional B) accurate C) situational D) inherent
C) situational
If a person is asked to explain why she did not follow instructions, she is very likely to perceive and report her own behavior in terms of A) a lack of personal control. B) a sense of responsibility for her actions. C) situational factors. D) her essential personality and deep values.
C) situational factors.
One in ______ women has been raped. A) 10 B) 20 C) six D) three
C) six
. What is the relationship between stress management training and HIV infection? Stress management training A) accelerates the progression of HIV. B) stops the progression of HIV. C) slows the progression of HIV. D) is not related to the progression of HIV.
C) slows the progression of HIV.
15. A bicyclist finds that she can cycle faster during competition than when she is riding alone. This is likely to be caused by A) social learning. B) counterconditioning. C) social facilitation. D) deindividuation.
C) social facilitation.
Sometimes a member of a group will not do his fair share of the work because he knows others will cover for him and that his individual effort cannot be identified. This phenomenon is known as A) dissonance. B) conformity. C) social loafing. D) authority disrespect.
C) social loafing.
Culturally determined rules and guidelines that are used to judge whether or not a behavior is appropriate are A) obedience rules. B) gender roles. C) social norms. D) rules of decorum.
C) social norms.
We change our behavior in different situation because of spoken and unspoken cultural guidelines known as A) attributions. B) stereotypes. C) social roles. D) polarizations.
C) social roles.
A behavioral therapist may have a client watch people perform a desired behavior so that the client will learn the desired behavior or at least recognize it. This is a form of A) classical conditioning. B) systematic desensitization. C) social skills training. D) extinction therapy.
C) social skills training.
Over the last two semesters, Henry has been experiencing sharp chest pains just before a test is scheduled. He has had a thorough medical exam but no physical cause for the pain has been found. Henry most likely has A) a pain disorder. B) hypochondriasis. C) somatization. D) a compulsion.
C) somatization.
Disorders in which an individual experiences symptoms of physical health problems that have psychological rather than physical causes are known as ________ disorders. A) dissociation B) psychomedical C) somatoform D) paranoid
C) somatoform
You recently heard a professor state that "All students cheat if given half a chance!" This statement is an example of A) cognitive dissonance. B) prejudice. C) stereotyping. D) discrimination.
C) stereotyping.
According to principles of classical conditioning, attitudes are developed when the A) child identifies with the parent. B) child acts in a particular way to receive reinforcement. C) stimulus causing the attitude is paired with positive or negative events D) child models behavior on the parent's attitudes.
C) stimulus causing the attitude is paired with positive or negative events
Research in humans _____ the importance of early nurturing experiences. A) refutes B) is ambiguous regarding C) supports D) disproves
C) supports
"Discovering gold is exciting" and "It is exciting to discover gold" are statements that may mean the same thing, but they have different A) semantic content. B) syntax structure. C) surface structure. D) phoneme structure.
C) surface structure.
62. According to research, women's reactions to stress tend to be more A) fight or flight. B) out of sight, out of mind. C) tend and befriend. D) stress and storm.
C) tend and befriend.
51. John is widely regarded as a workaholic. He has not had a day off in the last five years and goes to work even when he is ill. On most days, he is driven to produce at least twice as much as anyone else. John's pattern of behavior is consistent with __________ personality. A) a repressor B) a sensitizer C) the Type A D) the double-avoidance
C) the Type A
When monkeys were raised in isolation for the first few months of their lives and then introduced into a normal environment, A) it took three years to overcome the effects of deprivation. B) they were able to adjust and relate well with other monkeys. C) their behavior was affected, even three years later. D) the initial harmful social effect wore off after three years.
C) their behavior was affected, even three years later.
A client made sexual advances toward his therapist, not because of the physical attraction he thinks he feels, but because unconsciously he needs assurance that he will not be dropped from therapy. In psychoanalysis, this behavior is known as A) reactance. B) catharsis. C) transference. D) free association.
C) transference.
A male friend of yours has a very strong desire to live his life as a female and is considering the appropriate sex-change surgery. This belief and strong desire to change sex is called A) voyeurism. B) bisexuality. C) transsexualism. D) transvestism.
C) transsexualism.
Some people obtain sexual satisfaction by dressing as a member of the opposite sex. This practice is called A) fetishism. B) exhibitionism. C) transvestism. D) transsexualism.
C) transvestism.
Women are ______ to suffer from depression compared to men. A) half as likely B) equally likely C) twice as likely D) ten times more likely
C) twice as likely
You have been chosen to speak to the Young Republicans and the Young Democrats regarding the new nuclear plant to be built near your neighborhood. Regardless of the position you take, it is likely that the audience will be relatively intelligent and that opinion will be split. Therefore, it is imperative that you use a A) fear-producing message. B) one-sided presentation. C) two-sided presentation. D) message with a sleeper effect.
C) two-sided presentation.
In a classic study, Sherif and colleagues showed that prejudice can arise between randomly divided students. This study demonstrated an explanation for prejudice called A) unrealized conflict. B) groupthink. C) us vs. them. D) deindividuation.
C) us vs. them.
Groupthink tends to occur more often if the group is A) highly diverse. B) quite small. C) very cohesive. D) paid to decide.
C) very cohesive.
One of the problems associated with stage theories of adult development is that A) cultural issues are dealt with appropriately. B) the stages are finite and well understood. C) very few studies take into account women and aging. D) the evidence has been overly consistent.
C) very few studies take into account women and aging.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) helps severely depressed individuals A) by rearranging synaptic receptors at the neuronal level. B) though a forced graded exposure technique. C) via a mechanism that is not currently understood. D) forget about the depression they were experiencing
C) via a mechanism that is not currently understood.
In the context of social psychology, social roles tell people A) how to behave. B) their place in society. C) what is expected. D) their future.
C) what is expected.
Conformity is the idea of _______ when ______. A) opposing group action; you have much to gain from your opposition B) yielding to group pressure; you have been asked to do so C) yielding to group pressure; no direct request has been made D) standing up to group; you know your stand will be unpopular
C) yielding to group pressure; no direct request has been made
Rose went into a long-lasting depression after the loss of her father. She was urged by family members to seek treatment. Her therapist specializes in the treatment of depression and follows a detailed treatment manual. Rose likes the fact that the therapist is paying attention to her feelings. What kind of therapist is Rose seeing? A) A psychoanalyst B) A behavioral therapist C) A community psychologist D) An interpersonal psychotherapist
D) An interpersonal psychotherapist
Right after Larry discovered he was terminally ill he felt like the doctor was incompetent. Which of Kübler-Ross's stages will Larry most likely experience next? A) Denial B) Depression C) Acceptance D) Anger
D) Anger
66. Why do some researchers believe chimpanzees have not mastered true human language? A) Apes lack the physical ability to speak; they lack mental ability. B) Apes can only mimic language; they do not make sense. C) Apes use language to get rewards; they only communicate with humans. D) Apes do not understand syntax; they do not use language spontaneously.
D) Apes do not understand syntax; they do not use language spontaneously.
49. Regarding the risk of coronary heart disease, which type of hostility has a lower risk? A) Physical aggression B) Highly insulting C) Verbal abuse D) Chronically suspicious
D) Chronically suspicious
What type of psychotherapy uses the technique called reflection? A) Psychoanalysis B) Gestalt therapy C) Behavior therapy D) Client-centered therapy
D) Client-centered therapy
Which statement best compares the use of medications to cognitive therapy? A) Medications are superior in their control of behavior. B) Medications are used to prevent depression. C) Cognitive therapy can be used only after depression is detected. D) Cognitive therapy can be used to prevent depression in predisposed people.
D) Cognitive therapy can be used to prevent depression in predisposed people.
Which of the following somatoform disorders is the most dramatic? A) Somatoform pain disorder B) Somatization disorder C) Hypochondriasis D) Conversion disorder
D) Conversion disorder
Which defense mechanism operates by misdirecting pent-up feelings away from the person associated with the feelings and on to someone who is considered safe? A) Rationalization B) Repression C) Sublimation D) Displacement
D) Displacement
Which of the following is a component of the definition of an attitude? A) Nature of the environment B) Level of homeostasis C) The situation encountered D) Disposition to behavior
D) Disposition to behavior
. Safety equipment that could prevent injury and death in the workplace is often not worn. Why? A) Employers often believe it is not effective. B) Employers do not want to operate safely. C) Employees don't like to wear gear that would protect them. D) Employers erroneously believe that safe work procedures cause less production.
D) Employers erroneously believe that safe work procedures cause less production.
Jack has had a nervous breakdown after spending the last three years trying to prevent his business from collapsing. From the point of view of the general adaptation syndrome, Jack is in which stage of response to stress? A) Alarm-reaction phase B) Acceptance phase C) Repressor stage D) Exhaustion stage
D) Exhaustion stage
86. Dave is a single parent and is upset because his youngest child has been acting out both at home and at school. Dave's other three children do not seem to be helping the problem. Which of the following is likely to be most helpful for Dave? A) Gestalt groups B) Psychoanalysis C) Systematic desensitization D) Family therapy
D) Family therapy
. In which type of psychotherapy are clients encouraged to see how society has trapped them in dependent roles and placed limits on their behavior? A) Minority psychotherapy B) Androgynous psychotherapy C) Freudian psychotherapy D) Feminist psychotherapy
D) Feminist psychotherapy
Michele recently went back to work after spending 12 years raising her children at home. She is having some anxiety over the changes in her life. What kind of therapy is geared toward helping people like Michele? A) Systematic desensitization B) In vivo flooding C) The systems approach D) Feminist psychotherapy
D) Feminist psychotherapy
What effect has been demonstrated by "getting something off your chest"? A) More visits to the therapist B) Increased medical and health problems C) Learning not to trust others with secrets D) Fewer health problems six months later
D) Fewer health problems six months later
Terry was asked to participate in a brief phone survey. After she answered the survey questions, the interviewer asked her if she would complete a lengthy mailed survey. What technique of persuasion was used by the interviewer? A) Primacy technique B) Message framing technique C) Lowball technique D) Foot-in-the-door technique
D) Foot-in-the-door technique
. What will most help Sam to continue his exercise program? A) Setting a general goal of feeling better B) Avoiding self-congratulations and treats for at least trying to exercise C) Aerobically exercising during one out of four sessions D) Getting his friend Sally to exercise with him
D) Getting his friend Sally to exercise with him
Patients often believe their problems are unique and not shared by others. Which therapy particularly helps patients see that others have problems, too? A) Psychoanalytic therapy B) Behavioral therapy C) Client-centered therapy D) Group therapy
D) Group therapy
What process tends to maintain harmony and unanimity within group decision making while suffocating differences of opinion? A) Group influence B) Group consensus C) Deindividuation D) Groupthink
D) Groupthink
. How does an individual receive a diagnosis of undifferentiated schizophrenia? A) Exhibits severe hallucinations and delusions B) Exhibits inappropriate emotional responses C) Symptoms similar to disorganized category without disorganized emotion D) Has schizophrenic symptoms but does not fit any other category
D) Has schizophrenic symptoms but does not fit any other category
In which theoretical area does research suggest that short-term memory and long-term memory are based on different processes in the brain?
Synaptic theory
long-term memory.
The functioning of the brain's hippocampus is most closely linked with the memory operation of
chunking.
The limited capacity of short-term memory can be expanded by
Your best friend has been in a motorcycle accident. At the hospital, you are told that he is likely to experience retrograde amnesia. What will this type of memory loss look like?
The loss of memories before or during the accident
facilitate memory retrieval.
The organization of long-term memory is not necessary to increase storage capacity, but it is necessary to
storage capacity of short-term memory.
The phrase "seven plus or minus two" refers to the
encoding.
The raw sensory information that is selected and then represented in memory describes the process of
Which of the following best depicts the meaning of the surface structure of language?
The spoken word
associative networks
The spreading activation model explains how _______ are formed.
closely linked memory stores.
The stage theory of memory is best described as
three
The stage theory of memory suggests that there are ______ stages.
five to nine
The storage capacity of short-term memory is about ______ bits of information.
When learning a new list of words, the technique that involves the creation of more associations between the new words and existing memories is called
elaboration.
The idea that the brain is physically altered when new memories are formed is described as a(n) ______ being formed that remains after learning.
engram
After we have generated several solutions, our next task in the process of problem solving is to
evaluate the solutions.
When it is stated that natural concepts are good prototypes, a good prototype is actually a good
example.
In the process of problem solving suggested by Wallas, _______ is followed by _______.
incubation; illumination
Ted's new telephone number is 663-7589. He frequently tells people that it is 633-7589. He is puzzled as to why he does this until he realizes that the first three digits of his Social Security number are 633. Ted realizes that his problem is caused by
interference
In the levels of processing model of memory, there ______ memory store(s) beyond the sensory register.
is one
When trying to remember a list of items, usually the ______ are best remembered.
items at the beginning and end
In Wallas's problem-solving sequence, ______ refers to the initial attempt to formulate the problem, recall relevant facts, and begin to consider possible solutions.
preparation
Wallas's steps in creative problem solving, from start to finish, are
preparation, incubation, illumination, verification.
Recently Tom's five-speed sports car was in the shop for needed repairs, and Tom borrowed a large car with an automatic transmission. Tom kept trying to shift gears as if he were driving a stick shift. This example illustrates
proactive interference.
The interference built up by prior learning is known as
proactive interference.
Anterograde amnesia usually does not impact one's ability to acquire ______ memories but does disrupt the ability to form ______ memories.
procedural; episodic
Complete the following statement with one of the primary facets of cognition. Cognition
processes information.
During a test, if you were asked to answer the essay question "Who was the founder of experimental psychology?" this question would most require the use of ______ in order to answer the question.
recall
Essay examination is to multiple-choice test as
recall is to recognition.
This multiple-choice item is best characterized as a question that requires ______ in order to answer it correctly (remember, one of the answers below is correct!).
recognition
Generally speaking, when attempting to remember information, the ______ method leads to better memory performance than the ______ method.
recognition; recall
Forgetting can take place in a way where a person tries to remember something, but the memories are recalled in a distorted, incorrect manner. This explanation for forgetting is most closely associated with the ______ theory of forgetting.
reconstruction
