Land exam 4
Private (Scholar) Garden - Humble Administrator's Garden (Zhuo Zheng Yuan) (Distant Fragrance Hall: The main hall of the central garden. The hall is located to capture the scent of Lotus blossoms on Surging Wave Pond. )
Borrowed Scenery (Jie Jing) from the eastern garden viewing the central garden
Introduction
Borrowed scenery, proximity to water, naturalistic, organic layout
Imperial Garden - The Summer Palace (Yi He Yuan) (The Seventeen-Arch Bridge, 450 feet in length, the largest and longest stone bridge in the Summer Palace )
Bridges -The views looking west from the eastern shore of the lake are enriched by a series of bridges -The most notable of there is the Jade Belt Bridge (Yu Dai Qiao), which leaps with balletic grace over an inlet at the lake's western edge
Chinese Religion and Philosophy extra: (The Qiyun Pagoda at the White Horse Monastery dates from 1175. The garden is a modern re-creation of the fifth-century garden rockwork. The first Buddhist temple in China was established here in 68 AD. )
Buddhism -Buddhism brought a love of images, temples and gardens, while Daoism stressed the significance of water, islands and forests -It is difficult to distinguish Chinese Buddhist and Daoist architecture -In gardens, disentangling two faiths is nearly impossible
Chinese Religion and Philosophy
Buddhism -Human's relationship to paradise -Buddhism came to China from India on the Silk Trade Road -After death one is either reborn into another body (reincarnated) or enters nirvana -It was then adopted by the Emperor and transformed through contact with Chinese civilization -This brought a monastic (relating to religious vows) tradition to China though it was not necessary to join a monastery -Laymen could hope for nirvana if they lived as Buddhists - they did not have to deny the old religions
Chinese Religion and Philosophy
Buddhism -With the growth of Buddhism, the Chinese gained a religion in which quiet meditation was a means toward spiritual awareness -Contemplative religious practice reinforced a Chinese proclivity for wilderness Many scholar poets and landscape artists joined Buddhist monks in seeking spiritual fulfillment in nature (multiple classes)
Private (Scholar) Garden - Humble Administrator's Garden (Zhuo Zheng Yuan)
Covered bridge arched in three segments connected to a covered corridor on either end. Designed to give the appearance of a rainbow reflected in the water. Unique for being the only "arched" bridge in a Suzhou scholar garden
Chinese Religion and Philosophy note : (Members of the scholar class built thatched huts with small gardens in beautiful landscapes Emperors made landscape parks as natural retreats Natural surroundings became places to paint, compose poems, immerse oneself in the totality of the universe and discover the secrets of immortality)
Daoism (Taoism) -Daoism became associated with a more natural approach to the design of gardens -Daoist concept of transcendental qi (chi), the "breath" that animates all things, giving them their own internet nature -City dwellers were attracted by the idea of retreat to the mountains and by the longevity, or immortality, which they hoped to achieve though asceticism (ass-cet-uh-siz-um) (abstinent from worldly pleasures)
Chinese Religion and Philosophy note :(Daoism encourages working with natural forces This is represented graphically by the Yin-Yang diagram, a polarity which pre-dates organized Daoism)
Daoism (Taoism) -Daoism emphasizes the search for longevity and immortality (afterlife in nature), a quest which can be assisted through diet, exercise, breathing, alchemy, ethical behavior and travel to the Isles of the Immortals where they believe is on the Eastern Sea, off the Jiangsu (Kiangsu) coast of China -The Dao is a principle that embraces nature, a force which flows through everything in the universe
Chinese Religion and Philosophy
Daoism (Taoism) -Human's relationship to Nature -Daoism is linked to Lao Tzu (senses and thoughts) but did not develop until 200 years after his death (itself dated between 600 and 300 BC) -This evolved into a mystical religion which turned away from the artificialities, organization, and etiquette of Confucius (animism-esque) -As the old Confucian order continued to disintegrate, nature appreciation offered sensitive imperial bureaucrats an escape from the harsh political realties of the times
Chinese Religion and Philosophy (These conditions were believed to attract the positive energy (qi) which should flow through a house and garden. A Feng Shui compass was used to detect natural flow of energy. )
Daoism (Taoism) -Living with nature and in accordance with the Dao became a Chinese ideal -City dwellers believed their houses could be planned in harmony with the spirit world and this required the assistance of geomancers (from geo, earth + manteia, divination) -In China, the practice was known as 'Feng Shui' (Wind and Water) -According to Feng Shui, houses were planned with the main gate (entrance) facing south towards water and with mountains behind (main house sited on the north side)
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens
Diagrams showing the evolution of the dwelling-open space relationship in China: a. Neolithic type: a hut within a defensive enclosure b. Walled: Dwelling in a compound of dwellings c. Courtyard house: a house-yard with roofed corridors giving access to rooms d. Clan compound: a group of houses and a garden with a pond, roofed corridors and pavilions + courtyards.
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens
Diagrams showing the relationship of Chinese cities, parks and gardens: a. Zhou Dynasty: palace city with a walled park b. Qin Dynasty: palace city with roofed corridors leading to a pavilion in a walled park c. Han Dynasty: palace city with adjoining garden and roofed corridors leading to a park with one lake and three islands d. Tang/Wei/Song Dynasties: palace and aristocratic city with an enclosed garden and roofed corridors leading to a park with one lake and three islands e. Yuan Dynasty: palace city with adjoining park, protected by an aristocratic and commercial city f. Qing Dynasty: palace city with adjoining park surrounded by aristocratic and commercial city, with additional parks beyond the city walls
EXTRAA
Dynasty Name Ruling House or Clan Years Zhou Ji 1050 BC - 256 BC Qin Ying 221 BC - 206 BC Han Liu 202 BC - 220 AD Tang Li 618 - 906 Song Zhao 960 - 1279 Yuan Borjigin 1271 - 1368 Ming Zhu 1368 - 1644 Qing Aisin Gioro 1644 - 1911
Types of Chinese Gardens
Examples of Imperial and Private Gardens -Imperial Gardens ---The Forbidden City (Zi Jin Cheng) ---The Summer Palace (Yi He Yuan) -Private (Scholar) Gardens ---Humble Administrator's Garden (Zhuo Zheng Yuan) ---Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan)
Private (Scholar) Garden - Humble Administrator's Garden (Zhuo Zheng Yuan)
Historical Background -In 1510, Wen Zhengming, an Imperial Envoy (ambassador) and poet of the Ming Dynasty retired to his native home of Suzhou and designed the garden -Garden design reflected Wen's desire to retire from politics and adopt a hermit's life following Daoism -Land was originally a wetland, shaped into ponds An Old Chinese Garden: A Three-fold Masterpiece of Poetry, Calligraphy and Painting by Wen Zhengming -Took 16 years to complete (1526) -However, Wen's son lost the garden to pay gambling debts -The garden has been remodeled almost continuously since 1650, latest in 1949
Imperial Garden - The Summer Palace (Yi He Yuan)
Historical Background -Manchurian invaders forced through the seaward end of the Great Wall in in 1644, and they captured Beijing, founded the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911): A period of China ruled by warriors from the north -The conquest of South China was slower but by 1682, 10 million Manchus ruled 350 million Chinese -The Manchus thought it best to adopt Chinese traditions regarding the relatively small size of their population -This resulted in the country becoming more conservative
Private (Scholar) Garden - The Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan)
Historical Background -The Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan) was founded in 1522 by Xu Shitai, a civil servant in charge of the emperor's horses and carriages -In 1876, it was purchased and greatly enlarged by the Sheng family, and the garden was renamed to the Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan) -The Sheng family opened it to the public during the Spring Festival (Qingming Festival), so this required adding a separate entrance
Imperial Garden - The Summer Palace (Yi He Yuan) (Longevity Hill Kunming Lake)
Historical Background -The new rulers felt more secure in North China and most secure in palatial enclaves, funded by taxing the Han Chinese (ethnic group comprising around 92% of pop.) -Beijing's Forbidden City remained the ceremonial capital and three great summer palaces were made: the Yuan Ming Yuan and the Yi He Yuan, both outside Beijing, and Cheng De in the hills to the north.
Imperial Garden - The Forbidden City (Zi Jin Cheng) (Emperor Tai Zu (Zhu Yuanzhang) founded the Ming Dynasty in 1368)
Historical Background -The overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368), founded by Kublai Khan, a Mongol and a grandson of Genghis Khan, and the establishment of the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) was accompanied by pride in having ended a period of foreign rule -Ming Dynasty emperors re-appraised Chinese history to lay the basis for a secure future -Many aspects of society were re-organized -As in Renaissance Europe, the aim was to distill what was best in the social, artistic and philosophical traditions of the preceding two millennia
Imperial Garden - The Forbidden City (Zi Jin Cheng)
Historical Background -This resulted in a new urban synthesis and what is now regarded as the classical Chinese garden -The synthesis is described as Neo-Confucian because the Confucian approach was revived, modernized and integrated with Buddhism and Daoism -All of three philosophies provided a way of organizing society (Confucian), a way of worshipping the gods (Buddhist), and a way of learning from nature (Daoist)
Imperial Garden - The Forbidden City (Zi Jin Cheng)
Historical Background -Yuan's Capital was rebuilt after the Ming victory and the name of the city was changed from Dadu to Beijing -Three city walls (outer, middle, and inner) were built to protect the inhabitants Map of Beijing City Wall © Kallgan -The innermost wall, which survives, enclosed the palace now called the Forbidden City -Guided by geometry, Confucian symbolism, and cosmology, they gave physical representation to the emperor's rule under the "mandate of heaven" -Expressed as a hierarchical ordering of space which nested three rectangular walled enclosures containing the Inner City, the Imperial City and the Forbidden City, all of which were centered on a great north-south axis
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens
Jie Jing (Borrowed Scenery) -Chinese garden designers must screen out what is ugly and offensive and make use of 'Borrowed Scenery (Jie Jing)', whether a distance view of misty mountains, the rooflines of a nearby monastery, or the flowers of a neighbor's garden -To borrow from the scenery means that "although the interior of a garden is distinct from what lies outside it, as long as there is a good view you need not be concerned whether this is close by or far away" -Shapes, sounds, colors, and scents can also be borrowed
Imperial Garden - The Summer Palace (Yi He Yuan) (Borrowed Scenery (Jie Jing)) Jade Peak Pagoda(Yu Feng Ta) at Jade Spring (Yu Quan) Hill. Borrowing view over Kunming Lake
Kunming Lake -Kunming Lake has a circumference of 4 miles and occupies about 540 acres -Originally no more than a marshy pond The view of Kunming Lake from the top of the building complex at Longevity Hill (Pen Yigang, Analysis of Traditional Chinese Garden) -Entirely man-made and excavated soil was used to build Longevity Hill
Japanese Garden overview
Origins of Japanese Gardens -The islands of japan were settled from continental asia, setting the pattern for a unique civilization which was influenced from the mainland, but always set its own course. -By 10,000 bc (in theory), migrants had established a hunter-gatherer civilization, called Jomon Culture -The Jomon Culture had gods, sacrificial rituals, pit dwelling and pottery making skills -but the society was not literate and the earliest written information about japan comes from a chinese text around 57 ad (set the stage for chinese influence)
Japanese garden Overview (meoto iwa)
Origins of Japanese gardens: religious Influence Shinto -Shinto is the pre-buddhist traditional religion of japan, and has a powerful emphasis on gods and spirits in nature -the "shin" means gods or spirits, and the "to", which is related to "dao/tao" as in Daoism (taoism), means "way" or "path". -Thus, shinto is translated as the "way of the gods" or the 'way of the spirits". -objects in nature and gods who lived in forest, rocks, seas, rivers, and mountains were worshipped (spatial hierophany). -the degree to which the idea of sacred space derives from shinto or daoism cannot be determined.
Japanese garden overview
Origins of japanese gardens: religious influence -The ancient timeline of Japan shows a design tradition using compositions of stones and water. -Japanese gardens were strongly influenced by Daoism and Buddhism (especially amida buddhism) from china and Korea
Japanese garden overview
Origins of japanese gardens: religious influence Buddhism -The buddhist design approach in japan began with monks but was adopted by emperors and nobles. -buddhism influenced japanese gardens in several ways ---promoted the symbolic re-recreation of an ideal landscape ---created a vision of the pure land of the amida buddha ---encouraged meditation and the road to spiritual awakening.
Japanese Garden overview
Origins of japanese gardens: religious influence Shinto -shinto influenced japanese gardens in several ways: ---The trees and/or forests where gods resided = scared areas ---the white gravel paving as a symbol of purity ---the sacred courtyards surfaced with symbolic gravel areas (niwa) -niwa: sacred spaces made in japan before the arrival of buddhism -a niwa was "a place purified for worship of the gods" -in modern Japanese, niwa is used to mean garden or courtyard, while old Japanese, a niwa was a sacred space and not a garden.
Private (Scholar) Garden - The Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan)
Overview -About 5.76 acres (250,905 s.f.) divided into four major themed sections: East, Central, West, and North -The 2,300 feet (700m) of roofed corridor connecting the four sections is the unique feature of this garden -The Central section is the oldest part of this garden and initially constructed around 1600
Imperial Garden - The Summer Palace (Yi He Yuan)
Overview -Quianlong emperor built this park in honor of his mother's 60th birthday -Located outside Beijing and about 725 acres -(31,581,000 s.f.) Longevity Hill Kunming Lake -Major features are Longevity Hill and Kunming Lake
Imperial Garden - The Forbidden City (Zi Jin Cheng) (Plan of the Forbidden City A: Gate of Divine Prowess B: Palaces C: Hall of Heavenly Purity D: Hall of Central Harmony E: Hall of Supreme Harmony F: Gate of Supreme Harmony G: Meridian Gate )
Overview -The Chinese imperial palace from the Ming and Qing Dynasties -Located in the center of Beijing -Built from 1406 to 1420 -7,800,000 s.f. (180 acres) -17 palaces (most with their own courtyards) -980 total buildings -A 4 mile north-south axis -Only the emperor, his court, and his servants were allowed to enter it without permission.
Imperial Garden - The Forbidden City (Zi Jin Cheng)
Overview -The Forbidden City, Jingshan Park and the three seas: Beihai, Zhonghai, and Nanhai -The Central and Southern Seas (Zhongnanhai) are an exclusive compound for the Chinese Communist Party, which govern China
Private (Scholar) Garden - Humble Administrator's Garden (Zhuo Zheng Yuan)
Overview -The largest private garden in China (539,130 s.f./12.4 acres) -Many pavilions, roofed corridors, and zigzag bridges link the residential courtyards, pools, and islands -The garden has 48 different buildings with 101 tablets (stones with images), 40 stelae (monuments), and over 700 penjing (tray landscapes)
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens
Primary Elements (conventions) ü Stone ü Walls ü Windows and Gates ü Spatial Sequence (Roofed Corridor) ü Courtyards ü Jie Jing (Borrowing Views) ü Water and Plants
Types of Chinese Gardens
Private (Scholar) Garden -Humble Administrator's Garden (Zhuo Zheng Yuan) -Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan)
Imperial Garden - The Summer Palace (Yi He Yuan)
Long Gallery / Long Corridor (Chang Lang) -Stretching for almost half a mile along the north side of Kunming Lake is the Long Gallery (Roofed Corridor) -Gives architectural definition to the gentle curves of the shoreline and provides, through ornamental frames of wooden latticework panels, picturesque views of the lake and its surrounding scenery
Imperial Garden - The Summer Palace (Yi He Yuan)
Long Gallery / Long Corridor (Chang Lang) -This waterfront promenade also functions as a gallery for the more than 14,000 painted panels that decorate the cross beams (depicting birds, animals, flowers, landscape scenes, and other graceful motifs)
Imperial Garden - The Summer Palace (Yi He Yuan)
Longevity Hill -About 200 feet (60m) high including many buildings lined in a sequence and a hierarchical order affected by Confucianism -Considering "see and be seen" associated with topography
Location
Usa and China
Private (Scholar) Garden - The Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan)
View Framing (Kuangjing) of tray landscapes (Pinjing) influenced by landscape painting
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens (Walls were always important to Chinese cities, houses and gardens. Foliage, sun and shadows made them decorative. )
WALLS -The walls in Chinese gardens provide an important means of: --- segregating space --- screening from sight the mundane workday reality of city streets --- making the garden invisible to passerbys -The walls of Chinese gardens often rise and fall according to the elevation of the ground -Curved roof tiles, sometimes following a wavy line, produce a sense of animated movement
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens (The peony and the plum were favorite flowers in Chinese gardens. )
WATER and PLANTS -Chinese gardens used plants as symbols ---(e.g. Bamboo represents a strong but resilient -character / Pine symbolizes longevity / The lotus means purity / The flowering plum represents renewal and strength of will / etc.) -Trees and flowers are needed to complete the picture and set the mood for poetrywriting parties
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens
WATER and PLANTS -Penjing (called bonsai in Japan): Affected by Daoism, another way of keeping in touch with natural spirits - was to make a composition of mountains, water and trees on a tray
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens
WATER and PLANTS -Water is a vital design element in Chinese gardens -Water symbolizes the Yin element + rocks/stones and buildings represent the Yang elements
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens (The walls which compartmentalize Chinese gardens are enlivened by witty apertures. A moon gate can symbolize entry to another world, which Daoists believed.)
WINDOWS & GATES -Walls outline various courts and corridors within the garden, subdividing it into discrete, though linked, scenic units -These are often pierced by windows with tracery and gates for linkage -Carefully placed windows and circular 'moon gates' and base or ground-shaped doors frame views of adjacent garden space
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens (Symbols of heaven (a circle), mountains (Lake Tai stones) and water (swirling pebbles) )
WINDOWS & GATES -Windows and doors along the walls provide framed scenery (Kuangjing: View Framing) influenced by landscape painting (reminiscent of the Claude Glass)
which of the following statements best describes the geography/location of japan?
a mostly forested and mounainous areas unsuitable for development b can be referred to as "land of the rising moon" c developed areas are extremely high density d all of the above are correct ***e only answers a & c correct
What is the name of the hunter/gatherer civilization that settled japan?
a niwa b shinto ***c jomon d amida
which of the following statements is true about the japanese shinto influence on gardens?
a shinto sanctuaries have niwa framing a sacred object or space in nature b torii were sacred spaces were made in japan before the arrival of buddhism c lake tai stones served as gravel paving as a symbol of purity d all of the above describe the influence ***e none describe the influence
Which of the following statements is UNTRUE about the geographical settlement/location of China?
a. Agricultural settlements and culture spread from west to east and north to south ***b. Plains, valleys, and depressions account for most of the country's land surface c. Historically, Chinese civilization was characterized by conflicts between nomads and permanent settlers d. Chinese civilization developed in three river basins: Yangtze, Pearl, and Yellow Rivers
Which of the following statements is NOT a typical feature of a Scholar's garden?
a. Closed off from the town by high walls, providing privacy and security b. Can be viewed from a network of walks, corridors, and pavilions ***c. Circulation systems are combined with those of courtyard houses d. Adjoin areas of courtyard housing
Which of the following statements is TRUE about Chinese Philosophies?
a. Confucianism stressed Human's relationship to Nature ***b. Confucianism stressed Human's relationship to Humanity c. Confucianism stressed Human's relationship to Paradise d. Confucianism stressed Human's relationship to Alchemy
Which of the following statements is UNTRUE about Daosim?
a. Embraces nature as a force which flows through everything in the universe b. Represented graphically by the Yin-Yang diagram c. Highly influential on the idea of the practice known as 'Feng Shui' ***d. Stressed the planning of houses with the main entrance facing north away from water but with mountains behind
Which of the following statements is TRUE when comparing Imperial gardens to Scholars gardens?
a. Imperial garden layout is typically enclosed while Scholars garden layout is typically expansive b. Imperial gardens plantings are typically deciduous while Scholars gardens plantings are typically evergreen ***c. Imperial garden architecture is typically straightforward and heavy while Scholars garden architecture is typically Exquisite and light d. Imperial garden color is typically light while Scholars garden color is typically rich
Which of the following Chinese terms means "to make a composition of mountains, water and trees on a tray?"
***a. Penjing b. Feng Shui c. Kuangjing d. Jie Jing
Which of the following statements is NOT considered a typical element used in Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens?
***a. Symmetrical Stones b. Roofed Corridors c. Jie Jing d. View Framing Gates
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
***a. The Forbidden City and the Summer Palace are Imperial gardens while the Humble Administrator's Garden and the Lingering Garden are Scholar's gardens b. The Forbidden City and the Humble Administrator's Garden are Imperial gardens while the Summer Palace and the Lingering Garden are Scholar's gardens c. The Lingering Garden and the Summer Palace are Imperial gardens while the Humble Administrator's Garden and the Forbidden City are Scholar's gardens d. The Humble Administrator's Garden and the Lingering Garden are Imperial gardens while the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace are Scholar's gardens
Natural Environments of China
-China stretches across 3,123 miles across the East Asian landmass -China's borders have more than 12,000 miles of land frontier, shared with nearly all the nations of mainland East Asia, and have been disputed at a number of points
Chinese Religion and Philosophy
-Confucianism (Portrait of the First Teacher, Confucius, giving a lecture - humanity) -Daoism (Taoism) (Marshal Wang, Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), dated 1542 - nature Hanging Scroll; ink and color on silk) -Buddhism (Buddha, probably Amitabha (Amituo), Tang dynasty (618- 906), early 7th century - afterlife Dry lacquer with traces of gilt and pigment)
Natural Environments of Japan
-Islands of Japan are located in a Volcanic zone on the pacific "ring of fire" -Japan has 108 active volcanoes -9 forest eco-regions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. climate is predominantly temperate, but varies greatly from north to south -In honshu (northern), the rainy season begins in June and lasts about six weeks -In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain.
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens (Handscroll; ink and color on paper)
-Landscape painting and garden design are both arts based on 'words and images' -The use of a brush for both calligraphy and painting formed an 'indissoluble bond' between poetry and painting (landscapes were painted regularly) -As literary arts, they became joint contributors to garden design - scenic importance -Famous landscapes were 'quoted' in garden designs (named scenes)
History
-Over the millennia, Chinese civilization was characterized by conflicts between nomads and settlers, by high technical skills compared to others, by strong governments, and by an importance on literature -The Great Wall survives as a symbol of the struggle between nomads and settlers which had such a profound influence on the civilization of China and its gardens -Historically, land belonged simultaneously to the emperor and to powerful landowners, it did not belong to farmers
Private (Scholar) Garden - Humble Administrator's Garden (Zhuo Zheng Yuan)
A land boat structure, named for the smell of the lotus blossoms in the Surging Wave Pond
Private (Scholar) Garden - Humble Administrator's Garden (Zhuo Zheng Yuan)
A square pavilion with a hipped gable roofline and flying eves Each of the four sides are walled with a large moongate in the wall
Private (Scholar) Garden - Humble Administrator's Garden (Zhuo Zheng Yuan) -(Wavy Waterside Corridor: The waterside corridor forming the part of the border between the western and central gardens ) -("With Whom Shall I Sit?" Pavilion: Named after a verse by Su Shi, "With whom shall I sit? the bright moon, refreshing breeze and me". This verse is symbolic of the poet's desire to purify his soul. The pavilion is freestanding and fan shaped. )
-Covered corridor with attached pavilion used as a boat dock -Named for the grade changes which give it the feel of floating on the waves
Private (Scholar) Garden - The Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan)
-Eastern: arrayed around the cloud capped peak stone (Lake Tai Stones) -Central: Encircles a pond and grotto main feature -Western: mostly natural containing only a few pavilions and a large artificial hill -Northern: Characterized by open lawns and scattered halls, large corridor
Private (Scholar) Garden - Humble Administrator's Garden (Zhuo Zheng Yuan)
-Fragrant Sorghum Hall: The name comes from sorghum fields that once existed near the garden. The windows are decorated with boxwood carvings -Celestial Spring Tower: An octagonal tower with flying eves, built around a preexisting well called the celestial spring
Private (Scholar) Garden - Humble Administrator's Garden (Zhuo Zheng Yuan)
-Garden consists of three major parts: central, western, and eastern gardens ---Central Garden: composed of many scenes, arranged around the "Surging Wave" Pond 3 islands recreate the scenery of paradise created by Daoism ---Western Garden : 1\2 the size of central garden, dominated by water Pond runs from north to south, central portion rises an islet ---Eastern Garden: a few buildings around a central great lawn and pond combination
Types of Chinese Gardens
-Imperial Garden ---summer palace -Private (Scholar) Garden ---(The Waterside Pavilion at the Lingering Garden)
History
-In 3000 B.C, the Chinese civilization developed in three great river basins ---Yangtze, Pearl, and Yellow -The first capital was Chang'an (modern Xian) off the Yellow River -Agricultural settlements and culture spread from west to east and north to south, aided by a continual influx of people, ideas and technology from steppe and mountain areas
Natural Environments of China
-In general, the land is high in the west and descends to the east coast. Mountains (33%), plateaus (26%) and hills (10%) account for nearly 70% of the country's land surface.
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens
-The Chinese character of "Garden" (Yuan) • enclosure, stone + earth, water, + plants
Imperial Garden - The Forbidden City (Zi Jin Cheng)
-The Hall of Supreme Harmony, the largest hall in the Forbidden City. Emperors hosted their entertainment and wedding ceremonies. -The Meridian Gate, the southern and largest gate of the Forbidden City.
Private (Scholar) Garden - The Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan) (The roofed corridor connects the main entry, residence, and Old Intertwined Tree Court. -The same windows from the pond. -The yellow rocks that form the edge of the pond are largely available at Suzhou -The sutra pillar is reflecting Buddhism in the garden -Auspicious Cloud Capped Peak: A Lake Tai scholar stone, set on a turtleshaped base. The whole view is like an enlarged Penzai. )
-The garden design reflected an application of the principle of essay writing -The 165 feet (50m) corridor from the main entry is the prelude, with glimpses of the main garden -As the wider garden view opens, there are two routes - the argument stage, then one gets a final view - the conclusion
design characteristics of japanese gardens (slide 24 has period, main gvt, religious influence, years)
-There are more than 15 periods depending on how historians classify each era. -we focus on the importance of japanese garden history, using 7 key periods -emperor had no real power except being a role model or symbol as the head of state but the shogun was the true military dictator.
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens
-There are more than 20 dynasties depending on how historians classify each era -Rare for one dynasty to change peacefully into the next -Dynasties were often established before overthrowing an existing regime -With a focus on landscape design history in China, this lecture focuses on places and gardens created during 8 primary dynasties
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens
-There are visual similarities between the typical plan of the Chinese garden and the typical Chinese character of a "garden" -An enclosed space -Earth & Stones as design elements -Water as another design element -Planting as another design element
Location
-an island in east asia located in the pacific ocean -east of the east sea (called the sea of japan), china, russia, and north and south korea -Characters that make up japan's name mean "sun origin" -Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the rising sun"
Natural environments of Japan
-total of 6852 islands extending along the pacific coast of east asia -4 largest sslands are honshu, hokkaido, kyushu, and shikoku, which together comprise about 97% of japan's land area -73% is forested, mountainous, and unsuitable or agricultural, industrial, or residential use. -As a result, the habitable zones, mainly located in coastal areas, have extremely high population densities (tokyo pop of 13 mil, 2437.14 sq mi).
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens (Literary Gathering by Huizong 1100-1125, Ink and light color on silk)
By the end of the Song dynasty (960 - 1279 AD), the conventions of the Chinese garden design were well established The Song dynasty established a new order, and China had a period of peace under the enlightened rule of civilized and art-loving emperors Landscape painting and garden design enjoyed a golden age, in harmony with nature and poetry Buddhism had a deep influence on landscape art/sculpture
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens (Agricultural yards had mud walls and mud floors; town yards were paved and drained if the owner could afford; aristocratic courtyards were decorated with symbols of mountains scenery; ceremonial courtyards were planted with trees. )
COURTYARD -Courtyards were designed and used according to their owners' means ---(e.g. Temple courtyards were paved using gravel and stone paths and planted with trees and grass forming sacred groves / Courtyards in Buddhist monasteries were designed and used as gardens with pools) -In Pompeii, no windows on the outside walls of buildings creating the courtyard for isolation -Rich people had more than one courtyard with specialized roles, and used courtyards as ornamental space
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens (A typical Chinese house on a north-south axis with halls grouped to form a courtyard. Covered walks open onto rooms and there are no windows on street frontages. )
COURTYARDS -Courtyards were service areas for adjoining rooms and gardens were for scholarship, entertainment, and society -Chinese houses and temples were arranged to form courtyards with the main building on the north side, gateway faced south (Feng Shui) -Even in Neolithic times, found with a dwelling to face south with major settlements on the north side (initializing the development of the concept of Feng Shui at a later date) -For a dwelling, this was the master's house, For a temple, it was a hall containing statues of gods: Buddhist, Daoist, or Confucian A typical Chinese house on a north-south axis with halls grouped to form a courtyard. Covered walks open onto rooms and there are no windows on street frontages. © Turner, T. (2010) -The Chinese courtyard is a typically rectangular domestic shape
Types of Chinese Gardens -Layout -Architecture Shape and Detail -Architecture Color -Planting
Comparison of Imperial and Private Gardens - Imperial Garden Expansive Straightforward and heavy Rich Evergreen -Private (Scholar) Garden Enclosed Exquisite and light Light Deciduous
Types of Chinese Gardens
Comparison of Imperial and Private Gardens Clients -imperial gardens = emperors -private (scholar gardens) = scholars (typically)
Types of Chinese Gardens
Comparison of Imperial and Private Gardens Climate -Imperial Garden = Cold and Dry -Private (Scholar) Garden = Warm and Humid
Types of Chinese Gardens
Comparison of Imperial and Private Gardens Scale -Imperial Garden = Huge Scale (took advantage of beautiful natural setting) -Private (Scholar) Garden = Small (usually within the city proper)
Chinese Religion and Philosophy
Confucianism -Human's relationship to Humanity -Associated with the geometrical order of Chinese domestic and town planning -Confucius (551-479 BC) believed study improved man, particularly that of the noble arts: music, writing, mathematics, chariot driving, and archery. These became the basis for education of the 'good man' -He argued for an ordered society founded on the concepts of ceremony, filial piety (respect for elders), loyalty, humaneness and gentlemanly behavior.
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens
SPATIAL SEQUENCE (Roofed Corridor) -Especially at the entrance of gardens, the line of sight is usually blocked by walls and roofed corridors, preventing visitors from grasping immediately the overall garden layout. Acted as scenic guides (views framed/named accordingly) -Roofed corridors led to garden pavilions and protected people with fine clothes and shoes from water and mud
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens
SPATIAL SEQUENCE (Roofed Corridor) -Providing spatial sequences using roofed corridors has been found as early as the Qin Dynasty (221 - 206 BC) -After becoming the First Emperor of the united country in 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang made his capital city, named Xianyang and outside the present walls of Xian, a rectangular riverside city on a north-south axis -In the city, roofed corridors crossed streets to interconnect places
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens
SPATIAL SEQUENCE (Roofed Corridor) -Roofed corridors became an enduring feature of imperial parks and gardens -During the Han Dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD), the Jianzhang Palace was joined to the palace city by a roofed corridor. Other roofed corridors led into a park with Kunming Lake and its three islands -In Suzhou, a major city in the southeast of China famous for its classical scholar gardens, summer is long, hot, humid, and frequently wet, while winter is short and mild. Thus roofed corridors are climatically excellent garden features
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens
STONE -Lake Tai stones are used in several ways: beside ponds, in trays (containers) which symbolize water or mountains, and beside paths surfaced with water-washed pebbles -The paving is a stretch of water, its movement represented by geometric or floral patterns, or images of real or mystical animals, or any other figures suggesting mobility
Design Characteristics of Chinese Gardens (Liu Fang Yuan: the largest Chinese garden outside China)
STONE -Stones and their compositions became a key element in Chinese gardens -Linked micro (garden) and macro (mountain) scaled landscapes (symbolic of terrain) -The best stones became famous collectors' items and many were eroded limestone from the bed of Lake Tai (Taihu) -Lake Tai stones with their hollows and holes offer pride of place, like fine sculptures in front of big halls, within large pavilions, or beneath a stately pine tree
Private (Scholar) Garden
Scholar Gardens *All gardens in Suzhou have different origins, but their features are comparable: - Closed off from the town by high walls, providing privacy and security - Gardens adjoin areas of courtyard housing - Gardens can be viewed from a network of walks, corridors, and pavilions - Circulation systems are separate from those of the courtyard housing, so that the gardens could be used and visited without traversing the courtyards - Gardens display an elegant and light-hearted use of color and patterns
Private (Scholar) Garden
Scholar Gardens -The largest group of Chinese scholar gardens are located in the Suzhou area, but there are other private ones throughout China -Suzhou has a better climate for scholar gardens than Beijing as it is warmer and wetter
Which of the following statements is NOT a typical use of a Lake Tai stone?
a. Placed beside ponds as a scenic icon b. Placed in trays which symbolize water ***c. Placed as trim edges for moon gates d. Placed beside paths surfaced with water-washed pebbles
Japanese overview
origins of japanese gardens: religious influence Buddhism -Buddhism was introduced from china via korea into japan in 552 ad -Amida Buddhism (pure land buddhism) flourished amon japan's aristocracy from the Heian period (794-1185), while zen buddhism was brought as a new form of buddhism at the kamakura period (1185-1333) -amida budha is the buddha of the western paradise who welcomes people to the pure land, the utopia located in the west. -amida buddhism influenced many artworks in japan and encouraged contemplation in natural settings. -zen buddhism emphasized meditation with abstract compositions in gardens to experience a spiritual activity.
japanese garden overview
origins of japanese gardens: religious influence shinto -Shinto sanctuaries have ceremonial gates (tori) framing a sacred object or space in nature -Ise Shrine, one of the holiest shinto shrines, is dedicated to the sun goddess Amaterasu and is composed of two main shrines, naiku (inner shrine0 and geku (outer shrine). (rebuilt every 20 years)
