Landforms Exam 2

Calculate the depth at which a wave of oscillation will feel the bottom if its wavelength is 50 meters. a. 25 meters b. 2.5 meters c. 12.5 meters d. 125 meters

25 meters

The two glaciers that exist near the equator in Africa are: a. Mount Kibu and Mount Kilmanjaro b. Mount Kenya and Mount Mawenzi c. Mount Kilmanjaro and Mount Kenya d. No glaciers exist near the equator

Mount Kilmanjaro and Mount Kenya

The general term to describe the wastage of a glacier is called: a. melting b. evaporating c. calving d. ablation

ablation

_____ occurs when rock debris carried by a glacier scrapes the bedrock. a. Abrasion b. Plucking c. Glacial creep d. Glacial sliding

abrasion

The soil above the permanently frozen table that undergoes annual freezing and thawing is the: a. active layer b. permafrost c. ice sheet d. alpine glacier

active layer

As glaciers move downslope, they erode the bedrock leaving a knife-like, jagged ridge separating two glacial valleys. These ridges are called: a. cirques b. horns c. aretes d. rock steps

aretes

Every continent has alpine glaciers except: a. North America b. South America c. Africa d. Australia

australia

When juxtaposed alluvial fans join along a mountain front obscuring their the cone shapes, a(n) _____ forms. a. bajada or alluvial apron b. alluvial skirt c. alluvial flow d. convex hill sleeve

bajada or alluvial apron

Why are there gaps in the scientific literature of periglacial areas? a. Inuit eskimos forbid studies on their land b. weather conditions prohibit life to exist c. because of its remote location d. This statement is untrue. There is abundant literature of periglacial areas.

because of its remote location

The Mississippi Delta is an example of a(n) _____ delta. a. classic b. circular c. birdfoot d. Big Muddy

birdfoot

Why was the Antarctic Ice Sheet the first continental glacier to develop? a. high latitude location b. low latitude location c. high overall elevation d. both (a) and (c)

both a and c

When ice sheets break off to form icebergs, the process is called: a. plucking b. abrasion c. gravity pull d. calving

calving

Beaches: a. end where the seas meet the land b. continue beneath the sea to depths where waves do not interact with the seafloor c. always end against dunes on the landward side d. continue beneath the surf

continue beneath the surf

Generally, the highest part of the dune is the: a. windward slope b. slipface c. crest d. trough

crest

The upper surface of a glacier forms ____ when the brittle surface creates open fissures. a. basal ice b. rouche moutonnee c. alpine glaciers d. crevasses

crevasses

Yardangs are formed when wind: a. removes all fine particles and exposes the flat bedrock b. deposits sand in the form of a ridge c. leaves a pavement of flat pebbles on the ground surface d. cuts troughs into soft bedrock leaving a ridge of that rock

cuts troughs into soft bedrock leaving a ridge of that rock

Which process is common in alluvial fan deposits? a. lava flow b. sand dune formation c. stream terrace uplift d. debris flows

debris flow

The following terms are related to the growth of ice sheets and alpine glaciers EXCEPT: a. Ice Age b. glaciation c. Late Cenozoic Ice Age d. deglaciation

deglaciation

Cirque is to erosion as drumlins are to ______. a. erosion b. melting c. deposition d. accumulation

deposition

The following is an erosional landform produced by winds: a. dune b. deflation hollows c. desert pavement d. yardang e. b, c and d

e, b, c, and d

Usually, after flood control measures have been undertaken, it is safe to farm and build on a flood plain. a. True b. False

false

The horizontal movement of rocks and rock fragments within the active layer of the permafrost caused by the expansion of ice is known as: a. frost wedging b. frost heaving c. frost thrusting d. frost creep

frost thrusting

The following terms describe the movement of rocks and rock fragments EXCEPT: a. frost heaving b. frost thrusting c. frost wedging d. solifluction

frost wedging

The combination of stratified drift and glacial till form this deposit: a. glacial drift b. esker c. drumlin d. moraine

glacial drift

One way to distinguish glacial till from glacial outwash is by looking at the sorting and layering of the deposits. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT: a. glacial till is poorly sorted; glacial outwash is well sorted b. glacial till is layered but are poorly sorted; glacial outwash is not layered but well sorted c. glacial till is not layered; glacial outwash is typically layered d. glacial outwash is layered; glacial till is poorly sorted

glacial till is layered but are poorly sorted; glacial outwash is not layered but well sorted

A valley that has a distinct U-shape and form by erosion from a glacier is called a: a. hanging valley b. truncated spur c. glacial trough d. fjord

glacial trough

All the following are landforms associated with periglacial regions EXCEPT: a. ice-wedge polygons b. pingos c. patterned ground d. ice sheets

ice sheets

A geometric feature consisting of multiple sides formed by repeated annual freezing and thawing of sediments in a periglacial zone is called _____. a. ice-wedge polygons b. patterned ground c. pingos d. boulder fields

iced-wedge polygons

The tidal range is usually greater a. along straight beaches b. in narrow estuaries and bays c. along wide beaches d. on shallow beaches

in narrow estuaries and bays

The _____ period is the gap between the most recent deglaciation and the next glacial period. a. interglacial b. Late Cenozoic Ice Age c. zone of ablation d. zone of accumulation

interglacial

A ___ is a steep-sided depression formed in glacial till formed by the melting of a buried block of ice. a. esker b. drumlin c. kettle d. kame

kettle

Antarctica is: a. a large floating flat glacier b. large ice over a landmass with great mountain ranges c. the only ice that is still growing because it is located at the South Pole d. all of the above

large ice over a landmass with great mountain ranges

____ are glacial deposits that have been picked up and carried by a glacier and then later deposited along its sides. a. lateral moraines b. medial moraines c. ground moraines d. terminal moraines

lateral moraines

Flood deposits made up of the coarsest material form a(n) ___ along the flooded river. a. oxbow ridge b. bluff c. levee d. sand bar

levee

Currents flowing along or parallel to the beach are termed: a. rip currents b. coastal currents c. density currents d. longshore currents

longshore currents

Sandspits and baymouth bars develop due to: a. strong winds blowing sand up the beach b. winds blowing dune sand along the beaches c. longshore drift d. rip currents moving at an angle to beach

longshore drift

A _____ forms when two glaciers have merged and its lateral moraines combine a. lateral moraine b. medial moraine c. ground moraine d. terminal moraine

medial moraine

The following statement provides the correct order of events that take place when snow transforms into glacial ice: a. melting of outer points of snowflake; filling in of pore spaces; refreezing of meltwater b. filling in of pore spaces; melting of outer points of snowflake; refreezing of meltwater c. refreezing of meltwater; melting of outer points of snowflake; filling in of pore spaces d. melting of outer points of snowflake; refreezing of meltwater; filling in of pore spaces

melting of outer points of snowflake; refreezing of meltwater; filling in of pore spaces

Extremely large waves are generated by: a. short fetch b. short duration that wind blows c. variable wind directions d. none of these

none of these

Where on a meandering river is erosion the greatest? a. on the inside b. on the outside c. on the upstream side d. on the downstream side

on the outside

What kind of lake forms when a meander is cut off? a. meander lake b. kettle lake c. oxbow lake d. cut-off lake

oxbow lake

Crescent-shaped sand dunes that form along coastlines with some vegetation are called __ dunes. a. barchan b. traverse c. parabolic d. longitudinal

parabolic

A _____ high-latitude or high-altitude environment that is on the perimeter of a glaciated area. a. periglacial b. permafrost c. solifluction d. active layers

periglacial

The _____ is the subsoil layer that is permanently frozen. a. active layer b. permafrost c. ice sheet d. alpine glacier

permafrost

Transverse dunes are aligned: a. in the direction of prevailing winds b. with one end pointing upwind c. perpendicular to wind direction d. none of these

perpendicular to wind direction

A _____ is an elliptical hill made up of an ice core found in a periglacial zone. a. ice-wedge polygon b. pingo c. palsa d. solifluction

pingo

When blocks of rock or fragments become attached to a glacier, picked up, and eroded away, it is termed _____. a. ablation b. deglaciation c. plucking d. glacial sliding

plucking

The base of the Antarctic Ice Sheet currently sits 600 m (2000 ft) below sea level. As the climate warms, much of the ice will melt causing the ice sheet to isostatically rebound upward 600 m, which would result in: a. lowering global sea level b. raising global sea level c. causing global sea level to stay the same d. an initial rising followed by a subsequent lowering of global sea level

raising global sea level

The bending of waves so that they become nearly parallel to the coastline is termed: a. reflection b. diffraction c. refraction d. diffusion

refraction

Submergent coasts are related to: a. uplift tied to tectonic activity b. rising sea level c. sea level lowering d. submarines parked along the shoreline

rising sea level

All are examples of the types of water that exist in the cryosphere EXCEPT: a. glaciers b. snow c. permafrost d. rivers

rivers

Generally, most of the sediments on beaches comes from: a. dunes b. organisms c. coastal cliffs d. rivers

rivers

"Abrasion" is to "striations", as "plucking" is to ______. a. rouche moutonnee b. erosion c. zone of ablation d. glacial sliding

rouche moutonee

In a sandstorm, ___ is the dominant mode of particle movement. a. saltation b. suspension c. siltation d. laminar flow

saltation

These particles are more easily moved by wind: a. clays b. sand with greater than 1mm in diameter c. sand with a diameter of about 0.1 mm d. small pebbles

sand with a diameter of about 0.1 mm

When sediments carried by longshore drift extends into open water, this can form: a. atoll bar b. sandspit c. barrier island d. coral reef

sandspit

Meandering channels are: a. straight b. branching c. dendritic d. sinuous

sinuous

Sand grains are deposited on the ________ producing crossbeds as the sand dune migrates. a. windward slope b. slipface c. crest d. lower-angle side of a sand dune

slipface

A type of soil creep in which saturated soil and rock debris are saturated with water and flow in bulk as a single mass. a. periglacial b. permafrost c. solifluction d. active layers

solifluctioni

The alignment of the earth, sun, and moon will generate: a. neap tides b. spring tides c. both of these d. neither of these

spring tides

Stream terraces are formed when: a. episodic deposition of sediment occurs on the modern flood plain b. stream erosion flattened the channel floor c. steps form on the floodplain as sediment collapses into the river channel d. streams cut into their own deposits

steams cut into their own deposits

Drowned river mouths characterize: a. emergent coasts b. submerged coasts c. high tide d. low tide

submerged coasts

Wave energies are concentrated on: a. the bays b. the headlands c. river mouths d. all of these

the headlands

Waves hitting the beaches are normally weaker during: a. the winter b. the summer c. high tide d. tsunami events

the summer

Which is NOT a major factor in the development of tides on our planet? a. the tilt of the earth b. the rotation of earth c. the gravitational pull of the moon d. the gravitational pull of the sun

the tilt of the earth

A landform that connects an island and the mainland is called a(n): a. tombolo b. sea stack c. headland d. barrier island

tombolo

Antarctica has the highest altitude than all of the continents. a. True b. False

true

Barchans form in areas with strong unidirectional winds and a limited sand supply. a. True b. False

true

Drumlins are sometimes called whalebacks because they look like the backs of whales. a. True b. False

true

No periglacial environments exist in southern Africa and Australia. a. True b. False

true

Waves, tides and currents influence the shape or form of a delta. a. True b. False

true

The main force shaping coastal landforms is: a. currents b. rivers draining into oceans c. winds blowing along the coast d. waves

waves

When does a wave oscillation become a wave of translation? a. when a wave interacts with the bottom of the ocean b. when waves die out and become smooth c. when a wave grows to twice its height d. when a wave enters a country with a different language

when a wave interacts with the bottom of the ocean

The following conditions are favorable for the formation of additional glacial ice: a. when summer snow loss is less than winter snow gain b. when summer snow loss is greater than winter snow gain c. when summer snow gain is less than winter snow loss d. glacial ice forms in any season so long as conditions are cold enough

when summer snow loss is less than winter snow gain

Deposition on an alluvial fan occurs: a. when the flow is no longer confined to the river walls b. when more water flows in the stream c. when there is lack of precipitation d. when both channel and water deepen

when the flow is no longer confined to the river walls

Alluvial fans form ________. a. where streams emerge from the mountains b. where streams flow into the ocean c. at bends in stream channels d. where streams merge with other streams

where streams emerge from the mountains

Beaches: a. will grow during the winter b. will grow during the summer c. will shrink during the summer d. all of these

will grow during the summer

The _____ zone is mostly exposed along the beach, extending from the high tide line to dunes. a. nearshore b. foreshore c. backshore d. longshore

backshore

The points or horns of a barchan dune point: a. upwind b. downwind c. the direction from which the sand of the dune originates d. toward wet areas which prevent the sand from accumulating

downwind

Modest-sized, smooth, elliptical mounds resulting from ice sheets overriding glacial till and reshaping them are called ____. a. esker b. drumlin c. kettle d. kame

drumlin

Loess deposits are from: a. dust blown from deserts b. dust blown from glacial deposits c. dust blown from barren periglacial environments d. dust blown from an exposed sea floor during glacial periods e. a, b, and c

dust blown from glacial deposits

Coral Reefs and atolls are landforms produced by coastal deposition. a. True b. False

false

Deltas commonly form where a stream empties into larger streams. a. True b. False

false

Ephemeral streams flow year round. a. True b. False

false

Glaciers are stationary bodies of ice that have been formed on land. a. True b. False

false

Mountain glaciers become progressively larger at low latitudes. a. True b. False

false

Sea stacks indicate that deposition is occurring along the coast. a. True b. False

false

Stream discharge do not influence the shape or form of the delta. a. True b. False

false

The period of a wave is defined as the number of waves occurring during a given period of time. a. True b. False

false

A _____ is a long, narrow inlet with steep-sided walls formed from a glacial trough that becomes inundated with ocean water a. hanging valley b. truncated spur c. glacial trough d. fjord

fjord

Because its U-shaped valley sits higher than the main valley, a waterfall typically forms at this location: a. hanging valley b. truncated spur c. glacial trough d. fjord

hanging valley

Of what are sea arches and stacks remnants? a. pits b. eskers c. headlands d. bays

headlands

The following techniques help scientists understand glacial episodes in North America EXCEPT: a. studying the stratigraphy of beds to determine glacial and interglacial periods b. oxygen-isotope analysis c. rates of accumulation of sediments d. hieroglyphics illustrating each glacial event

hieroglyphics illustrating each glacial event

Sides of mountains are constantly being eroded away creating ____, sharp-pointed peaks at the top of mountains. a. cirques b. horns c. aretes d. rock steps

horns

Rip currents move water: a. up the beach b. along the beach c. out to sea d. up river mouths

out to sea

Dunes covered by vegetation probably indicates that the dune is: a. unstable b. active c. stable and non-active d. in transition from being unstable to stable

unstable

An important difference between desert and coastal dunes is that coastal dunes are often covered with _____ and are relatively ____. a. people, warm b. worms, cool c. vegetation, stable d. sand, unstable

vegetation, stable