Landforms with Labs Final Exam

The nucleus of old crystalline rock in each of the principal continental masses is called a

*b. continental shield, or craton.

As regards wetlands, which of the following is correctly matched?

*b. salt marsh - poleward of the 30th parallel in either hemisphere

The average elevation of exposed land is

*c. 875 m (2870 ft.).

In order to reestablish eroding beaches, some municipalities deposit sand on the beach using trucks. In the process, known as beach nourishment, the beach front may be steepened relative to its original slope. Based on the relationship between beach slope and wave type, you know that this restoration process will result in the generation of __________.

*c. plunging breakers that will erode the newly deposited sand

25. Many of the islands of Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Borneo), which are located adjacent to a subduction zone next to the edge of the continental shelf of SE Asia, consist of felsic lava. This means that the lava which produces these islands is derived from

*c. the melting of continental shelf material along with ocean floor material.

Which of the following can lead to the formation of mountains?

*d. All of these

Which of the following is a cause of warping?

*d. All of these.

Which of the following is incorrect?

*d. Mean sea level is at 875 m (2870 ft.).

In order for an atoll to form, what had to happen?

*d. both erosion and submergence

Which of the following is true of joints?

*e. Only Joints enable more water to move through the ground and Joints enhance the rate of weathering are true.

23. Volcanic activity located away from plate boundaries is associated with

*b. hot spots.

22. Which of the following statements about shield volcanoes is true?

*c. They form from mafic magma.

24. A cinder cone is formed from relatively __________ viscosity magma with a __________ gas content.

*c. low; high

29. In 1989, Hurricane Hugo wreaked havoc in Puerto Rico, yet missed the South Carolina coastline.

False

Barrier islands can migrate.

False

Brine water tends to occur near coastal deltas

False

Which of the following lists is in the correct sequence from the younger to older ?

Holocene,Pleistocene,Pliocene,Miocene

Felsic magma produces more violent eruptions that mafic magma.

True

The rate at which rocks weather depends upon

all of these

Small areas of high strain along a fault are termed

*a. asperities.

The area at the surface directly above the subsurface location where seismic waves are initiated is termed the

*a. epicenter.

Marco Island, Florida, is used in the text as an example of

*b. a mangrove ecosystem completely urbanized.

21. Volcanic activity generally does not occur

*b. around the perimeter of the Atlantic Ocean basin.

Which of the following is not related to coral rock formations?

*b. bay barriers and barrier spits

The barrier islands off the Louisiana shore have been growing at fast rates in recent decades.

False

A great circle is

a circle of circumference whose center coincides with the center of Earth.

Vertical elevation differences in a local landscape are referred to as

a relief

So-called "sleeper waves" result from

constructive, in-phase interference .

The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is

geography

On the Mercator projection, areas at high latitudes appear

larger than areas of the same size located nearer to the equator

Approximately what percentage of Earth's surface is exposed above sea level?

29 percent

The average length of a period during which a given magnetic field polarity exists is about

500,000 years

Which of the following is not true of tides

They are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun.

"Geography" literally means

To write (about) earth

A significant seismic sea wave occurs an average of every 3.5 years in the Pacific Basin.

True

The coastal environment is also known as the littoral zone.

True

The oblateness of Earth occurs at the

a. Poles

Which of the following represents a surface feature whose relief is opposite that expected based on the fold pattern in the rocks of which it is composed?

synclinal ridge

Latitude is

the angular distance measured north or south of the equator

Remote sensing is

the monitoring of a distant object without physical contact

The word spatial refers to

the nature and character of physical space

Fault types are defined by

the relative motion of the hanging wall and footwall

The concept of "orders of relief" refers to

the scale of features

Which of the following is an example of a first order of relief?

an ocean basin

In reality, a landscape behaves as

an open system

Divisions among topographic regions are based on

arbitrary criteria regarding height or other descriptive criteria that are in common use.

Sand on the beach moves in a zig-zag pattern because swash waves strike the beach at __________ angles?

at an angle; beach drift

About 2 percent of the oceanic mass comprises the

mixing zone of blended solutes and temperatures

People often say that California is going to "fall into the ocean,". This idea is totally wrong because the San Andreas fault would have to be a __________ fault associated with __________ forces for this to happen.

normal; tension

The yellow-red stains that occur on some rock surfaces are the result of __________ which is a form of __________ weathering.

oxidation; chemical

The heat that drives the tectonic cycle is derived from

radioactive decay

A sea stack (i.e., an isolated pillar of rock located offshore) is the erosional remnant of a

rocky headland

Many of the Native American dwellings at Mesa Verde and elsewhere in the western United States. are located under overhangs that form along the contact between permeable and impermeable rock layers. These overhangs (niches) were primarily created by what process?

salt-crystal growth

A planimetric map

shows horizontal positions of various features such as boundaries and land uses.

The larger the scale of a map, the ________ the area covered by the map and the ________ detail it provides.

smaller; more

The dramatic domes and arch-shaped features found in granitic mountain masses result from

solution processes.

When geologists or archaeologists dig downward into a unit of rock or sediment, they are digging "back in time." This fact is based on the principle of ________.

superposition

Geologically speaking, the continents began forming relatively recently.

False

Who first proposed the theory of uniformitarianism?

James Hutton

Which of the following is not an example of an erosional coastal landform?

tombolo

The undulating form that gives Earth's surface its character and general configuration is called

topography.

An earthquake with a high rating on the moment magnitude scale can receive a low rating on the Mercalli scale.

true

Approximately two thirds (66 percent) of the world's population lives in or near a coastal region.

true

Compressional forces associated with converging plates produce blocks that move upward relative to the footwall block; this is called a thrust or reverse fault.

true

The composition of the ocean in terms of the ratio of individual mineral salts is remarkably homogenous.

true

Water can be considered a "universal" solvent.

true

An earthquake, submarine landslide, or eruption of an undersea volcano is capable of producing a

tsunami

Geography is not

unscientific

Domes can be formed by

up warping associated with magma movement

Which of the following plays a role in the shaping of Earth's surface?

All of these

The average salinity of sea water may be expressed as

All of these are correct

Which of the following is true of models? a.they are abstract representations of the world b.they are idealized representations of the world . c.they are simplified representations of the world. d.all of these are true e.they are abstract representations of the world and they are idealized representations of the world only

All of these are true

Which of the following is true of hydrolysis?

All of these are true.

Which of the following is true of the magma formed from subducted ocean floor material that is eventually incorporated into continental crust?

All of these may occur.

Because of the type of distortion that occurs on the Mercator map, which of the following must be true ?

All of these true

Longitude is

An angular distance east or west of the prime meridian

Travelers flying west from Los Angeles (118° W) to Tokyo (139° E) will cross the __________ and, as a result, they will __________ when crossing this meridian.

International Dateline; lose a day (Example: Saturday becomes Sunday.)

Which of the following is true of worldwide sea level?

It was about 130m (430 fly.) lower 18,00 B.P and about 10 cm lower 100 years or so ago

The science of physical geography is based on by he realization that

Nature can best be described and understood as a set of interrelated components through which matter and energy flow.

Which of the following is not exogenic in nature?

batholith formation

From inland to the ocean, which sequence of zones is correct?

coast, back shore, foreshore, nearshore

Which portions of a slope overlap substantially?

debris slope and waning slope

Which of the following is not true regarding Earth's oceans?

development on Marco Island was prevented due to sensitive mangrove habitat .

Terranes refer to

displaced and migrating pieces of Earth's crust

The diameter of earth is largest when measured around the

equator

Which of the following describes the property of equal area on a map?

equivalence

The large sheets of rock that break off batholiths, such as Half Dome in Yosemite National Park, develop as a result of

exfoliation.

As the potential evapotranspiration increases, salinity decreases.

false

Generally speaking, "beaches" span the zone

from several feet above high tide to several feet below low tide.

Brine water results from

high evaporation rates

Because the climate of a region slowly changes and tectonic adjustments slowly occur, the landscape

is continuously adjusting to new conditions that develop and is usually in a state of dynamic equilibrium only

As we burn fossil fuels and release carbon dioxide, the temperature of our planet and the oceans will increase. When the oceans warm they will release more carbon dioxide, further warming the planet and oceans. If this occurs rapidly and causes a sudden rise in temperature, a(n) __________ has been crossed and that the planet has moved into a state of __________.

threshold; disequilibrium

Hydrolysis involves

water reacting with minerals.

High mountains consisting of tightly folded and overthrust sedimentary rock layers, as well as metamorphic rocks, are formed

during plate collisions.

How far north you live from the equator is measured as your ________, whereas an imaginary line marking all those places at that same distance north of the equator is called a ________.

latitude; parallel

A general term for coastal environment is

littoral zone

An angular distance measured east or west of a prime meridian from the center of Earth is termed

longitude

Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weathering processes is

water.