chapter 4 quiz

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself. ________________________ is the process in which nutrients are acquired, transported, used, and disposed of by the body.

Protein

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds, which consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and usually sulfur, and that have several essential biologic compounds.

intensity and duration

Any form of exercise can be defined by two factors

reattach

One of the functions of energy metabolism is to harness enough free energy to ___________________ a phosphate group to an ADP and restore ATP levels back to normal to perform more work.

Fats

One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body. _____________help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy. They also serve as energy stores for the body. In food, there are two types of ______________ saturated and unsaturated.

Gluconeogenesis

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids.

glucose

The primary end product after the digestion of carbohydrates is the formation of ________________

triglycerides

The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body is called ____________________

Triglycerides

The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body.

glycogen

The complex carbohydrate molecule used to store carbohydrates in the liver and muscle cells. When carbohydrate energy is needed, _______________ is converted into glucose for use by the muscle cells.

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

The energy stored in these substrate molecules is then chemically released in cells and stored in the form of a high-energy compound called ________________________________________

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

substrates include _____________, _________________, _____________________

glycogen

The storage form of carbohydrates, called ______________, is a string of glucose molecules that can rapidly be broken down into glucose and used for energy during periods of prolonged or intense exercise.

Bioenergetics

The study of energy in the human body.

photosynthesis

The ultimate source of energy is the sun. Through _______________________, energy from the sun produces chemical energy and other compounds that are used to convert carbon dioxide into organic chemicals such as glucose.

metabolism

The word ____________________ refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself. The main sources of chemical energy for most organisms are carbohydrates, fats, and protein

protein

When ______________becomes a significant source of fuel is in starvation.

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

When the chemical bonds that hold ATP together are broken, energy is released for cellular work (such as performing muscle contraction), leaving behind another molecule called _______________________________________

Carbohydrates

______________________ provide the body with a source of fuel and energy required for all daily activities including exercise. Our bodies need a constant supply of energy to function properly, and a lack of ______________________ in the diet can cause fatigue, poor mental function, and lack of endurance and stamina.

Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids (fats)

_________________________, ____________________, ________________ constitute the main substrates used to transfer metabolic energy to be used for all types of cellular activity and life.

Glucose

__________________________ A simple sugar manufactured by the body from carbohydrates, fat, and to a lesser extent protein, which serves as the body's main source of fuel.

Exercise metabolism

_________________________________ refers to the examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise

substrates

before food can become a usable form of energy it has to be converted into smaller units called______________________

two

for one cycle of a cross-bridge, __________ ATPs are needed.

adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

one of the primary sources of immediate energy for cellular metabolism is stored in the chemical bonds of a molecule called _______________________________________.

metabolism, or bioenergetics,

Energy ________________ or _____________________ is the study of how energy is transformed through various biochemical reactions. Energy is required to sustain life, support exercise, and help recovery from it.

myosin-actin cross-bridges

Energy is used to form the ________________ cross-bridges that facilitate muscle contraction. At these cross-bridges is an enzyme that separates a phosphate from the ATP, releasing energy.

liver and muscle cells

Glycogen is stored in the _____________ and ________________ cells