5 - Chemistry of Carbohydrates - Sweeteners

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High Fructose Corn Syrup

Includes: - Alpha-amylase - Gluco-amylase - Glucose isomerase

Neotame

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is 8000x sweeter than sucrose with a sugar-like taste and enhances other flavors.

Stevia

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is a "natural" plant-derived sweetener.

Sucralose

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is chlorinated sucrose molecules.

Neotame

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is composed of amino acids aspartic acid and phenylalanine.

Aspartame

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is composed of aspartic acid and phenylalanine.

Aspartame

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is metabolized to aspartic acid, phenylalanine, and methanol.

Neotame

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is not significantly metabolized to phenylalanine so no warning label is required.

Acesulfame-K

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is stable to heating and cooling and has no calories.

Saccharin

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is the oldest artificial sweetener on the market, discovered in the late 1800s.

Neotame

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is used in baked products due to heat stability.

Sucralose

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is used in colas, baked goods, tabletop sweeteners, chewing gum, and "sugar" blends.

Aspartame

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is used in colas, dry beverage mixes, tabletop sweeteners, and chewing gum.

Saccharin

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is used in colas, processed foods, and tabletop sweeteners.

Acesulfame-K

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is used in sodas, tabletop sweeteners, and chewing gum.

Stevia

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is used in supplements, tabletop sweeteners, and various beverages.

Aspartame

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener loses sweetness upon exposure to heat and acids!

Aspartame

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener provides 4 kcal/g.

Stevia

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener tastes 300x sweeter than sucrose.

Aspartame

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener's brand name is NutraSweet and Equal.

Sucralose

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener's brand name is Splenda.

Acesulfame-K

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener's brand name is Sunette.

Stevia

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener's brand names are Truvia, Stevia in the Raw, and SweetLeaf.

Neotame

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener, due to its clean taste and flavor enhancing properties has the potential to extensively replace sugar and HFCS.

Saccharin

This Non-Nutritive Sweeteners brand name is Sweet'N Low.

Corn Syrup

This is the by-product of cornstarch produced by mixing corn starch with enzymes (amylase and glucoamylase) and water yielding glucose, maltose, and some oligosaccharides.

Commonly Identified Sweeteners

What are these?

High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)

1. Cornstarch treated with amylase enzymes yielding glucose molecules 2. Glucose partially converted to fructose via glucose isomerase enzyme 3. HFCS Varieties: - HFCS 42 - HFCS 55****** - HFCS 90

Sugar Alcohols

Common Polyols in Processed Foods: Sorbitol, Mannitol, Xylitol, Erythritol, Isomalt, Lacititol, Malititol, and HSH (Hydrogenated Starch Hydrolysates)

Sweetness

Comparing the _________ of Nutritive and Non-Nutritive Sweeteners

Sugar Alcohols

These Sweeteners are produced through hydrogenation of saccharides yielding a slight rearrangement of their atoms.

Sugar Alcohols

These Sweeteners are resistant to full metabolism by enzymes.

Sugar Alcohols

These Sweeteners function as humectant, emulsifiers, and sweeteners in foods.

Sugar Alcohols

These Sweeteners have a GRAS status, naturally present in some native foods.

Sugar Alcohols

These Sweeteners have less impact on blood glucose.

Sucralose

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is 320-1000x sweeter than sucrose.

Trehalose

A Benefit of this Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is that is has less impact on blood glucose than glucose and sucrose.

Corn Syrup

AKA glucose syrup, since glucose syrup is most commonly made from starch.

Acesulfame-K

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is 130-200x sweeter than sucrose and has an interfering bitter taste as high concentrations.

Aspartame

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is 180x sweeter than sucrose and similar to sucrose with no bitter aftertaste.

Neotame, Stevia, Sucrose, Glucose, and Fructose

Rank the Following Sweeteners from Highest to Lowest sweetness:

Saccharin

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is 200-700x sweeter than sucrose and has a slightly bitter aftertaste which limits its use.

Non-Nutritive Sweeteners

These Sweeteners have varying functionality compared to SUCROSE such as bulking, binding, humectant functionality. Textural qualities. Non-fermentable.

Sugar Alcohols

These Sweeteners yield 1.5-3 kcal/g.

Non-Nutritive Sweeteners

These ___-_________ __________ are approved by the FDA: - Saccharin, Aspartame, Acesulfame-K, Sucralose, Neotame, and Stevia Glycosides

Trehalose

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener has 50% relative sweetness of sucrose.

Tagatose

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener has minimal effect on blood glucose and insulin levels.

Dextrose

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener in processed food is calculated at 4 kcal/g.

Tagatose

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is GRAS status as of 2003.

Trehalose

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is a disaccharide of two glucose units linked by 1,1-glycosidic bond.

Dextrose

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is a form of glucose derived from starch hydrolysis.

Tagatose

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is a monosaccharide naturally present in some fruits and dairy products.

Tagatose

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is digested "similarly" to fructose, yet on 20% is completely digested.

Trehalase

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is present only in the brush border in SI, so digested 2-3 hours after consumption.

Dextrose

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is structurally identical to glucose.

Trehalose

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is synthesized by bacteria, yeasts, molds, plants, and invertebrates.

Tagatose

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is the most commonly used as a flavor enhancer.

Tagatose

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is up to 92% relative sweetness of sucrose.

Tagatose

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener primary metabolism is in LI, allowing it to promote the growth of good bacteria.

Tagatose

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener provides 1.5 kcal/g.

Trehalose

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener's natural food sources includes mushrooms, honey, lobsters, shrimps, foods produced by baker's or brewer's yeast (e.g., beer and bread).

Dextrose

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener's structure (glucose monohydrate) yields 3. 4 kcal/g while glucose yields 4 kcal/g.

Dextrose

This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener's structure influences caloric provision.

High Fructose Corn Syrup

This Manufactured Sweetener does not qualify for "natural" marketing claims.

High Fructose Corn Syrup

This Manufactured Sweetener has 4 kcal/g.

High Fructose Corn Syrup

This Manufactured Sweetener is 1.5x sweeter than sucrose.

High Fructose Corn Syrup

This Manufactured Sweetener is cheaper to use than sugar.

Aspartame

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener MUST be avoided by those who have phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare genetic disorder.

Sucralose

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener can withstand high temperatures.

Saccharin

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener had a proposed ban by the FDA in 1977, but Congress placed a moratorium. Warning label was required.

Saccharin

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener had legislation in 2000 which relieved industry requirement to use a warning label.

Stevia

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener has a GRAS status for high-purity stevia glycoside extracts but not for stevia leaf and crude extracts.

Stevia

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener has a bitter, astringent aftertaste at high concentrations and the aftertaste depends on plant part used and method of extraction.

Sucralose

This Non-Nutritive Sweetener has no calories.


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