5 - Chemistry of Carbohydrates - Sweeteners
High Fructose Corn Syrup
Includes: - Alpha-amylase - Gluco-amylase - Glucose isomerase
Neotame
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is 8000x sweeter than sucrose with a sugar-like taste and enhances other flavors.
Stevia
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is a "natural" plant-derived sweetener.
Sucralose
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is chlorinated sucrose molecules.
Neotame
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is composed of amino acids aspartic acid and phenylalanine.
Aspartame
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is composed of aspartic acid and phenylalanine.
Aspartame
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is metabolized to aspartic acid, phenylalanine, and methanol.
Neotame
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is not significantly metabolized to phenylalanine so no warning label is required.
Acesulfame-K
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is stable to heating and cooling and has no calories.
Saccharin
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is the oldest artificial sweetener on the market, discovered in the late 1800s.
Neotame
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is used in baked products due to heat stability.
Sucralose
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is used in colas, baked goods, tabletop sweeteners, chewing gum, and "sugar" blends.
Aspartame
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is used in colas, dry beverage mixes, tabletop sweeteners, and chewing gum.
Saccharin
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is used in colas, processed foods, and tabletop sweeteners.
Acesulfame-K
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is used in sodas, tabletop sweeteners, and chewing gum.
Stevia
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is used in supplements, tabletop sweeteners, and various beverages.
Aspartame
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener loses sweetness upon exposure to heat and acids!
Aspartame
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener provides 4 kcal/g.
Stevia
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener tastes 300x sweeter than sucrose.
Aspartame
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener's brand name is NutraSweet and Equal.
Sucralose
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener's brand name is Splenda.
Acesulfame-K
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener's brand name is Sunette.
Stevia
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener's brand names are Truvia, Stevia in the Raw, and SweetLeaf.
Neotame
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener, due to its clean taste and flavor enhancing properties has the potential to extensively replace sugar and HFCS.
Saccharin
This Non-Nutritive Sweeteners brand name is Sweet'N Low.
Corn Syrup
This is the by-product of cornstarch produced by mixing corn starch with enzymes (amylase and glucoamylase) and water yielding glucose, maltose, and some oligosaccharides.
Commonly Identified Sweeteners
What are these?
High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)
1. Cornstarch treated with amylase enzymes yielding glucose molecules 2. Glucose partially converted to fructose via glucose isomerase enzyme 3. HFCS Varieties: - HFCS 42 - HFCS 55****** - HFCS 90
Sugar Alcohols
Common Polyols in Processed Foods: Sorbitol, Mannitol, Xylitol, Erythritol, Isomalt, Lacititol, Malititol, and HSH (Hydrogenated Starch Hydrolysates)
Sweetness
Comparing the _________ of Nutritive and Non-Nutritive Sweeteners
Sugar Alcohols
These Sweeteners are produced through hydrogenation of saccharides yielding a slight rearrangement of their atoms.
Sugar Alcohols
These Sweeteners are resistant to full metabolism by enzymes.
Sugar Alcohols
These Sweeteners function as humectant, emulsifiers, and sweeteners in foods.
Sugar Alcohols
These Sweeteners have a GRAS status, naturally present in some native foods.
Sugar Alcohols
These Sweeteners have less impact on blood glucose.
Sucralose
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is 320-1000x sweeter than sucrose.
Trehalose
A Benefit of this Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is that is has less impact on blood glucose than glucose and sucrose.
Corn Syrup
AKA glucose syrup, since glucose syrup is most commonly made from starch.
Acesulfame-K
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is 130-200x sweeter than sucrose and has an interfering bitter taste as high concentrations.
Aspartame
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is 180x sweeter than sucrose and similar to sucrose with no bitter aftertaste.
Neotame, Stevia, Sucrose, Glucose, and Fructose
Rank the Following Sweeteners from Highest to Lowest sweetness:
Saccharin
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener is 200-700x sweeter than sucrose and has a slightly bitter aftertaste which limits its use.
Non-Nutritive Sweeteners
These Sweeteners have varying functionality compared to SUCROSE such as bulking, binding, humectant functionality. Textural qualities. Non-fermentable.
Sugar Alcohols
These Sweeteners yield 1.5-3 kcal/g.
Non-Nutritive Sweeteners
These ___-_________ __________ are approved by the FDA: - Saccharin, Aspartame, Acesulfame-K, Sucralose, Neotame, and Stevia Glycosides
Trehalose
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener has 50% relative sweetness of sucrose.
Tagatose
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener has minimal effect on blood glucose and insulin levels.
Dextrose
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener in processed food is calculated at 4 kcal/g.
Tagatose
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is GRAS status as of 2003.
Trehalose
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is a disaccharide of two glucose units linked by 1,1-glycosidic bond.
Dextrose
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is a form of glucose derived from starch hydrolysis.
Tagatose
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is a monosaccharide naturally present in some fruits and dairy products.
Tagatose
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is digested "similarly" to fructose, yet on 20% is completely digested.
Trehalase
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is present only in the brush border in SI, so digested 2-3 hours after consumption.
Dextrose
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is structurally identical to glucose.
Trehalose
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is synthesized by bacteria, yeasts, molds, plants, and invertebrates.
Tagatose
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is the most commonly used as a flavor enhancer.
Tagatose
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener is up to 92% relative sweetness of sucrose.
Tagatose
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener primary metabolism is in LI, allowing it to promote the growth of good bacteria.
Tagatose
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener provides 1.5 kcal/g.
Trehalose
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener's natural food sources includes mushrooms, honey, lobsters, shrimps, foods produced by baker's or brewer's yeast (e.g., beer and bread).
Dextrose
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener's structure (glucose monohydrate) yields 3. 4 kcal/g while glucose yields 4 kcal/g.
Dextrose
This Lesser Known Nutritive Sweetener's structure influences caloric provision.
High Fructose Corn Syrup
This Manufactured Sweetener does not qualify for "natural" marketing claims.
High Fructose Corn Syrup
This Manufactured Sweetener has 4 kcal/g.
High Fructose Corn Syrup
This Manufactured Sweetener is 1.5x sweeter than sucrose.
High Fructose Corn Syrup
This Manufactured Sweetener is cheaper to use than sugar.
Aspartame
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener MUST be avoided by those who have phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare genetic disorder.
Sucralose
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener can withstand high temperatures.
Saccharin
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener had a proposed ban by the FDA in 1977, but Congress placed a moratorium. Warning label was required.
Saccharin
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener had legislation in 2000 which relieved industry requirement to use a warning label.
Stevia
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener has a GRAS status for high-purity stevia glycoside extracts but not for stevia leaf and crude extracts.
Stevia
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener has a bitter, astringent aftertaste at high concentrations and the aftertaste depends on plant part used and method of extraction.
Sucralose
This Non-Nutritive Sweetener has no calories.