Lap 8 World Hist

The Restoration

(1660) Restored the English monarchy to Charles II, both Houses of Parliament were restored, established Anglican church, courts of law and local government.

Absolute Monarchy

(Absolutism) A ruler who is not limited; do not need to consult anyone before making decisions Complete authority - power to make the laws, levy taxes, administer justice, etc. Ruled with the Divine Right of Kings Associated with Spain, Austria, Russia, Prussia and, England (before change to limited), particularly, France

Ivan the Terrible

1547-1584 - First to use the title Czar; started "ruling" at the age of 3 Will crush the power of the boyars & will gain absolute power Early years = "the good period": Created a council of merchants and nobles = Zemsky Sobor, legal reforms, military promotions based on merit, expanded the borders of Russia Later years = "the bad period": Paranoid especially after the death of his wife, used fear to control his people, created a secret police to punish all who opposed him, stories of cruelty, torture, uncontrollable rage and violence - he may have been mentally ill (killed his own son)

Elizabeth I

1558-1603 - Strong, intelligent, moderate, cautious, self-confident; supported the arts (Shakespeare in particular) and exploration Knew how to finesse Parliament and please her subjects from her father and did not persecute Catholics Modified the Anglican Church to make it more acceptable to Catholics in England Foreign policy made England the strongest nation in Europe during her reign - secretly supported the Netherlands to destabilize Spanish; her navy defeats the Armada and secretly supports piracy Never married because that would have meant sharing power with her husband - thus dying without an heir

Spanish Armada

1588 - A huge fleet of 130 ships sent by King Philip II to England because he sees Elizabeth as the #1 Protestant enemy, Elizabeth helped the Netherlands (a Protestant country), and Elizabeth also encouraged piracy Philip II believes that God is on his side & that overtaking England would be an easy task. Spain is defeated & will never be able to bounce back

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Henry IV declares France is officially Catholic Huguenots are allowed to practice their religion and seek political office

James I (aka James VI of Scotland)

1603-1625: First Stuart king of England (king of Scotland since 1567) - disliked for being Scottish "Kings are justly called gods, for that they exercise a manner or resemblance of divine power upon earth." Cousin of Elizabeth (who executed his mother) and believes in absolute monarchy - claims Divine Right. Discriminated against Puritans - many left for the New World (Massachusetts) in order to have religious freedom. Strongly disliked by the English people and Parliament - clashed with Parliament over his constant need for money.

Louis XIII (13th)

1610-1643 - came to power at 9 years old when his father, Henry IV, was killed; his mom Maria de Medici ruled for him until he came of age (1617) Married Anne of Austria (granddaughter of Philip II of Spain) - uniting France with the Hapsburgs - not a happy marriage, did not have kids until 20 years into the marriage

Thirty Years War

1618-1648: Central Europe "the last of the religious wars" Religious war that becomes a complicated political war involving most of the continent Starts out a local conflict with Holy Roman Emperor closing Protestant churches Catholic Spain joined Holy Roman Emperor Catholic France joined Protestants England at this time is having their own civil war, so they are not involved Germany was hurt the most Ends with the Treaty of Westphalia

Charles I

1625-1649: Son of James I - incredibly popular at first who marries a Catholic princess as a Protestant Also a believer in Divine Right and absolute monarchy, with the same attitude towards both Parliament and the Puritans as his father. Clashed with Parliament over money. Parliament made his life miserable - he totally ignores the Petition of Right Alternated between dissolving Parliament (1629) and calling it into session (Long Parliament: 1640 - 1653) in order to get money 1642 - he led troops into the House of Commons but leaders escaped out a back door to raise their own army

English Civil War

1642-1649: Civil war between Charles and Parliament over the absolute authority of the King Results in Charles being defeated and publically excecuted by Parliament's army thus creating Rump Parliament and the Commonwealth

Louis XIV (14th)

1643-1715 - "Sun King" came to power when he was 5 and was a true and absolute monarch; his mom, Anne of Austria, ruled for him Appointed Cardinal Jules Mazarin to advise but after his death this king decides to rule for himself As a child, he had to go into hiding due to civil disorder in France - scarred psychologically by this experience of hardship; resulted in mistrust that is reflected in his rule of France Absolute monarch - ruled by Divine Right for 72 years and never once called Estates General into session Persecuted the Huguenots and revoked the Edict of Nantes Built the Palace of Versailles - reflects his unlimited power and need to control

Commonwealth and Puritan Rule

1649-1660: The Commonwealth, a military dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell New Model Army (Red Coats) Put down rebellions in Ireland: kills over 600 thousand Irish; rebels in Scotland as well who see Charles' son as the true king Puritan morality/code: no dancing, theater, extravagant dressing, Sundays were set aside for religious observation Does allow for some religious freedom to non-Puritans and encourages education for men and women End of Commonwealth: Oliver's death leads to the downfall as his incapable son comes into power when Parliament reconvenes and reconciles the monarchy

Charles II

1660-1685: Son of Charles I who was asked by Parliament (who has all the power) to come back from exile to rule England - but Parliament laid out certain conditions Crowds cheer his return; pledges to respect Parliament and to undo Puritan codes Known as the "Merry Monarch" - he liked to party and allows for Parliament to make all decisions Did his best not to antagonize Parliament but does test them Encourages athletes and the arts Dies without an heir so his brother receives the throne

Peter the Great

1682-1725: 10 yrs old when he inherited power took the throne at 17 and ruled jointly with his mentally disabled half brother, Ivan, until 1696 then rules completely by himself Description: 6'9" (incredibly tall), loud, crude, strong, dynamic, bad-tempered, imprisons his own son for defying him Main goal: to modernize and westernize Russia so he went to Western Europe incognito Tortured and executed those in the streltsy (military group) he doesn't trust Modernizes army and builds a modern navy Forces boyars to adopt European style of grooming and clothing Builds the city of St. Petersburg in the Western style Successes: modernizing Russia into a modern power Failures: killed many people and the Russian culture and condition - forced the change

James II

1685-1688: Brother to Charles II, son of Charles I - very devout Catholic Tried to revive Divine Right which irked Parliament and the English people politically Tries to give power back to Catholics - Parliament isn't about this because Protestants are the majority and popular religion He has two protestant daughters and a Catholic son who outranks his daughters as heir

Glorious Revolution

1688: The "Bloodless Revolution" Problem: Parliament feared that the newborn son of James by his Catholic wife would mean a hereditary Catholic monarchy in England - Parliament exiles James leaving the throne empty Solution: William and Mary (James' protestant daughter who live in the Netherlands) but before they could take the throne, they had to agree to accept the Bill of Rights

Queen Anne

1702-1714: Last Stuart monarch in England - sister of Mary, daughter of James II (will be the last Stuart) Act of Union creating the UK Had many children (17 pregnancies) but none lived to adulthood so when she died there were no Stuart heirs

Act of Union

1707 - England and Scotland merge into the United Kingdom of Great Britain UK also included Wales and controlled Ireland at this time Scotland & England will merge easily, but will have problems w/ Ireland

George I

1714-1727 (also Protestant) From Germany but becomes King of England because he was the closest relative to Anne who was also Protestant Didn't speak English, didn't understand English government Let the Prime Minister make all the decisions

Catherine the Great

1762-1796: German princess who married Czar Peter III at 16 for political reasons; becomes czarina upon the death of her husband Converts from Protestant to Orthodox Wanted to modernize Russia by removing restrictions of trade and promoting arts and sciences Goes to war with Poland and the Ottoman Empire and acquires half of Poland and the Black Sea Ruled absolutely with support from the nobles

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Author of "The Social Contract"

Bourbon Family

A French Huguenot family on the Protestant minority side when France was divided during the Reformation. They were rivals with the Catholic Valois family.

Parliament

A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation (England) and prevent the king from ruling absolutely Consists of the House of Commons and Lords whom represent the people of England

Constitutional Monarchy

A form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body. A government whose power is defined and limited by law. Political parties (Tories, Whigs), cabinet (parliamentary advisers made up of leaders form the majority party in the House of Commons), Prime Minister

Roundheads

A group consisting of puritans, Parliament members, country land owners, and town based manufacturers, led by Oliver Cromwell; fought against the Cavaliers during the English Civil War (and win)

Palace of Versailles

A large royal residence built in the seventeenth century by King Louis XIV of France, near Paris. The palace, with its lavishgardens and fountains, is a spectacular example of French classical architecture. The Hall of Mirrors is particularly well known. The peace treaty that formally ended World War I was negotiated and signed here as well.

Puritans

A religious group of strict Calvinists who wanted to purify the Church of England and take away the king's power as the Head of the Church. They came to America for religious freedom and settled in Massachusetts Bay.

Cardinal Richelieu

Appointed as Louis XIII's chief adviser His main goal: to make the King's authority absolute (autocratic) and strengthen France's position internationally Disliked by the people of France: demolishes the Edict, sends out spies, and persecutes Huguenots Made France a great power (in the name of Louis XIII) in Europe Died in 1642 - murdered by 3 men; one year later Louis XIII dies as well

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

August 14, 1572: Catherine de Medici's daughter Marguerite Valois (Catholic) is marrying Henry of Navarre (Bourbon and Huguenot leader). Thousands of Huguenots are killed from an uprising at the royal wedding (engineered by Catherine de Medici).

Huguenot

Calvinists in France Powerful and organized despite being the minority - many are in the noble class

Maria Theresa

Catholic daughter of Charles VI; Marie Antoinette is one of her daughters who ends up marrying a Louis & is eventually beheaded This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs

Stuart Fam

Come into power at the death of Elizabeth I ending the Tudor family line Believed in the Divine Right of Kings - wanted to create an absolute NOT a limited monarchy Unpopular with both the people of England and Parliament "Century of Revolution" ; clashes between the Stuarts and Parliament over power and money

Hapsburg Fam

Controlled Austria, Hungary, and parts of the Holy Roman Empire. They stayed in power over 700 years (until WW1) Made alliances with other European nations through marriage - related to monarchs of Spain and France Many were also Holy Roman Emperors until the Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist after the Thirty Years War

Petition of Right

Created and issued by Parliament that protects England from all absolute and future absolute monarchs to limit the king's power - the king must receive consent from Parliament before making decisions (namely taxes) Charles I completely disregards this petition

What was Russia like in the 1500's?

Do not experience the Reformation, enlightenment, etc. Heavily influenced by the Byzantine Mix of Russian, Slavic, and Norse Came under the control and influence of the Mongols/Tartars (1236 - 1480) Isolated from Western Europe - more eastern orthodox Rulers began amassing absolute power by taking power from Church officials and boyars

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Economic/finance minister to Louis XIV (thanks to this guy Louis could pay for Versailles and his lavish lifestyle) Developed France's economy Financed overseas colonies, mercantilism, and made up for the lack of Huguenots (who fled during Louis XIV's reign) Was able to keep France from going bankrupt but only for a time - does go bankrupt at the death of Louis XIV

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic Leads to a lot more toleration of the Catholic & Protestant faiths

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) Author of "Leviathan"

"L'etat c'est moi"

I am the State - Louis XIV ruled completely alone upon the death of Cardinal Mazarin

Michael Romanov

First of the Romanov family which rules over Russia from 1613 to 1917 - ruled as an absolute monarch; After the Time of Trouble, was elected by the Zemsky Sobor Made serfdom (aka feudalism)

What was Spain like the in 1500's?

First real world power (not England) United in the late 1400's under Catholic monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella Acquired a large overseas empire as well as controlling other lands within Europe Saw itself as the nation chosen by God to save Catholic Christianity from the Protestant heretics This idea led to a series of wars between Catholic Spain and Protestant cultures such as the Dutch and the English Golden Age: 1550-1650 - Spanish Renaissance

Failures of Louis XIV

Fought 4 costly wars in an attempt to gain power and land for France and glory for himself - other European nations joined together to keep France from winning War of Spanish Succession ended by the Treaty of Utrecht Persecuted the Huguenots and revoked the Edict of Nantes - huge economic consequences since 100,000 Huguenot merchant and artisans fled France When he died, France was the strongest country, politically, in Europe but it was virtually bankrupt

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. A council of representatives that advise the French king (equivalent to the English Parliament) Never come into session nor overrule the king's power and thus leading to absolute monarchy in France

England 1600's

Has a history of monarchy working with Parliament to establish a limited monarchy but problems arise in the form of the Stuart family Tudor dynasty came to an end Throne of England went to the closest Protestant relative: Stuart family, monarchs of Scotland - James I Tudors had established the precedent of consulting Parliament, acting as a limited monarchy, on important matters; Stuarts don't do this because in Scotland they ruled as absolute monarchs

Prime Minister

Head of Parliament Makes the Monarch more or less a figurehead

What did Henry IV mean when he says "Paris is well worth a Mass"?

Henry IV was a Huguenot but converted to Catholicism to win the support of the Catholic majority in France (infuriating the Protestants)

Pragmatic Sanction

Issued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 to assure his daughter Maria Theresa gained the throne.

Zemsky Sobor

Ivan IV's parliamentary council that consisted of merchants and nobles

William of Orange and Mary

King & Queen brought in to rule England in Glorious Revolution due to King James's Catholic & imperial policies; these 2 agreed to a Bill of Rights & respected Parliament & civil liberties of the people, making England into a constitutional monarchy

Charles V

King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor (1506-1556) Controlled Spain, the Low Countries (which include the Netherlands & Belgium), parts of Italy, parts of Austria, some German States, and the Spanish American colonies Ruled during the heyday of Spanish exploration Catholic king, threatened by the Reformation Outlaws Martin Luther Wanted to re-create Catholic Western Europe yet failed; had to sign the Peace of Augsberg Frustrated by his failures, he resigned and became a monk

Boyars

Land owning aristocracy in early Russia.

"Sun King"

Louis XIV Everything revolves around him - government, religion, social events Micromanaged the government as a way to keep all power in his own hands

Oliver Cromwell

Military leader of the Roundheads, a puritan, eventually becomes the king/ruler First thing he does is clean up Parliament - must support Puritans and him to be in Parliament Took the title Lord Protector and ruled as a military dictator (1649-1660) Created the Commonwealth, but it was really more of a military dictatorship - eventually he abolishes all of Parliament

Divine Right of Kings

Monarchs received power from God and must not be challenged No earthly challenge to monarch's authority because power comes from God Nothing to prevent abuse of power (absolute authority)

St. Petersburg

New capitol city of Russia created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. It was built on land taken from Sweden "Window of the West"

Rump Parliament

Oliver Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy.

Bill of Rights

Passed by Parliament - makes Parliament supreme over the monarch Parliament controls money and all aspects of creating laws which the monarch must follow Proved that Parliament was supreme over the monarch Not a democracy but a monarchy with very restricted power English rulers still had a lot of power but they now had to obey the law and govern in partnership with Parliament Freely elected Parliament - especially the House of Commons

What was Europe like in the 1500-1600's?

Political wars - Competition and antagonism grew as each country wanted to increase its wealth and prestige at the expense of other rival countries; Led to a shifting balance of power among the leading European countries Religious wars - As a result of the Reformation; Often religion was just an excuse to go to war - within countries and between countries - for political gain Political response to crises - absolute monarchy and eventually limited monarchies will become more popular

Limited Monarchy

Protects people from abuse of power - prevents the monarch from ruling without the consent of the people Government in which a document limits the power of the monarch Associated with England - House of Commons and House of Lords in the Parliament demonstrating the limited power of the monarchy giving the people more say in decision making

How does being the "Most Catholic King" affect Philip II's reign?

Protestant Dutch rebelled under Catholic Spanish rule and eventually gained independence as the Netherlands Forced religious unity in Spain Wanted to see a Catholic England - attacked Protestant England - Armada is defeated Constantly warring wars w/ countries who are Protestant & using money to supply his armies & weapons (results in decline)

Plague and Great Fire

Return of the plague (kills 100 thousand) and the Great Fire of London during Charles II's reign The fire destroys the city of London, demolishing the plague, and Charles II financially helps rebuild London

Russia in the 1600's and 1700's was like...

Romanov family comes to power (1613-1917) whose czar's ruled as absolute monarchs; Zemsky Sobor died out in 1682 Made serfdom - which, for the most part, had already died out in Europe - a legal institution For most of 1600's, Russia will continue to be isolated from Western Europe

The Successes of Louis XIV

Ruled for 72 years - longer than any other monarch Built up the French military from 70,000 to 200,000 soldiers although at a huge monetary cost Created a French culture (art, literature, clothing) that replaced the Renaissance style that had dominated Europe for over 100 years

Tudor Fam/England in the 1500's

Ruled over England in the 1500's (1485 - 1603) Henry VII (after the War of the Roses) Henry VIII (gets Parliament to change the church) Edward VI (short reign - protestant) "Bloody" Mary (catholic and persecutes protestants) Elizabeth I (brings back Protestantism) Overall, very popular and powerful family who developed a good relationship with Parliament; consulted them on all decisions. Led England to become a world power and leader of Protestant nations; few religious problems between Catholics and Protestants except under the reign of Mary. Stable religiously and politically until the death of Elizabeth I and the passing of the throne to the Scottish Stuart family.

Hohenzollern Fam

Rulers over Brandenburg and Prussia that were obsessed with a militia; refusing to spend national funds on anything but more soldiers and development of military power, responsible for German unification. German noble family Consolidated their power after the Treaty of Westphalia by uniting some of the German states under their rule Established autocratic government - reduced the power of the Prussian nobles

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)

Rules from 1589 - 1610: while France is on the brink of civil war; first Bourbon monarch Has to rule a religiously divided France - converts to Catholicism and puts an end to the religious civil wars between Huguenots and Catholics Established the power and authority of the French monarchy - led the way for absolute monarchy in France Well-liked by the people of France due to his Edict of Nantes Assassinated on May 14, 1610 by a fanatical Catholic (Ravaillac by stabbing him numerous times)

Philip II

Son of Emperor Charles V (1556-1598) Married to Mary Tudor (who was Catholic) Ruled over a very powerful and wealthy Spain with gold and silver coming in from the American colonies "Most Catholic King" - thought it was his duty to protect Catholics outside of his country; saw himself as the guardian of the Catholic Church Decline in Spanish power in 1600's: does not encouraging trade or industries, only focuses on agriculture, inflation will soar, uses money on religious wars

Royalists (Cavaliers)

Supported the king (who has no money and is dependent on the nobles contributions) This side of the English Civil War consisted of nobles and Catholics

Valois Family

The French Catholic family that was on the Catholic majority side when France was divided during the Reformation. They were rivals with the Huguenot Bourbon family.

Prussia

The Most Powerful German state in the 1700's and 1800's No longer exists - today it's Poland, Germany, Czech Republic (known as Austria) and Russia Ruled by the Hohenzollern family Emerged from the Seven Years' War as the strongest military power in Europe Became a world power and absolute monarchy under Frederick I

What is France up to in the 1500's?

The Protestant Reformation divided France along religious lines: French Catholic and Huguenot Catholics were the majority in France Huguenots were a powerful and well organized minority 2 families were fighting for power: Valois family (Catholic) vs. Bourbon family (Huguenot)

Westernize

To modernize or make a country more like European countries. Peter the Great believed that Russia needs to become more like Europe if it's to survive.

Robert Walpole

Under George I - Prime Minister becomes the executive decision maker, answers to the elected members of the House of Commons (house of lords pretty much gone)

Cardinal Mazarin

Very much like Richelieu, though not as ruthless, in that his main goal was to make King Louis XIV absolute Again, like Richelieu, disliked by the people of France Further strengthens the king inciting the rebellion of French nobles

How's life in France during the 1600's?

While England developed into a limited or constitutional monarchy during the 1600's and 1700's, France developed in a different direction during the same time period because the English Parliament asserted itself against royal power and the French Estates General never did. French Estates General never even came into session between 1614 and 1789 resulting in France developing into an Absolute Monarchy during this time period. Monarchs claim Divine Right and no one challenges their authority on anything.

Austria

Will be ruled by the Hapsburg family since 1273 Powerful German state Hapsburgs found it hard to unite because of size: a lot of diversity in ethnicity, nationality, language, customs, religion Centrally located on the continent of Europe Will become an absolute monarchy in the 1700's Will continue to be rivals with Prussia Austrian Empire of the 1700's much larger than the country of Austria today

Habeaus Corpus Act

guarantees someone who is accused of a crime the right to appear in court, to determine if they should be charged or released

Oprichniki

the secret police force for Russia's Ivan IV. They were those that were loyal to Ivan. Therefore, they received much land and terrorized anyone who opposed Ivan.

Czar

the title used for Russian emperors Russian for "Caesar"