LAST BIO EXAM

Cellular Respiration

Oxygen and mitochondria allow about 95 percent of our ATP to be produced! Aerobic exercise is an example.

Sarcoma

Cancers that originate in muscle, or the connective tissue associated with muscle

Stiffs--that's what they call the dead guys in mobster movies. Where does this term come from? Why from how ATP us used in muscle contraction of course! Select the false statement

F-ATP binding causes Myosin to bind actin and form a cross-bridge T-The Power Stoke allows Myosin to slide the actin filament -ATP binding causes Myosin to release (detach) from the actin. Not breathing? No Oxygen? No ATP? Myosin is stuck to Actin and you get a stiff. -ATP hydrolysis (burning ATP to produce ADP plus phosphate) returns the myosin head to the cocked position.

Calcium isn't just for your teeth and bones, but is required for muscle contraction. What does Calcium do and why is it required? Select the FALSE statement

F-Calcium binds the thick filament and allows Myosin to grab Actin and pull the fibers together from Z-disc to Z-disk T-Calcium binds the troponin, this then grabs tropomyosin which has been covering actin so myosin can't bind. Once calcium enters the scene, tropomyosin is pulled away from the spot where myosin can bind actin -Cross-bridge cycling continues until calcium ions and ATP are no longer available. Then tropomyosin covers the actin once again. -Once the tropomyosin has been removed, a cross-bridge forms between myosin and actin. Cross-bridge means that the two proteins interact in the sliding that shortens the sarcomere.

How does the Action Potential move down the axon? Select the FALSE statement

F-Once the action potential has fired, the entire axon depolarizes at once. T-The first region will repolarize and return to resting potential as the action potential travels down the axon in regions. -Once the action potential has fired, the first region of the axon will depolarize. -When the first region of the axon depolarizes, this opens up sodium channels next door and the next region depolarizes.

Synaptic Transmission is the ultimate goal of the Action Potential traveling down the axon. Select the FALSE statement about this process.

F-Synaptic vesicles are found collecting in the axon terminal (end). You can see the pseudo colored vesicles containing voltage gated channels in Figure 17.11. T -Synaptic vesicles are found collecting in the axon terminal (end). You can see the pseudo colored vesicles containing voltage gated channels in Figure 17.11. -Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind ion channels on the next cell--this allows ions to enter the cell and activate it. -When the Action Potential reaches the axon terminal, voltage gated Calcium channels open and this allows the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release the neurotransmitters.

repolarize

Potassium ions leave the cell and help return the charge to negative, the Na+/K+ pump gets back to work too

depolarize

Sodium ions rush in to the nerve cell and make the charge across the membrane move towards positive

Microglial Cells

eats bacteria and debris to keep neurons "clean"

Blood vessels and nerves enter the bone through the Metaphysis region at the Epiphyseal line. Question options:

false

Hyaline

fine collagen fibers, white translucent matrix found at the ends of bones.

Oligodendrocytes

forms myelin that wraps around the axon

Dendrites

"Tree-like" structures that reach out from the cell body to receive messages from other neurons, our text even tells that that one of the Purkinje cells in our cerebellum receives contact from as many as 200,000 other neurons!

threshold

-55 mV The charge level that triggers the action potential

resting membrane potential

-70 mV A neuron's electrical charge across the membrane when the neuron is at rest

Voltage Gated Channels? Sodium Potassium Pump? Action Potential? What is going on? Select the correct statements about how these key transmembrane proteins allow the Action Potential to be generated.

-A stimulus from a sensory cell or another neuron causes the target cell (this means the neuron we are looking at here) to begin to depolarize toward the threshold (-55 mV). -When Threshold (-55 mV) is reached, the voltage gated sodium channels open and the membrane depolarizes (charge across the membrane moves to positive). -When the Action Potential hits it's peak, potassium channels open and sodium channels close. The membrane begins to repolarize (charge across the membrane moves back to negative). -The Sodium Potassium Pump establishes and restores the resting potential (-70 mV).

Cardiac

-Branching striated cells each have a single nucleus. Cells are held together by intercalated discs. -Functions to pump blood and is involuntary.

What's up with the scary skeletons in this lecture? What did we learn from them? Select the correct statements.

-Chicks that develop in eggs with a shell will form cartilage (blue) and bone (red). The shell contains the calcium needed to form the compact bone. -Scleraxix activates genes that make cartilage. Scleraxix sure makes one scary looking skeleton!

What determines whether a neuron will fire or not? Well, summation (integration) of course. Select the correct statements.

-EPSPs are excitatory (fire) signals. They cause a bit of depolarization to occur. -If there are enough EPSPs and the depolarization reaches threshold, the nerve will fire. -IPSPs are inhibitory (don't fire) signals. They cause a bit of repolarization to occur.

Voltage Gated Channels. Select the correct statements.

-Ellen says "change the charge, change the structure, change the function". Amino acids in the transmembrane protein are sensitive to a change in charge and cause the channel to open when threshold is met. -Voltage Gated Channels are open when the the charge across the membrane hits threshold (-55 mV). -Voltage Gated Channels are closed when the the charge across the membrane is at resting potential (-70 mV).

How can we keep our hands from burning on a hot stove faster than a blink of an eye? Why through a spinal reflex of course.

-For a spinal reflex to occur, three connecting neurons must be present and fuction; a sensory neuron, an interneuron and a motor neuron. -The interneuron in the spinal cord immediately sends the signal to the motor neuron, and we lift up our hand super fast. Myelin sheaths on the sensory neuron and motor neuron allow the signal to "flash" through these neurons. -Dendrites of the sensory neuron detect the heat and send the signal to the interneuron in the spinal cord.

Skeletal

-Functions in voluntary movement of the body, also connected to our skeletal system. -Striated tissue, has multiple nuclei that come from individual muscle cells fusing during embryonic development

What do Nodes have to do with the Action Potential? Select the correct statements.

-Nodes of Ranvier have voltage gated sodium and potassium channels. -Nodes of Ranvier allow the action potential to quickly hop from one node to the next--this really speeds up how quickly the action potential can "flash" down the axon. -Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the Myelin Sheath along the axon.

Bone marrow consists of both red marrow and yellow marrow. Select the correct statements about bone marrow.

-Red bone marrow is responsible for hematopoiesis--that means producing blood cells (red cells, white cells and platelets). -Yellow bone marrow has triglicerides (fats) that can be used to produce energy.

What makes a sprinter? What makes an endurance athlete? Training, diet, and focus all play an important role, but different types of skeletal muscle tissues contribute. Select the correct statements

-Slow twitch muscle fibers are aerobic, have steady power and lead to endurance. -Body builders have more Fast Glycolic Fibers (Fast twitch), these fibers are powerful but fatigue the most quickly. -Slow twitch muscle fibers are packed with mitochondria, this makes them darker. -Long distance runners have more Slow Oxidative Fibers (really slow twitch) than body builders or sprinters.

Smooth

-Spindle shaped cells have a single nucleus. The cells do not have striations. -Functions in the digestive system and is involuntary.

What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone? Select the correct statements.

-Spongy bone is filled with osteocytes and bone marrow. It is composed of trabeculae that contain osteocytes. -The trabecula is a little spike of bone that makes a matrix with red marrow. These form networks at lines of stress to protect our bone integrity and keep our bones lighter. -Compact bone is denser and stronger. It is composed of osteons--these are rings build trom concentric lamella and central canals. The central canals contain blood vessels, lymph and nerve tissue.

Duct Tape? Paper Clips? Bubble Gum? While these hold lots of things together, they probably won't hold muscles to bone. Select the correct statements

-Tendons are used to connect muscle tissue to a long bone such as the femur. -The Insertion is the attachment of a muscle on a bone that moves. -The Origin is the attachment of a muscle on a stationary bone.

What does the Autonomic Nervous System do? Select the correct statements.

-The Parasympathetic System controls organs in a "rest and digest" manner. Our text tells us to think of Parasympathetic-Picnic to remember this. -The Sympathetic System controls organs in a "Fight or Flight" manner. Our text tells you to remember Sympathetic-Snake--if you see a snake you run. -The Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Systems often have opposing actions on our organs. This helps keep our bodies coordinated for the situation at hand.

The Sodium Potassium pump is also called the sodium potassium ATPase, and ATPase means a protein that burns (or hydrolyses ATP). Select the correct statements.

-The Sodium Potassium pump burns about 1/3 of our daily ATP. -The Sodium Potassium pump is required for establishing resting membrane potential. -The Sodium Potassium pump kicks out 3 Na+ and brings in 2 K+ ions for each ATP burned. This sets up a charge imbalance across the membrane.

the sarcomere is the smallest contracting unit of skeletal muscle. Select the correct statements.

-The darker A band stays the same width before and after contraction. It is the lighter I band that becomes smaller. -Myosin grabs actin from both sides and the entire sarcomere shortens from Z disk to Z disk -The Sliding Filament Models describes how muscles contract. Myosin motor proteins slide Actin based thin filaments past each other and the sarcomere shortens.

correct statements about what the skeletal system provides

-The skeletal system stores and releases minerals (calcium) and fat (triglicerides). -The skeletal system provides support and helps facilitate movement. In fact, our bones act as levers when our muscles span a joint and contract. -The skeletal system protects internal organs and produces blood cells.

How do you build a skeletal muscle? Well, like a building it is "brick by brick" and "frame by frame". Select the correct statements.

-The smallest contracting unit of muscle is the sarcomere. Sarcomeres line up to form a myofibril. -Many myofibrils bundle together to form a muscle fiber. -Many muscle fibers bundle together to form a muscle fascile, these then bundle together to form a skeletal muscle.

What does sunlight have to do with our skeletal system? Select the correct statements.

-When sunlight is absorbed in our skin, Vitamin D is manufactured. -The liver and kidney transform Vitamin D into circulating vitamin D and biologically active vitamin D. How bout that Liver and Kidney helping out! -We can eat Vitamin D containing food and/or supplements. Vitamin D will then be absorbed by the intestines and carried by the blood stream.

Anatomy and Physiology text that shows the relationship between age and bone mass. Select the correct statements.

-Women lose bone mass faster than men due to the loss of estrogen after menopause. This allows OsteoClasts to take over and break (Crack) bone down. -Osteoporosis is a condition that affects older women (and men) and causes brittle bones. Paget's disease is also a disease of bone remodeling due to overactive OsteoClasts. -Peak bone mass is achieved in both men and women by the age of 30.

action potential

All or Nothing! The nerve will fire. This is how signals are transmitted from the dendrite down to the synapse (axon terminal) are sent via a brief reversal of membrane potential.

Ephiphyseal Progression. See Figure 15.13 that shows how bone grows. Select the FALSE statement.

As the bone grows, the metaphysis elongates far more than any other bone component. TRUE- Epiphyseal plates are visible in a growing bone, but in a mature bone epiphyseal lines are all that remain. -As the bone matures, the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) progresses to an epiphyseal line. -As the bone grows, the diaphysis elongates more than any other bone component.

E and F

Blood vessels become more branched and the chondrocytes proliferate (that means bone cells are dividing)

C and D

Chondrocytes (bone cells) and Osteoblasts (Bone Builders) are beginning to grow and divide in the central region of the bone. Blood vessels first enter at these stages.

Fibromyalgia

Chronic achy muscles; not well understood

ALS-Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease; motor neurons degenerate and die leading to loss of voluntary muscle movement. Recently the cause of death of a FM high school student named Ben Merck. Sending you loving thoughts for the end of your hard fight Ben, and hope you reach a better place.

G and H

Compact bone is now found on the outer sides of the middle region and the growth plates are extending.

Thin Filament

Composed of Actin and Tropomyosin

Thick Filament

Composed of many Myosin molecules that wrap together.

Darker band (Darker A band)

Composed of thick filaments with a M line in the center.

Lighter band (Lighter I band)

Composed of thin filaments with a Z line in the center.

membrane potential

Difference in total charge between the inside and outside of the cell

Myostatin Mutation

During embryonic development, muscles are supposed to stop dividing and fuse together to form muscle fibers. Well, if they don't stop dividing, we get "Arnold" type humans and the Belgian Blue breed of cattle.

The Central Nervous System consists of the Autonomic divisions (Parasympathetic and Sympathetic) while the Peripheral Nervous System consists of the spinal cord.

FALSE

Glycolysis

Glucose is broken down into pyruvate (pyruvic acid). If oxygen is available, then this can be used in aerobic respiration. If oxygen isn't available, pyruvate will be converted to lactic acid.

Axon

Long "tube-like" structure that brings the signal from the cell body to the synapse

A and B

Mesenchyme cells begin to pull together. (Mesenchyme cells are mesodermal cells that have not yet differentiated). These cells then begin to make a cartilage mold.

Bone

Most rigid connective tissue! Formed from hard matrix of calcium salts and fibers. Two types: spongy and compact.

ACh-receptors. ACh stands for the neurotransmitter called Acetylcholine.

Motor nerves control our voluntary skeletal muscles. Yes, this is true! The Neuro-Muscular-Junction is where Motor End-Plate Innervates the muscle. What receptors of the muscle are found here?

Muscular Dystrophy

Mutation in the Dystrophin protein causes muscles to degenerate and weaken. Dystrophin hods the contraction units to the scarcolema and connective tissue that holds muscles together.

Z disk (Z line)

One of these is at each end of a sarcomere. In fact, these mark the individual sarcomeres. Thin filaments also extend from these.

Synaptic cleft

Synaptic Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release ACh across this space.

Synapse

Terminal where signal will interact with either another neuron or a muscle-neurotransmitters are released here

Select the correct statement.

The Diaphysis and Ephiphysis are the two main parts of the bone. The Diaphysis is found in the center portion while the Ephiphysis is found at the proximal and distal ends of the bone.

M line

The very center of the sarcomere--myosin tails will be wrapped together and some heads will orient towards one Z line, and other heads will orient towards another Z line.

Osteoblast

These cells Build bone tissue (Bone Builder)

Osteogenic cell

These cells act as stem cells to keep producing bone cells as needed

Osteocyte

These cells maintain bone tissue

Osteoclast

These cells resorb (destroy) bone tissue to release calcium (Bone Cracker)

T-tubule

This structure, part of the "threesome" of membranes, makes sure that the signal to fire goes all around the muscle fiber.

Fibrocartilage

Very Strong and chock full of Collagen. Hard and resistant to pressure. Found in the pads of vertebrae and knee joints.

Creatine Phosphate

When ATP is used up in contracting muscle, you can get about 15 seconds worth of ATP from this molecule.

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

When the signal to fire has been sent by a nerve, calcium is released from this structure.

Myasthenia Gravis

autoimmune disorder that attacks the Acytlcholine receptor and weakens muscles of the face, neck, and extremities. This means nerve function breaks down so muscles can't work.

Dense Fibrous

packed full of collagen, forms tendons and ligaments. Tendons connect muscle to bone, Ligaments connect bone to bone at a joint.

Astrocytes

provides nutrients and growth hormones to support neurons