Last iRAT (ch. 21)

DNA microarray

A ChIP-chip assay involves the use of chromatin immunoprecipitation with a

knockout

A collection of organisms of the same species in which each strain carries one gene whose function has been inactivated is called a(n) _________ collection.

analyze DNA-protein interactions.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a technique that is used to

different species

Comparative genomics is the study of genetic variation among

DNA microarrays

Genome-wide analysis of gene expression is possible via

It may lead to the identification of human genes involved in disease. It can provide information about genes found in pathogens that infect humans.

How is genome sequencing likely to improve our understanding of human disease?

mutated

One of the benefits of sequencing the human genome is that it will make it easier to identify genes that cause disease when they are _______ .

identifying millions of genetic markers and their locations on chromosomes.

One of the goals of the Human Genome Project was to obtain a genetic linkage map of the human genome. This was accomplished by

sequence complementary DNAs derived from RNAs.

RNA-Seq is a method used to

high-throughput

The ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA is called ___-_____ sequencing.

comparative

The approach that uses information from genome projects to understand genetic variation among different populations is called ________ genomics.

development of plant species with improved traits. development of new strains of livestock.

The genomes of certain agriculturally important species have been sequenced. The purpose of selecting these species for sequencing is that knowledge of their genomes may lead to

transcriptome

The set of all RNA molecules that are transcribed in one cell or a population of cells is called the

metagenomics

The study of a complex mixture of genetic material obtained from an environmental sample is called

ChIP-chip

The technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation with a DNA microarray is termed a ____-______ assay.

microarray

The technology that enables the expression of thousands of genes to be studied simultaneously is called a DNA

Spotting synthetically made DNA fragments onto a slide Synthesizing short DNA oligonucleotides on the surface of a slide

What are the two techniques that can be used to make a DNA microarrary?

The same section of DNA will be sequenced multiple times.

What is a disadvantage of the shotgun sequencing technique?

The ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA

What is high-throughput sequencing?

To determine the DNA sequence of the entire genome of a given species

What is the goal of a genome-sequencing project?

the study of a complex mixture of genetic material from an environmental sample

what is metagenomics?

true

Typical DNA microarrays uses PCR to amplify segments that are 500-5000 nucleotides in length, and these are then spotted onto the slide.

cytogenic

hybridizing DNA probes corresponding to known genes to chromosomes and comparing the hybridization location to banding patterns. This method would create a _____ map.

gene chip

Another term for DNA microarray is

gene that is expressed

As an outcome of the RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) method, a cDNA sequence was shown to align with a specific region within the genome. This means that the sequence at that region is a(n)

RNA sequencing

Complementary DNAs are derived from mRNA molecules. _____-________ is a method for sequencing these complementary DNAs using next-generation sequencing methods.

has one gene knocked out.

A knockout collection is a collection of organisms of the same species in which each strain

Immunoprecipitation

A method called chromatin _______ (ChIP) can be used to determine whether proteins can bind to a particular region of DNA.

genome-sequencing

A research endeavor with the goal of determining the sequence of DNA bases in an organism's entire genome is called a(n) ______- ______ project.

linkage

Identifying and localizing millions of genetic markers was an important procedure for the Human Genome Project's goal of obtaining a genetic _______ map of the human genome.

RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq)

If you wished to compare the transcriptome of healthy cells versus diseased cells, which method would you choose?

a large amount of cDNA in the sample hybridized to the DNA at that location.

In a DNA microarray experiment, a high fluorescence intensity in one spot means that

cDNAs produced from RNAs.

In the RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) method, next generation sequencing is used to find the order of nucleotides in

shotgun

One of the methods that is used for genome-sequencing projects involves the sequencing of randomly generated DNA fragments followed by identification of overlapping regions in the DNA sequence. This method is called _______ sequencing.

in different stages of development. in different cell types. in healthy versus diseased cells. in response to different environmental agents.

RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) is used to compare transcriptomes

gene expression patterns.

The most common use for DNA microarrays is the study of _____. Microarrays detect binding between complementary nucleic acid sequences.

Improvements in software for accessing and analyzing sequence data Improvements in cloning technology Improved DNA sequencing technology Sequence data for the 22 human autosomes Sequence data for the human X and Y chromosomes

What outcomes have already resulted from the Human Genome Project?

25-30; directly synthesized on the surface of the slide

When a DNA microarray contains shorter DNA segments called oligonucleotides, these sequences are typically ______ nucleotides in length, and are ______.

Elucidation of metabolic pathways Tumor profiling Cell-specific gene expression

Which of the following are applications of DNA microarrays?

Random DNA fragments are sequenced, and overlapping parts of the sequence are identified.

Which of the following is an accurate description of shotgun sequencing?

Genes that are expressed in a specific cell type can be identified. Patterns of RNA splicing found in a particular cell type can be determined.

Which represent outcomes of using the RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) method?

Understanding their genomes may aid in the development of new strains with improved traits.

Why have agriculturally important species been selected for genome sequencing?

true

Molecular genetic technology such as gene cloning, contig construction, and DNA sequencing have been improved as a direct result of the efforts of the Human Genome Project

mutant

One of the benefits of sequencing the human genome is that it will make it easier to identify genes that cause disease when they are

RNA molecules

The transcriptome is the set of all ______ produced in one cell or a population of cells.