Latin American History 115
Impossible Game
1958-1973; if peronists excluded from election->no legitimacy->chaos if peronists allowed->cold be victorious->coup there's a bad outcome regardless, either chaos or military govt
Counter-Insurgency
'comprehensive civilian and military efforts taken to simultaneously defeat and contain insurgency and address its root causes'".[2] "Insurgency is the organized use of subversion and violence to seize, nullify or challenge political control of a region. As such, it is primarily a political struggle, in which both sides use armed force to create space for their political, economic and influence activities to be effective. Counter-insurgency campaigns of duly-elected or politically recognized governments take place during war, occupation by a foreign military or police force, and when internal conflicts that involve subversion and armed rebellion occur
Economic Independence
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Rural/National Guard
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Social Justice
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Vatican II
1962, Nicaragua; how to improve church? priests began sermonizing in the language of the people rather than Latin
CELAM
1968, Latin American Espiscopal Conference, Medellin, how to relate more to people, base communities, priests should be in communities as equals to the people
Contras
1981-1990, CIA training and funding by US, reconstituted people, "freedom fighters", war against Nicaraguan govt
Boland Amendment
1982-1984, many Americans believed this was mostly about US imperialism, Contras was not popular, local marches and protests against Contras movement (US opposes Contras 2:1), 1982-Congressman Boland pushed through amendment that prohibited executive branch funding for Contras, comes during end of Vietnam War and Watergate->distrust of govt and makes people upset
Iran-Contra Scandal
1986, US circumvention of Boland amendment: sold weapons to Iran and revenue was sent to Contras and clearly broke law Colonel Oliver North: NSC-Natl Security Council, organized scandal, was offered amnesty for testimony selling amrs to Iran despite enemy, sent Contras as "humanitarian aide" Lawrence Walsh: special prosecutor, exhaustive 1000 page study, found "no smoking gun" of Reagan but definitely a cover up
Decree 900
Agrarian Reform Law, was a Guatemalan land reform law passed on June 17, 1952, during the Guatemalan Revolution. The law was introduced by President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán. It redistributed unused lands of sizes greater than 224 acres (0.902 km²) to local peasants, compensating landowners with government bonds. Land from at most 1,700 estates was redistributed to about 500,000 families—one sixth of the country's population.[1] The goal of the legislation was to move Guatemala's economy from feudalism into capitalism. Although in force for only eighteen months, the law had a major effect on the Guatemalan land reform movement.[2] Indigenous groups, deprived of land since the Spanish conquest, were major beneficiaries of the decree. In addition to raising agricultural output by increasing the cultivation of land, the reform is credited with helping many Guatemalans find dignity and autonomy.[3][4] Decree 900 did create some conflicts in practice, but these were not major, and the law is described as one of the most potentially successful land reforms in history. However, redistribution angered major landowners—including the United Fruit Company—and the United States, which construed Guatemala's land reform as a communist threat.
Jorge Videla
Argentina. In 1976, he led a military junta that took control of the country. While Videla was president, from 1976 to 1981, his government conducted a "dirty war," during which thousands of people considered to be subversive threats were abducted, detained and murdered. He was 87 when he died in prison in Buenos Aires on May 17, 2013.
Concordancia
Argentina; 1930-1943, oligarchy in power, military crushes opposition-police like state, imperial preference with Great Britain, rise in favor of protectionism, trade policy on preferential access to British Trade in empire and cuts out mos of world, greatly affects argentina, was shut out and lost major - due to political decision, R
CGT
Argentina; General Confederation of Laborers, biggest union in Argentina, Peron recognized as the political group of Argentina
Dirty Wars
Argentina; a period of state terrorism in Argentina from roughly 1974 to 1983 (some sources date the beginning to 1969), during which military and security forces and right-wing death squads in the form of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Triple A) hunted down and killed left-wing guerrillas,[ political dissidents, and anyone believed to be associated with socialism. The victims of the violence were 7,158 left-wing activists, terrorists and militants, including trade unionists, students, journalists and Marxists and Peronist guerrillas and their support network in the Montoneros believed to be 150,000-250,000-strong and 60,000-strong in the ERP, as well as alleged sympathizers.
Roca Runciman Treaty
Argentina; betrayal of oligarchy, treason, 1933 allowed Argentina into GB's closed trade community
Juan Domingo Peron
Argentina; junior officer to colonel, from a middle class family, went through military schools, Farrel's (coup leader) right hand man, Secretary of Labor, elected president in 1946, preached justicialismo, economic independence, empowered and mobilized working class, cultural retaking of Argentina, long lasting divide between classes
Evita Peron
Argentina; second wife of Argentine president Juan Perón, who, during her husband's first term as president (1946-52), became a powerful though unofficial political leader, revered by the lower economic classes.
Big Stick Diplomacy
Big-stick diplomacy was a major component of Roosevelt's international relations policy. The theory is that leaders should strive for peace while also keeping other nations aware of their military power. Venezuela Crisis when he amended the Monroe Doctrine to read that the United States would get involved with the affairs of its Latin American neighbors if they defaulted on their debt to Europe. Panama Canal crisis and the Cuba question; the United States set a list of rules and standards to which it would hold Cuba instead of annexing it.
Strategy of Containment
Containment is a geopolitical strategy to stop the expansion of an enemy. It is best known as the Cold War policy of the United States and its allies to prevent the spread of communism.
Platt Amendment
Cuba; By its terms, Cuba would not transfer Cuban land to any power other than the United States, Cuba's right to negotiate treaties was limited, rights to a naval base in Cuba (Guantánamo Bay) were ceded to the United States, U.S. intervention in Cuba "for the preservation of Cuban independence" was permitted, and a formal treaty detailing all the foregoing provisions was provided for. To end the U.S. occupation, Cuba incorporated the articles in its constitution. Although the United States intervened militarily in Cuba only twice, in 1906 and 1912, Cubans generally considered the amendment an infringement of their sovereignty. In 1934, as part of his Good Neighbor policy, Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt supported abrogation of the amendment's provisions except for U.S. rights to the naval base.
Che Guevarra
Cuba; Ernesto "Che" Guevarra, heart of revolutionary group, Castro's right hand man, died in another fight for liberation
Bay of Pigs
Cuba; On April 17, 1961, around 1,200 exiles, armed with American weapons and using American landing craft, waded ashore at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba. The hope was that the exile force would serve as a rallying point for the Cuban citizenry, who would rise up and overthrow Castro's government. The plan immediately fell apart-the landing force met with unexpectedly rapid counterattacks from Castro's military, the tiny Cuban air force sank most of the exiles' supply ships, the United States refrained from providing necessary air support, and the expected uprising never happened. Over 100 of the attackers were killed, and more than 1,100 were captured.
Anastas Mikoyan
Cuba; Soviet Union; Anastas Mikoyan was Soviet deputy prime minister during the Cuban Missile Crisis, opposed Khrushchev's decision to place the nuclear-tipped missiles in Cuba. In November 1962 Mikoyan was dispatched to Cuba and played a key role in convincing Fidel Castro to accept the terms on which the crisis was settled, while keeping him as Soviet ally. In particular, Mikoyan understood the danger tactical nuclear weapons posed if left in Cuban hands, and on November 22 persuaded Castro that they must be withdrawn. During this crucial meeting Mikoyan rejected Castro's pleas to keep the tactical warheads on the island, citing a nonexistent Soviet law prohibiting the transfer of nuclear weapons to third countries. Had it not been for Mikoyan's diplomatic efforts, Cuba would have become the first nuclear power in Latin America.
Special Period
Cuba; a euphemism for an extended period of economic crisis that began in 1989[1] primarily due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and, by extension, the Comecon. The economic depression of the Special Period was at its most severe in the early to mid-1990s before slightly declining in severity towards the end of the decade. It was defined primarily by the severe shortages of hydrocarbon energy resources in the form of gasoline, diesel, and other petroleum derivatives that occurred upon the implosion of economic agreements between the petroleum-rich Soviet Union and Cuba. The period radically transformed Cuban society and the economy, as it necessitated the successful introduction of sustainable agriculture, decreased use of automobiles, and overhauled industry, health, and diet countrywide. People were forced to live without many goods they had become used to.
Spanish American War
Cuba; conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America. The war originated in the Cuban struggle for independence from Spain, which began in February 1895. Spain's brutally repressive measures to halt the rebellion were graphically portrayed for the U.S. public by several sensational newspapers, and American sympathy for the rebels rose. The growing popular demand for U.S. intervention became an insistent chorus after the unexplained sinking in Havana harbour of the battleship USS Maine (Feb. 15, 1898; see Maine, destruction of the), which had been sent to protect U.S. citizens and property after anti-Spanish rioting in Havana. Spain announced an armistice on April 9 and speeded up its new program to grant Cuba limited powers of self-government, but the U.S. Congress soon afterward issued resolutions that declared Cuba's right to independence, demanded the withdrawal of Spain's armed forces from the island, and authorized the President's use of force to secure that withdrawal while renouncing any U.S. design for annexing Cuba.
Cuban War of Independence
Cuba; nationalist uprising in Cuba against Spanish rule. It began with the unsuccessful Ten Years' War (Guerra de los Diez Años; 1868-78) and culminated in the U.S. intervention that ended the Spanish colonial presence in the Americas (see Spanish-American War). (1895-1898) was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Ten Years' War (1868-1878) and the Little War (1879-1880). The final three months of the conflict escalated to become the Spanish-American War, with United States forces being deployed in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands against Spain.
26th of July Movement
Cuba; revolutionary movement led by Fidel Castro that overthrew the regime of Fulgencio Batista in Cuba (1959). Its name commemorates an attack on the Santiago de Cuba army barracks on July 26, 1953. The movement began formally in 1955 when Castro went to Mexico to form a disciplined guerrilla force. The leaders of the movement remaining in Cuba to carry out sabotage and political activities were Frank País, Armando Hart, and Enrique Oltuski. At this time the movement espoused a reform program that included distribution of land to peasants, nationalization of public services, industrialization, honest elections, and mass education.
Fulgencio Batista
Cuba; soldier and political leader who twice ruled Cuba—first in 1933-44 with an efficient government and again in 1952-59 as a dictator, jailing his opponents, using terrorist methods, and making fortunes for himself and his associates.,
Fidel Castro
Cuba; transformed his country into the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere. Castro became a symbol of communist revolution in Latin America. He held the title of premier until 1976 and then began a long tenure as president of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers. He handed over provisional power in July 2006; As the undisputed revolutionary leader, Castro became commander in chief of the armed forces in Cuba's new provisional government, which had Manuel Urrutia, a moderate liberal, as its president. In February 1959 Castro became premier and thus head of the government. By the time Urrutia was forced to resign in July 1959, Castro had taken effective political power into his own hands. Castro had come to power with the support of most Cuban city dwellers on the basis of his promises to restore the 1940 constitution, create an honest administration, reinstate full civil and political liberties, and undertake moderate reforms. But once established as Cuba's leader he began to pursue more radical policies: Cuba's private commerce and industry were nationalized; sweeping land reforms were instituted; and American businesses and agricultural estates were expropriated. The United States was alienated by these policies and offended by Castro's fiery new anti-American rhetoric. His trade agreement with the Soviet Union in February 1960 further deepened American distrust. In 1960 most economic ties between Cuba and the United States were severed, and the United States broke diplomatic relations with the island country in January 1961.
Commission for Historical Clarification
Guatemala; Agreement on the establishment of the Commission to clarify past human rights violations and acts of violence that have caused the Guatemalan population to suffer, established on June 23, 1994, as a part of a peace agreement between the Guatemalan government and the Revolutionary National Unity of Guatemala (URNG), and the Accord for Firm and Lasting Peace was signed in 1996.
Castillo Armas
Guatemala; Cold War, Col. Carlos Castillo Armas is elected president of the junta that overthrew the administration of Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman in late June 1954. The election of Castillo Armas was the culmination of U.S. efforts to remove Arbenz and save Guatemala from what American officials believed to be an attempt by international communism to gain a foothold in the Western Hemisphere.
UFCO
Guatemala; United Fruit Company, American company, imported and exported goods, part of oligarchy
Efrain Rios Montt
Guatemala; dictator 1982-83, promises of a return to "authentic" democracy proved empty. Corruption in the civil service was reduced, but violations of human rights continued relentlessly in the then two-decade-long civil war, which pitted the Guatemalan army against leftist guerrillas. The Ríos Montt administration established special military courts that had the power to impose the death penalty on alleged guerrillas and terrorists. The number of killings in the country escalated, and the campaign known as frijoles y fusiles ("beans and rifles")
Jose Arevalo
Guatemala; president of Guatemala (1945-51), who pursued a nationalistic foreign policy while internally encouraging the labour movement and instituting far-reaching social reforms.was easily elected president in December 1944 with 85 percent of the vote. For the first time in Guatemalan history, organized labour had played an important part. Arévalo's policies favoured urban and agricultural workers and the country's Indian population. During his administration a social-security system was established, a labour code enacted, and important programs in education, health, and road building begun. He allowed freedom of speech and of the press and, in accord with his nationalist policy, reopened the dispute over Belize with the British. Right-wing opposition to Arévalo's reforms increased during his administration, and he withstood several military coup attempts. During his term he refused to recognize Anastasio Somoza's Nicaragua, Francisco Franco's Spain, and Rafael Trujillo's Dominican Republic. In 1963 he was prevented from running for president after Col. Enrique Peralta seized the government.
Jorge Ubico
Guatemala; soldier and dictator who ruled Guatemala for 13 years (1931-44). restored Guatemala's international credit, built roads and public works, improved public health, and eliminated wholesale corruption. He also replaced Indian slavery with vagrancy laws, which required that indigenous farmers work an assigned number of hours on certain plantations in order to maintain an equal distribution of workers among landowners. Ubico also established Decree 1816, which essentially made it legal to murder an indigenous farmer who refused to comply with the new laws. Ubico cultivated the friendship of the United States, particularly during World War II, and was rewarded with tariff reductions and armaments. At the same time, he also eliminated all political opposition and democratic activity in Guatemala. Unrest developed, and when Ubico suspended freedom of speech and the press on June 22, 1944, he was overthrown by a popular revolt the following day. He fled the country on July 1 and made his home in New Orleans.
Jacobo Arbenz
Guatemala; soldier, politician, and president of Guatemala (1951-54) whose nationalistic economic and social reforms alienated conservative landowners, conservative elements in the army, and the U.S. government and led to his overthrow. supported by the army and the left-wing political parties, including the Guatemalan Communist Party. Arbenz made agrarian reform the central project of his administration. This led to a clash with the largest landowner in the country, the U.S.-based United Fruit Company, whose idle lands he tried to expropriate. He also insisted that the company and other large landowners pay more taxes. As the reforms advanced, the U.S. government, cued by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, became increasingly alarmed, fearing the threat to sizable American banana investments and to U.S. bank loans to the Guatemalan government as well. Also of concern to the United States were the increasingly close relations between Guatemala and the communist bloc of nations
Augusto Cesar Sandino
Nicaragua; 1926, when he took up arms in support of Vice President Juan Bautista Sacasa's claim to the presidency. Upon the intervention of U.S. Marines in 1927, Sandino withdrew with several hundred men to the mountains of northern Nicaragua, and his success in eluding capture by the U.S. forces and the Nicaraguan National Guard attracted widespread sympathy for him throughout the hemisphere. The resulting anti-American feeling was partly responsible for President Franklin D. Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy," an announced reformulation of U.S. foreign relations with Latin America. Following the withdrawal of the Marines in January 1933 and the inauguration of Sacasa as president, Sandino was invited to meet with Anastasio Somoza, the head of the National Guard, for an apparent peace conference but was abducted and murdered instead by National Guardsmen. Sandinista movement modeled after him
FSLN
Nicaragua; Sandinistas, 1961, group of students appalled y dictatorship and inspire by Cuban events from univ. of Managua became Sandinista National Liberation Front, gain traction and become threat by early/mid 1970s, were supported by local Catholic priests who became facilitators, main church and Archbishops not supportive
Anastasio Somoza
Nicaragua; dictator 1936-56, converted NG into a personal army, Somoza family/dynasty took charge of country 1933-1979 controlled economy with embezzlement and privileged military Sandino eliminated in 1934 Somoza II: escalated corruption, recognized US importance so was nice to US, king-like/sultan, owned half the land, businesses, and military love-hate relationship with oligarchy: policies were beneficial to them but hated his greed and dominance oligarchy became increasingly critical
Atlacatl Battalion
Salvadoran Army unit, was a rapid-response, counter-insurgency battalion created in 1980 at the U.S. Army's School of the Americas, then located in Panama. It was implicated in some of the most infamous incidents of the Salvadoran Civil War. It was named for Atlacatl, a legendary figure from Salvadoran history. involved in El Mozote
Oscar Romero
Salvadoran Roman Catholic archbishop who was a vocal critic of the violent activities of government armed forces, right-wing groups, and leftist guerrillas involved in El Salvador's civil conflict. assassinated during mass in 1980
Cold War
The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc and powers in the Eastern Bloc.
Puerto Barrios
Until the 1970s it was the principal port of Guatemala, used primarily for shipping agricultural commodities. In the early 20th century the port facilities and the railway connecting the port to Guatemala City came under the control of the American-owned United Fruit Company. The company had extensive banana plantations in the valley of the Motagua River, which empties into the Caribbean near Puerto Barrios. The government became dissatisfied with control of the facilities by foreign interests, however, and constructed a government-owned and managed general cargo port at Santo Tomás de Castilla, just 6 miles (10 km) to the south, and a highway paralleling the railroad. Santo Tomás de Castilla became one of the country's busiest cargo ports, while Puerto Barrios still handles agricultural produce. Puerto Barrios was seriously damaged by the earthquake of 1976. Pop. (2002) 48,581.
Landed Oligarchy
a form of government in which all power is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class or clique; government by the few.
"History will absolve me"
a four-hour speech made by Fidel Castro on 16 October 1953. Castro made the speech in his own defense in court against the charges brought against him after he led an attack on the Moncada Barracks
El Mozote
a small village in El Salvador where the Salvadoran army massacred 800+ civilians n 1981
Nationalization
alteration or assumption of control or ownership of private property by the state. It is historically a more recent development than and differs in motive and degree from "expropriation" or "eminent domain," which is the right of government to take property for particular public purposes (such as the construction of roads, reservoirs, or hospitals), normally accompanied by the payment of compensation. Nationalization has often accompanied the implementation of communist or socialist theories of government
Peronismo
an Argentine political movement The pillars of the Peronist ideal, known as the "three flags", are social justice, economic independence, and political sovereignty. Peronism can be described as a third position ideology, as it rejects both capitalism and communism.
Coffee & Bananas
coffee and bananas
Panama Canal
connected Atlantic and Pacific, connected coasts of US, economically important, military move ships etc
Vistoria '82
counter insurgency plan to combat guerillas in Guatemala in 1982
Granma
daily newspaper published in Havana, the official organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba. The paper takes its name from the yacht that carried Fidel Castro and others supporting his revolution from Mexico to Cuba in 1956. Granma was established in 1965 by the merger of what then were the two major, and rival, newspapers, Hoy (Spanish: "Today"), the organ of the Communist Party of Cuba, and the daily newspaper of Castro's 26th of July movement, Revolución.
Tiempo muerto
dead time
Allen and John Foster Dulles
director of CIA(Allen) and Secretary of State (John) during Eisenhower admin, 1953, Operation Ajax in Iran, Operation SUCCESS in Guatemala 1954, major shareholders in UFCO
FMLN
insurgent group that became a legal political party of El Salvador at the end of the country's civil war in 1992. By the end of that decade, the FMLN had become one of the country's prominent political parties.
Institutional Violence
is the only way to change, the political and economic system supported by oligarchy was backed by institutional violence, you have to attack the source (NG and Somoza)
Zafra
late summer or early autumn harvest, 1960s due to its importance in Cuba. Many leftists visited Cuba during the zafra season to help harvest sugar cane, Cuba's principal crop. The Cuban government for several decades made the La Gran Zafra 'The Great Zafra' a centerpiece of both its economic policy and its international relations campaign. Each year, the government urged everyone to help make the zafra the biggest ever. Schools were often closed, and urban residents frequently relocated to the countryside to assist with the harvest.
Missile Crisis
major confrontation that brought the United States and the Soviet Union close to war over the presence of Soviet nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba. After carefully considering the alternatives of an immediate U.S. invasion of Cuba (or air strikes of the missile sites), a blockade of the island, or further diplomatic maneuvers, President John F. Kennedy decided to place a naval "quarantine," or blockade, on Cuba to prevent further Soviet shipments of missiles. Kennedy announced the quarantine on October 22 and warned that U.S. forces would seize "offensive weapons and associated matériel" that Soviet vessels might attempt to deliver to Cuba. During the following days, Soviet ships bound for Cuba altered course away from the quarantined zone. As the two superpowers hovered close to the brink of nuclear war, messages were exchanged between Kennedy and Khrushchev amidst extreme tension on both sides. On October 28 Khrushchev capitulated, informing Kennedy that work on the missile sites would be halted and that the missiles already in Cuba would be returned to the Soviet Union. In return, Kennedy committed the United States never to invade Cuba. Kennedy also secretly promised to withdraw the nuclear-armed missiles that the United States had stationed in Turkey in previous years. In the following weeks both superpowers began fulfilling their promises, and the crisis was over by late November. Cuba's communist leader, Fidel Castro, was infuriated by the Soviets' retreat in the face of the U.S. ultimatum but was powerless to act. The Cuban missile crisis marked the climax of an acutely antagonistic period in U.S.-Soviet relations. The crisis also marked the closest point that the world had ever come to global nuclear war. It is generally believed that the Soviets' humiliation in Cuba played an important part in Khrushchev's fall from power in October 1964 and in the Soviet Union's determination to achieve, at the least, a nuclear parity with the United States.
Domingo Monterosa
military commander of the Armed Forces of El Salvador during the Salvadoran Civil War, leader of the elite and controversial Atlacatl Battalion Monterrosa was known to be obsessed with destroying the pro-rebel Radio Venceremos, which "specialized in ideological propaganda, acerbic commentary, and pointed ridicule of the government".[3] Monterrosa was a supporter of President José Napoleón Duarte's efforts to hold peace talks in 1984, and his death seriously weakened them.[4]
Junior/Senior Officer
military ranks common in Latin America
School of the Americas
military school, elite training ground for elite anti-communist Latin American military, goal to crush opposition and spirit of, empowered people and peasants, anti-terrorist, "School of the Assassins" graduates=some of the worst human rights violations
Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
mothers who began marching April 1977 and protested the military, came together over common experiences with children's disappearances, no help from police, joined and pooled data together started marching in pairs b/c assembly was illegal, began carrying placards and signs, displayed info about their disappeared on cloth diapers they wore as scarves/hoods, found courage to march against military after being driven to place of strength and need
Basic needs approach
one of the major approaches to the measurement of absolute poverty in developing countries. It attempts to define the absolute minimum resources necessary for long-term physical well-being, usually in terms of consumption goods. The poverty line is then defined as the amount of income required to satisfy those needs. immediate "basic needs" is food (including water), shelter and clothing.[3] Many modern lists emphasize the minimum level of consumption of 'basic needs' of not just food, water, clothing and shelter, but also sanitation, education, and healthcare.
Monroe Doctrine
philosophy of foreign policy articulated by U.S. President James Monroe in 1823. It warned the European powers not to indulge in further colonization in Latin America.[13][14] The stated aim of the doctrine was to maintain order and stability, and to make certain that access to resources and markets was not limited.[14] Historian Mark Gilderhus states that the doctrine also contained racially condescending language, which likened Latin American countries to fighting children.
Means of Production
physical, non-human inputs used for the production of economic value, such as facilities, machinery, tools,[1] infrastructural capital and natural capital. The means of production includes two broad categories of objects: instruments of labor (tools, factories, infrastructure, etc.) and subjects of labor (natural resources and raw materials). If creating a good, people operate on the subjects of labor, using the instruments of labor, to create a product; or, stated another way, labour acting on the means of production creates a good.[2] In an agrarian society the means of production is the soil and the shovel. In an industrial society it is the mines and the factories, and in a knowledge economy the offices and computers. In the broad sense, the "means of production" includes the "means of distribution" such as stores, the internet and railroads.[3] The ownership of the social means of production is a key factor in categorizing different economic systems. In the terminology of classical economics, the means of production are the "factors of production" minus financial capital and minus human capital.
Liberation Theology
preferential option for the poor; examples include Vatican II, CELAM, structural sin, and institutional violence
Isabel Peron
president of Argentina 1974-76, third wife of President Juan Perón Alternative Titles: María Estela Martínez Cartas, María Estela Martínez de Perón Isabel Peron PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINA ALSO KNOWN AS María Estela Martínez de Perón María Estela Martínez Cartas BORN February 4, 1931 La Rioja, Argentina RELATED BIOGRAPHIES Carlos Menem Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Eva Perón Néstor Kirchner José López Rega Mauricio Macri Juan Perón Raúl Alfonsín Domingo Faustino Sarmiento José de San Martín Isabel Perón, in full Isabel Martínez de Perón, née María Estela Martínez Cartas (born Feb. 4, 1931, La Rioja, Arg.) president of Argentina 1974-76, third wife of President Juan Perón. Isabel Perón, c. 1975. Topical Press Agency/Hulton Archive/Getty Images She was born to a lower-middle-class family, acquired the name Isabel (her saint's name) on her Roman Catholic confirmation, and adopted the name when she became a dancer. She met Perón in either 1955 or 1956 and, giving up her career in show business, became his personal secretary, accompanying him in exile to Madrid, where they were married in 1961. She visited Argentina several times in the 1960s and early '70s, building support for Perón. When Perón finally returned to Argentina to run for president in 1973, Isabel was chosen as his running mate on the suggestion of Perón's close adviser José López Rega. Perón's illness several times elevated her to the position of acting president, and when he died on July 1, 1974, she succeeded him in office, becoming the world's first woman president. Her regime inherited problems of inflation, labour unrest, and political violence. She attempted to solve the problems by appointing new Cabinet ministers, printing money to pay foreign debts, and imposing a state of siege in November 1974 as the country was on the brink of anarchy
General Edelmiro Farrell
president of Argentina from 1944 to 1946. Farrell became minister of war and then vice president under Gen. Pedro Pablo Ramírez. When the latter resigned under pressure, Farrell became president of Argentina. In that capacity, Farrell took a historic step when, under U.S. pressure, he declared war on Germany and Japan during World War II. On June 4, 1946, Juan D. Perón, Farrell's labour minister, was elected president, and Farrell retired from public life.
PBSUCCESS
psycological warfare, late May 1954, US and Armas invasion of a special force on radio broadcast, mercenaries flew around Guatemala and dropped things, not a real invasion, jamming devices on radios limiting communication, on 10th day Arbenz is taken by his own soliders and sent to exile, Castillo Armas becomes leader
Depression Dictator
response to the depression was military dictatorship--a response that could be found in Argentina and in many countries in Central America. Western industrialized countries cut back sharply on the purchase of raw materials and other commodities. The price of coffee, cotton, rubber, tin, and other commodities dropped 40 percent. The collapse in raw material and agricultural commodity prices led to social unrest, resulting in the rise of military dictatorships that promised to maintain order.
Subversive
seeking or intended to subvert an established system or institution.
Disappeared
seized by the authorities and never heard from again.
Comparative Advantage
the ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity (such as making a specific product) more efficiently than another activity.
Good Neighbor Policy
the approach marked a departure from traditional American interventionism. Through the diplomacy of Secretary of State Cordell Hull, the United States repudiated privileges abhorrent to Latin Americans. The United States renounced its right to unilaterally intervene in the internal affairs of other nations at the Montevideo Conference (December 1933); the Platt Amendment, which sanctioned U.S. intervention in Cuba, was abrogated (1934); and the U.S. Marines were withdrawn from Haiti (August 1934).
Structural Sin
to live in poverty is a sin, sin is built into structures of society and in order to change you have to change the societal structure
Moncada Barracks
was a military barracks in Santiago de Cuba, named after the General Guillermón Moncada, a hero of the War of Independence. On 26 July 1953, the barracks was the site of an armed attack by a small group of revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro. This armed attack is widely accepted as the beginning of the Cuban Revolution. The date on which the attack took place, 26 July, was adopted by Castro as the name for his revolutionary movement (Movimiento 26 Julio or M 26-7) which eventually toppled the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in 1959.
PJ Chamorro
was elder of old family, editor of family newspaper La Prensa that became critical of Somoza and called for his resignation assassinated by NG in 1978
Great Depression
worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized Western world, sparking fundamental changes in economic institutions, macroeconomic policy, and economic theory.
