Lattice energy

Mol

1 mole of a number is equal to Avogadro's constantNA. Number of mol is calculated by ratio of given mass to the molar mass. After calculating the number of moles, the number of ions will be equal to the product of the number of moles and Avogadro's number. The particles can be atoms, molecules or ions. The number of atoms, molecules or ions in one mole of a substance is called the Avogadro constant . Its value is 6.02 × 10 23 per mole, which is 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 per mole. The amount in moles can apply to atoms, molecules, ions and electrons.

Intermolecular forces

Bonds between molecules (dispersion forces, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonds) Between molecules (hydrogen bonds) chemical bonds between molecules bonds between molecules attractive forces between molecules forces of attraction between molecules

Covalent bonds state at room temp

Covalent Bonds are liquid or gas at room temp.

lattice energy equation

E = K x (Q1 x Q2)/d

Questions

Electron configuration of metals and non metals Why do elextroms move in metallic bonding Metals electrons What's a salt? What's a halogen? What can seperate intra bonds and inter bonds?

diatomic elements

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 a molecule that consists of two atoms of the same element A molecule consisting of two atoms Diatomic molecules (from Greek di- 'two') are molecules composed of only two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements. If a diatomic molecule consists of two atoms of the same element, such as hydrogen (H 2) or oxygen ( O 2), then it is said to be homonuclear. The 7 diatomic elements are hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I). We call them diatomic elements because the atoms appear in pairs. So these are our seven diatomic elements: Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Flourine, Oxygen, Iodine, Chlorine, Iodine, and Bromine. And what I particularly like about this mnemonic is you'll notice that ice is a solid, and beer is a liquid. Heteronuclear diatomic molecules can form either ionic or covalent bonds depending on the difference in electronegativity between each atom. Additionally, diatomic molecules can be missing electrons or contain additional electrons ,which would make them diatomic ions There are seven diatomic elements: hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, bromine. In homonuclear diatomic molecules, the bonding is covalent. Each atom in the molecule has equal electronegativity; electrons are shared equally between the two atoms. In heteronuclear diatomic molecules, the atoms differ in electronegativity; these molecules have polar covalent bonds. All diatomic molecules have linear geometry. There isn't any other possible geometry because connecting a pair of objects necessarily produces a line. Linear geometry is the simplest arrangement of atoms in a molecule. Eight Diatomic Elements: Hydrogen. Nitrogen. Oxygen. Fluorine. Chlorine. Bromine. Iodine. Diatomic elements are always found in pairs in nature. They are generally too reactive to be left by themselves. There are only seven of them: hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Diatomic molecules contain two atoms that are chemically bonded. If the two atoms are identical, as in, for example, the oxygen molecule (O2), they compose a homonuclear diatomic molecule, while if the atoms are different, as in the carbon monoxide molecule (CO), they make up Diatomics on the Periodic Table. The 7 diatomic elements are hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I). We call them diatomic elements because the atoms appear in pairs. The chemical formulas for these elements are H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2. The elements that exist as diatomic molecules are hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), fluorine (F2), oxygen (O2), iodine (I2), chlorine (Cl2) and bromine (Br2). Water is triatomic. Waters atomicity A diatomic element is a molecule composed of two of the same atom. The word diatomic comes from 'di' meaning two, and 'atomic' meaning atom. A monatomic element is stable with just one atom. These diatomic elements are most stable in this paired form because it allows them to follow the octet rule.

Polarity of ionic bonds

High polarity

Ionic bonds state at room temperature.

Ionic bonds are solid at room temperature.

Are ions gasss

Ionic compounds generally cannot be a gas

Ionic compounds forms between a

Metal and nonmetal

How many Oganesson atoms have been made

Only five atoms of Og have been successfully produced

lattice

Regular arrangement of particles.

Didn't understand

Sigma bonds are the strongest covalent chemical bonds. Sigma bonds also occur when an s and a p orbital share a pair of electrons or when two p orbitals that are parallel to the internuclear axis share a pair of electrons They are weak in comparison to ionic, metallic, or covalent bonds, but in aggregate, they account for many of the chemical and physical properties of molecular compounds. In contrast, because nonpolar bonds are more or less neutral throughout, their intermolecular interactions are much weaker. The strongest bonds found in chemistry involve protonated species of hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and dinitrogen Other than Covalent and ionic, other kinds of more temporary bonds can also form between atoms or molecules. So ions have noble gas configurations and atoms don't. Thus the ions are more stable as against the atoms. ions are more stable than atoms But atoms or ions becomes stable in a chemical reaction by donating or recieving electron from the neighbouring atoms. Whether the electron is donated or recieved depends upon the fact that whether it is positive ion ( cation) or negative ion (anion). Therefore, Cu+ ion in an aqueous solution is unstable. The stability of an ion depends upon many factors such as electronic configuration, number of bonds, electronegativity of the bonded atom, structure of the ion, aromaticity, resonance, hyperconjugation, etc. The most stable ion is the tertiary carbonium ion because of the presence of 9 - hydrogens. Ionic bond is more stable, given the fact that the hydration energy of the given compound is less than its lattice energy. In terms of lattice energy, the ionic solid is much more stable than relatively more covalent compound. Cr3+ has a 3d3 4s0 configuration with an exactly half-filled t32g is thus the most stable ion in the aqueous medium. The more polarizable the atom, the more stable the anion. Within a row of the periodic table, the more electronegative an atom, the more stable the anion. A stable atom has a net charge of 0. In other words, it has an equal number of protons and electrons. The positive protons cancel out the negative electrons. When the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons, the atom is ionized. The key difference between free radical and ion is that the free radicals have one or more unpaired electron, but ions have paired electrons. Therefore, free radicals are very unstable while ions are relatively stable. Hence, this is also a significant difference between free radical and ion. Ions cannot freely move about inside a solid because of the strong electrostatic forces that hold them together. Therefore, the ions are free to travel and can conduct electricity when they are liquid or in solution form. Ionic compounds are attracted to one another due to charge differences. When an ionic compound is in an aqueous solution, the polarity of the water molecules will cause the ionic compound to dissociate because the charges on the water molecules will attract the ions. Likewise, the negatively charged ion is more stable if the ion is larger (i.e. when negative charge on the ion is more "dilute" or delocalized. Also, a negatively charged ion is more stable than a similar ion if the charge on the first ion can be diluted, or delocalized by resonance. A stable atom is an atom that has enough binding energy to hold the nucleus together permanently. An unstable atom does not have enough binding energy to hold the nucleus together permanently and is called a radioactive atom If we talk about the chemical stability of Hydrogen in its natural form then it is unstable. This is because Hydrogen has one electron in its lowest energy level meaning it has an unstable arrangement. Iron is the most stable element in terms of structural stability and in terms of nuclear stability but not in terms of the chemical stability. Covalent compounds are more stable than ionic compounds Ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten (liquid) or in aqueous solution (dissolved in water), because their ions are free to move from place to place. Ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity when solid, as their ions are held in fixed positions and cannot move. Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state because ions are not free to move around the lattice; however, when ionic compounds are dissolved, they may dissociate into individual ions which move freely through the solution and therefore conduct electricity well. The basic unit of the kidney is the nephron, and its function is to balance the ionic composition of the blood by filtering the blood, retrieving the necessary ions, secreting excess ions, and conserving water to concentrate the urine The neutral atom is more stable, in the sense that the ion will spontaneously attract an electron, but the atom will not spontaneously emit an electron. However, not all bonds between elements are ionic or covalent bonds. Weaker bonds can also form. These are attractions that occur between positive and negative charges that do not require much energy to break. Cations and Anions. Metals will typically lose electrons to achieve stability, while non-metals typically gain electrons to achieve stability. Two atoms or ions with the same number of electrons are referred to as isoelectronic Ions are more stable than atoms because, except those atoms of inert gases, each outermost shell of that atom is incomplete. To complete octet, all loss or gain electrons. Ions are more stable than atoms because ions must be completed beyond Octet or duplet but atoms may not Ions become stable by bonding with an oppositely charged atom or compound in a chemical reaction, called an ionic bond. Chemical reactions are the bonding of atoms together to form a neutral and stable molecule. Most stable element: iron is the most stable. The electronic configuration of Ca2+ is similar to electronic configuration of inert gas argon while the Zn2+ ions have fully field d-orbital. So, Ca2+ is more stable as compared to Zn2+. Be− is the least stable ion, Be(1s22s2) has a stable electronic configuration, the addition of electron decreases stability. Lattice energy gives measures the stability of ionic solids and is the amount of energy required to break an ionic lattice into its constituent ions. The greater the value of the lattice energy, the more stable will be the ionic compound.

All of the gaseous substances mentioned previously (other than the monatomic noble gases) contain covalent or polar covalent bonds and are nonpolar or polar molecules. Hydrogen gas forms the simplest covalent bond in the diatomic hydrogen molecule. The halogens such as chlorine also exist as diatomic gases by forming covalent bonds. The nitrogen and oxygen which makes up the bulk of the atmosphere also exhibits covalent bonding in forming diatomic molecules. An ionic liquid (IL) is a salt in the liquid state. In some contexts, the term has been restricted to salts whose melting point is below a specific temperature, such as 100 °C (212 °F). Gas turns into plasma when heat or energy is added to it. The atoms that make up the gas start to lose their electrons and become positively charged ions. The lost electrons are then able to float freely. This process is called ionization. Air ions are electrically charged molecules or atoms in the atmosphere [2]. An air ion is formed when a gaseous molecule or atom receives sufficiently high energy to eject an electron [3]. NAIs are those that gain an electron, while positive air ions lose an electron. Ionic compounds typically are solids at room temperature. They form a crystal lattice structure when more than one molecule is present Ionic compounds usually form hard crystalline solids with high melting points. Covalent molecular compounds, in contrast, consist of discrete molecules held together by weak intermolecular forces and can be gases, liquids, or solids at room temperature and pressure. Virtually no bonds exist between gas molecule so that gases can spread into any available space. The volume of a gas is determined by the size of the container holding it. Gas molecules are made up of a number of atoms bonded to one another. These interatomic bonds are similar to springs connecting atoms of various masses together. This bonding vibrates with a fixed frequency called the natural frequency. The noble gases—including helium—can form stable molecular ions in the gas phase. Oxygen forms a covalent bond with itself since oxygen gas is just two oxygen atoms bonded together with a covalent bond. It also forms covalent bonds with carbon, nitrogen, and other elements near it on the periodic table. gaseous elements involve covalent bonding and exist as molecules. The oxygen gas in the air does not exist in the form of free individual oxygen atoms, but as pairs of oxygen atoms joined together by covalent bonds to give oxygen molecules. Likewise, a water molecule is ionic in nature, but the bond is called covalent, with two hydrogen atoms both situating themselves with their positive charge on one side of the oxygen atom, which has a negative charge. Note that carbon dioxide has two covalent bonds between each oxygen atom and the carbon atom, which is shown here as two lines and referred to as a double bond. covalent compound because the bond is formed by sharing of electron between and and both are non-metal. Nitrogen is covalent. The first step to determining the type of bond for an element is to look at its chemical formula. Nitrogen is diatomic, so the chemical formula is N2. Since both nitrogen atoms are nonmetals, it is a covalent compound.

The amount of energy in molecules of matter determines the state of matter. Matter can exist in one of several different states, including a gas, liquid, or solid state. Two factors determine whether a substance is a solid, a liquid, or a gas: The kinetic energies of the particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) that make up a substance. Kinetic energy tends to keep the particles moving apart. The attractive intermolecular forces between particles that tend to draw the particles together. If the average kinetic energy is greater than the attractive forces between the particles, a substance will not condense to form a liquid or a solid. If the kinetic energy is less than the attractive forces, a liquid or solid will form. What determines the state of matter in a material? Strength of attraction between solid particles and liquids Motion and strength of attraction between particles The three states of matter include solids, liquids and gases. A material is assumed to be in liquid state when the molecules are not closely packed and have intermolecular space between them. In case of gases the molecules are at a greater distance from one another, they are free to move in all directions and intermolecular force of attraction is very less. So the state of matter in a material depends on the motion and strength of attraction between particles. There are three states of matter that are commonly encountered on Earth. These are solids, liquids, and gases. All of the 115 known elements on the Periodic Table of Elements can exist in any of these three states of matter. Matter can be classified into different states such as solid, liquid and gas on the basis of intermolecular forces and the arrangement of particles. The States of Matter. Depending on temperature, pressure and a substance's properties, a substance can take on different physical forms. We call these physical forms States of Matter. There are three very well known states of matter: Solids, Liquids, and Gases. Atoms in molecules possess potential energy because they are attracted to each other. Potential energy leads to cohesive forces in matters, which bring particles together, forming liquids and solids. Kinetic energy leads to disruptive forces in matters, which causes molecules to scatter and form gases In the solid state, the individual particles of a substance are in fixed positions with respect to each other because there is not enough thermal energy to overcome the intermolecular interactions between the particles. As a result, solids have a definite shape and volume. We can measure matter by its volume or its mass. We can also measure it by its temperature or its density. Volume measures how much space something takes up. A solid has a definite shape and volume. A liquid has a definite volume, but takes the shape of its container. A gas lacks either a defined shape or volume. Matter can change from one state to another if heated or cooled. If ice (a solid) is heated it changes to water (a liquid). This change is called MELTING. If water is heated, it changes to steam (a gas). Solids - relatively rigid, definite volume and shape. In a solid, the atoms and molecules are attached to each other. ... Liquids - definite volume but able to change shape by flowing. In a liquid, the atoms and molecules are loosely bonded. ... Gases - no definite volume or shape. Matter has two fundamental properties: volume and mass. Volume simply refers to the space an object takes up. Depending on the physical state of an object, there are a couple ways to measure volume. gas can be liquefied by increasing the pressure and decreasing the temperature. The same is the method for converting a liquid into a solid. Every state of matter of any substance is stable at a corresponding pressure and temperature. Thus, temperature and pressure determine the state of a substance Temperature is the most important factor in determining the state of basically any molecular system. While pressure is close in importance, there exists a certain temperature at which any group of molecules exists as a water, gas, or solid. A gas is a state of matter in which atoms or molecules have enough energy to move freely. The molecules come into contact with one another only when they randomly collide. Forces between atoms or molecules are not strong enough to hold them together. Liquids have the following characteristics: No definite shape (takes the shape of its container). Has definite volume. Particles are free to move over each other, but are still attracted to each other. But if we lower the temperature below 0 degrees Celsius, or 32 degrees Fahrenheit, water changes its phase into a solid called ice. Similarly, if we heat a volume of water above 100 degrees Celsius, or 212 degrees Fahrenheit, water changes its phase into a gas called water vapor. The ancient Greeks were the first to identify three classes (what we now call states) of matter based on their observations of water. Students are introduced to the idea that matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules. Scientists can hardly explain the beam's nature. To separate liquids from solids, we use filtering and sieving. Dissolving is the other process of turning a solid into a liquid. Can matter change its state? Yes, it can definitely change its shape, size and volume. For example: water turns into ice upon freezing, here the form of water converts from the liquid state into the solid state; the matter itself does not change but it transforms its shape

Group 1 and group 2 elements name

The elements in group 1 are known as the alkali metals; those in group 2 are the alkaline earth metals

Why triple bond has shortest bond length? (Not bc of they're strong so explain

The extra electrons in a triple bond exert more attractive forces on the nuclei, decreasing the bond's length.

The ranking from strongest to weakest bonds is

The ranking from strongest to weakest bonds is: Covalent bond > ionic bond > hydrogen bond > Van der Waals forces.

Do covalent bonds have high polarity

They have low polarity

Ionic compounds state of matter

They tend to be solid and dense

The strongest bond

Triple

Which bond has the shortest bond length

Triple

Why can't ions be gasss

as the atoms cannot separate.

Oganesson entry completed

completing the seventh period of elements

Intermolecular

forces of attraction between molecules Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules. Types of Intermolecular Forces- Dispersion, Dipole-Dipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion-Dipole. There are three types of intermolecular forces: London dispersion forces (LDF), dipole- dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding. Molecules can have any mix of these three kinds of intermolecular forces, but all substances at least have LDF. Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances The three types of intramolecular forces are covalent, ionic, and metallic bonding. Covalent bonds occur between two nonmetals. In this type of bond, the atoms share electrons. There are two types of covalent bonds: polar and nonpolar. Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms together within a molecule. Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules. Intramolecular forces keep a molecule intact; a change in the state of a substance does not affect intramolecular interactions. Intermolecular forces, often abbreviated to IMF, are the attractive and repulsive forces that arise between the molecules of a substance. These forces mediate the interactions between individual molecules of a substance. Intermolecular forces are responsible for most of the physical and chemical properties of matter. Types of Intermolecular Forces- Dispersion, Dipole-Dipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion-Dipole. There are three types of intermolecular forces: London dispersion forces (LDF), dipole- dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding. Molecules can have any mix of these three kinds of intermolecular forces, but all substances at least have LDF. If a compound is nonpolar. Then it will have london dispersion forces. Only if a compound is polar Hydrogen Bonding (H-Bonding): They only occur between hydrogen and oxygen, fluorine or nitrogen, and are the strongest intermolecular force. Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Intermolecular forces are generally much weaker than covalent bonds. For example, it requires 927 kJ to overcome the intramolecular forces and break both O-H bonds in 1 mol of water, but it takes only about 41 kJ to overcome the intermolecular attractions and convert 1 mol of liquid water to water vapor at 100°C. Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules. And it occurs whenever you have polar covalent molecules that have hydrogen bonded to either The higher the difference in electronegativity, the stronger the dipole-dipole interactions will be. So, compounds with a higher electronegativity difference will have strong intermolecular forces. Intermolecular forces In the order of weakest to strongest: dispersion force. Dipole-dipole force. Hydrogen bond. Ion-dipole force. An intermolecular force is an attractive force that arises between the positive components (or protons) of one molecule and the negative components (or electrons) of another molecule. Various physical and chemical properties of a substance are dependent on this force The three types of intermolecular forces are: Dipole-Dipole. Hydrogen bonding. London-dispersion. Explanation: Ionic bonds are the strongest type of bonds, followed by covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and lastly, van Der waals forces. The four key intermolecular forces are as follows: Ionic bonds > Hydrogen bonding > Van der Waals dipole-dipole interactions > Van der Waals dispersion forces. Intermolecular forces In the order of weakest to strongest: dispersion force. Dipole-dipole force. Hydrogen bond. Ion-dipole force. Examples of a dipole-dipole interaction can be that between polar molecules, such as hydrogen chloride (HCl), carboxylic acids (i.e., acetic acid), and amino acids. The positive end of a polar molecule will attract the negative end of the other molecule and influence its position. Types of intermolecular forces that exist between molecules Dipole-dipole interactions are the strongest intermolecular force of attraction. If a compound is nonpolar. Then it will have london dispersion forces. The force of attraction by which two atoms or two molecules combine to form a molecule or matter is termed as intermolecular force. It is basically attractive in nature. It acts between atom and ions also.

intramolecular forces

hold atoms together in a molecule bonding forces that hold the atoms of a molecule together forces within molecules. Forces caused by the attraction and repulsion of charged particles A bond which occurs between atoms within molecules Chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule; ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds bonds within molecules existing or taking place within a molecule. bonding forces that hold the atoms of a molecule together within a molecule

How was Oganesson made

in nuclear collision experiments, with an estimate half-life for 294 118 Og of 0.

lattice energy trend

increases across a period increases up and to the right

Lattice energy

the energy required to separate one mole of the ions of an ionic compound, which is directly related to the size of the ions bonded and is also affected by the charge of the ions the energy required to separate 1 mol of the ions of an ionic compound the energy released when one mole of an ionic crystalline compound is formed from gaseous ions