learn smart ch 9
donor and recipient bacterial cells are corrected by the sex pills during___
conjugation
A(n) ___ mutation results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides, leading to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream.
frameshift
the ___ is the genetic makeup of an organism that is ultimately responsible for an organism's expressed characteristics.
genotype
which is a purine
guanine
the enzyme ___ unzips the DNA helix prior to the start of replication
helicase
An___ is a permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell
mutation
a small number of ___ are considered beneficial in that they provide the cell with a useful change in structure of physiology
mutations
in bacterial conjugation, a donor cell with a F fertility ____ located in the cytoplasm is considered F+
plasmid
mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of a single base are referred to as ___ mutations.
point
mutations that involve the addition, deletion, or subtraction of a single base are referred to as ___ mutations
point
DNA ___ synthesizes DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction
polymerase
Gram positive cells conjugate and transfer genetic material through which structure?
pore in cell wall
gram___ cells conjugate and transfer genetic material through pores in their cell walls instead of pili
positive
___ are able to shift from one part of the genome to another.
transposons
How many replication forks are formed from opening a section of the parental DNA molecule during replication?
2
all new DNA strands are synthesized
5' to 3'
in bacterial cinjugation, which term refers to a donor cell with a fertility plasmid located in the cytoplasm
F+
true or false: bacterial conjugation is a sexual process
False
true or false: in bacterial conjugation, all F+ donor cells are high frequency recombinant (Hfr) cells.
False
what must be replicated before a cell can divide through binary fission?
Genetic material
in replication of DNA, the lagging strand is replicated in a discontinuous manner forming ___ fragments
Okazaki
___ involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells
Transformation
true to false R-factors or "resistance factors" can be shared between bacteria through conjugation to help them survive the effects of antibiotics.
True
Transduction occurs through
a bacteriophage
the ___ test is used to determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical.
ames
In DNA, the 2 strands of the helix are arranged in ___ orientation
antiparallel
plasmids are found in which type(s) of organisms
bacteria and fungi
The genome of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell includes DNA found in which sites?
chromosomes mitochondria chloroplasts plasmids
R factors are specifically associated with which mechanism of recombination
conjugation
which us true regarding DNA replication
each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand.
proteins that remove incorrect bases and replace them with correct ones are termed ___ repair enzymes
ecxision
which type of mutation is generally most harmful to cells?
frameshift mutation
there are approximately 4,200 ___ in the chromosome of Escherichia coli
genes
the complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism is referred to as the
genome
what type of DNA mutation occurs as a consequence of exposure to chemical or physical mutagens?
induced
what is the inducer of the lactose operon?
lactose
which strand is replicated discontinuously in segments during DNA replication?
lagging
the ___ or continuous strand is replicated without segments during DNA replication.
leading
which enzyme completes the final sealing of nicks in a newly synthesized DNA strand
ligase
which type of mutation results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein
missense
A ___ is an agent that induces changes in DNA
mutagen
a chemical or physical agent that indexes a change in DNA is referred to as a___
mutagen
a ___ mutation results in early termination of the protein
nonsense
which mutation changes an amino acid producing codon into a stop codon?
nonsense
gene expression can be regulated through inducible or repressible ___
operons
The expressed characteristics resulting from the interaction of the particular genetic makeup of an organism and the environment is the ___ of the organism
phenotype
in bacterial conjugation, F+ donor cells are high frequency recombinant (Hfr) cells when the ___ is integrated into the chromosome.
plasmid
The main effect of ultraviolet radiation on DNA is abnormal bonding between adjacent ___
pyrimidines
which term refers to the transfer of genes between donor and recipient microorganisms?
recombination
during___ DNA replication, the newly made double helices are composed of one strand from the parent template and one newly synthesized strand.
semiconservative
what kind of gene encodes a specific functional protein?
structural
which kind of gene encodes a specific functional protein
structural
what did griffith's experiment using streptococcus pneumonia demonstrate
that 2 different strains of S. pneumonia transformed into a third unique strain
How do an Her cell and a F+ cell differ
the plasmid is integrated into the chromosome of an Hfr cell but not in a F+ cell
How do an Hfr cell and an F+ cell differ
the plasmid is integrated into the chromosome of an Hfr cell but not in an F+ cell
___ involves the transfer of DNA via bacteriophages.
transduction
during the process of ___ a competent bacterial cell may accept soluble DNA from the surrounding environment.
transformation
"jumping genes" are know as___
transposons
in bacterial conjugation, which term refers to a recipient cell that does not have a fertility plasmid
F-
A ___ binds to an inactive repressor to make an active repressor
corepressor
the purine guanine pairs with the pyrimidine___
cytosine
___ genes may be regulated during growth and development leading to different tissue types
eukaryotic
the native or ___ strain describes cells that exhibit non mutated properties
wild type
an organism that has a mutation is called a __-
mutant
which term refers to an organism that has a mutation
mutant
