Learn Smart Chapter 10

______ of the 7 percent of fathers who work from home in the United States care for their children at home.

24%

Emotion regulation is key to which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)

Emotional adaptiveness Social competence Coping with stress

Punishing a child for emotions or feelings is considered a supportive caregiver emotion socialization strategy?

False

Which of the following are true about the developmental cascade model? (Select all that apply)

It can include connections between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes. It can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture. It can produce positive or negative outcomes at different points in development.

The use of BLANK-to BLANK- play begins at about 2 to 3 months of age and includes vocalizations, touch, and gestures.

face-to-face

Men have been observed to be most likely to react to stress with a(n) BLANK or BLANK response, which can involve either aggressive actions or a withdrawal response.

fight or flight

Which of the following are important factors that shape one's temperament?

gender caregiver's culture

Recent studies have shown that infants will react to their mother's stress with a(n) Blank______.

increased heart rate

Caregivers of Blank______ babies tend to be inconsistent when responding to their babies.

resistane

Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal BLANK of BLANK attachment.

working model

Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions?

4-year-old Juan, who feels shame 7-year-old Jorge, who is embarrassed

In the United States, separation protest typically begins at about the age of Blank______.

7-8 months

Which of the following is true about depression experienced in adolescence?

Adolescents are more likely to seek help from informal sources.

The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by Blank______.

Ainsworth

Which of the following ideas are stressed by John Bowlby in his concept of attachment? (Choose every correct answer.)

Attachment is crucial in the first year. Caregiver responsiveness is important.

Which of the following people identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament—easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Stella Thomas

The Strange Situation was created to help teach young children about stranger danger.

False

True or false: Temperament remains stable throughout an individual's development.

False

True or false: Young children are unable to understand that facial expressions indicate specific emotions or that emotions affect behavior.

False

Which of the following statements are true based on Harlow's conclusions from studying infant monkeys? (Select all that apply)

Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process. Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process.

Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment? (More than one option may be correct.)

Freud Erikson Bowlby

Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Select all that apply)

It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.

Which of the following is a criticism of attachment theory?

It overemphasizes the attachment bond and ignores infant resiliency.

Which statement is true about fear in infants?

It typically begins when the baby is about 6 months old and peaks at about 18 months.

Jack and Jill are brother and sister fraternal twins. Based on research, if both babies are crying, their mother will most likely respond to (Jack/Jill) simply because of the gender.

Jill

Which of the following are criticisms of attachment theory?

Some cultures value attachments to several caregivers for a child. It ignores the diversity of socializing agents in an infant's world. Some cultures value early childhood independence.

Ainsworth created the BLANK Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

Strage

Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Thomas and Chess

Adolescents who are experiencing high levels of stress are at increased risk for developing depression.

True

True or false: In development, biological, cognitive, and social processes are intricately intertwined.

True

True or false: Secure attachment in infancy has been linked to social competence with peers and lower rates of peer conflict in early childhood.

True

Which of the following is a major milestone of early childhood?

ability to control one's emotions

What type of infant cry has a loud, harsh sound to it, almost like shouting?

anger cry

The close emotional bond between mothers and infants is called BLANK. (Make sure to spell it correctly in order to get credit!)

attachment

______ is defined as the close emotional bond between two people.

attachment

A(n) Blank______ cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.

basic

Match Bowlby's phase of attachment with its description.

birth to 2 months: kids indistinctly directly attach to human figures 2 to 7 months: Attachment becomes focused on one figure 7 to 24 months: Specific attachment develop 24 months on: Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans

The developmental BLANK model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.

cascade

Match the author or pair of authors with the appropriate temperament model.

chess and thomas- easy, difficult, slow to warm up kagen- degrees of inhibition to the unfamiliar rothbart and bates- extraversion, negative affectivity, effortful control

Which of the following identifies a key way that older children learn to deal with stress?

cognitive coping strategies

In the Second Step program, which of the following is the focus of social-emotional learning for grades 6-8?

coping with stress

Which term refers to a child's ability to connect his or her own intentions with a peer's intentions and use this understanding to interact with the peer to reach a goal?

copperation

A disaster can have damaging effects on a child, including which of the following? (Select all that apply)

depression panic disorder posttraumatic stress disorder

Two-year-old Indah was badly frightened by the neighbor's dog, so she told her mother, "Feel bad, dog scare." Her little brother, Bayu, age 1, simply cried and had to be comforted. This illustrates Blank______.

developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions

The jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the Blank______.

difficulty of interpreting infant emotion

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure Blank______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.

disorganized

Caregivers of insecure Blank______ babies often neglect or physically abuse them.

disorganized

Which of the following refers to the finding that the more severe the disaster or trauma, the worse the adaptation and adjustment following the disaster or trauma?

dose-response effects

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament? (Select all that apply)

easy difficult slow-to-warm-up

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called Blank______.

emotion

Older adults are motivated to spend more time pursuing Blank______ satisfaction.

emotional

Because they place a high value on Blank______, older adults spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships.

emotional satisfaction

BLANK is characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state that individuals are in, or the transactions they are experiencing.

emotions

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

emotions are influenced by bot nature and nuture

Which of the following is least likely to influence an individual's emotions?

environmental quality

Which of the following are important ways that infants in their first year of life begin to understand that other people have intentions?

gaze following joint attention

Which of the following is considered a supportive emotion socialization strategy? Select all that apply.

helping a child learn to use emotion strategies discussing emotions with the child validating a child's emotion

Research has found that decreases in infants' negative emotionality are linked to which of the following? (Select all that apply)

higher parental involvement higher levels of parental sensitivity higher levels of parental responsiveness

Adam's teacher, Mr. Booker, did not say hello to Adam when they passed in the hall. Adam told himself that Mr. Booker was probably thinking about something and did not notice him. This is an illustration of Blank______.

how children cope with stress using cognitive strategies that develop as they get older

What information did researchers hope to gather from Strange Situation studies?

how infants react to caregivers in the presence of strangers infant security when caregivers and strangers are present infant motivation to be near caregivers when strangers are present

As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of Blank______.

independence

The development of locomotor skills is the result of which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)

infant motivation to reach a goal nervous system development environmental support for the skill

Bowlby's internal working model of attachment eventually Blank______.

influences the child's subsequent responses to other people

Kagan is responsible for a broad temperament category referred to as Blank______ the unfamiliar.

inhibition to

A key theme in emotional development in adulthood is the adaptive Blank______ of emotional experience and daily life.

integration

Being skilled at perceiving and expressing emotion, understanding emotion, using feelings to facilitate thought, and managing emotions effectively is a description of emotional Blank______.

intelligence

A research study was performed in which 6-month-old infants observed their mothers either giving attention to a lifelike baby doll or gently rocking it (Hart & others, 2004). Researchers had to decide if infant emotional expressions constituted BLANK. This illustrates the complexity of indexing early emotions.

jealousy

Which of the following emotions would Allissa likely demonstrate when she receives a high grade on her biology exam? (Select all that apply)

joy pride happiness

Which of the following are aspects of the development of social orientation?

locomotion goal-directed behaviors cooperation

Emotional changes in adulthood include which of the following? (Select all that apply)

making decisions about occupations moving toward a more predictable lifestyle making decisions about a life partner

Which of the following has been linked to adaptive emotion regulation in children?

maternal sensitivity

As children progress from the (early/middle/late) through the (early/middle/late) childhood years, they come to recognize emotions, are able to identify and explain them, are increasingly concerned with self-regulating them, and appreciate that they can be ambiguous.

middle late

According to twin studies, heredity has a Blank______ influence on differences in temperament within a group of people.

moderate

Researchers are discovering that infants are (more/less) socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than was previously envisioned.

more

Infants' social sophistication and insight are reflected by which of the following?

motivation to share and participate in others' intentionally motivated actions increase in emotional understanding and communication perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated

Which two of the following has developmental social neuroscience linked to mother-infant attachment?

oxytocin dopamine

Feelings such as joy, enthusiasm, and love are classified as BLANK emotions.

positive

Early secure attachment has been linked with which of the following?

positive emotional health positive interaction with peers and teachers high self-esteem and self-confidence

As children acquire emotional competence they will exhibit which of the following behaviors? (Select all that apply)

positive relationship development resilience in stressful circumstances more effective management of their emotions

Which type of emotions is most likely to be observed in infancy?

primary

One way to describe temperament involves the variation in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions. This is referred to as Blank______.

reactivity

Social Blank______ occurs when one can understand the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a given situation.

referencing

Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli?

reflexive

A (reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a (reflexive/social) smile does.

reflexive social

Emotion Blank______ plays a key role for young children when managing the demands and conflicts that arise when interacting with others.

regulation

Which of the following are among the five core social and emotional learning domains targeted by CASEL?

responsible decision-making relationship skills self-awareness

Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?

securly attached

What type of emotion includes embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?

self-conscious

Which of the following is most characteristic of the temperament category that Kagan referred to as inhibition to the unfamiliar?

shyness with strangers

Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents?

smiles cries

Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?

social referencing

Nine-year-old Rizky used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to Blank______.

surpress or concel negative emotional reactions

Which of the following terms refers to the interactional nature of emotional communication between a parent and an infant when all is going well?

synchronous

Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their Blank______.

temperament

___ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.

temperament

Which of the following are the three recognized types of infant cries?

the basic cry the pain cry the anger cry

Donghai is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates Blank______.

the concept of goodness of fit

The ability to reduce the stress reaction of a child to a disaster depends on which of the following factors? (Select all that apply)

the severity of the disaster the type of support available for them

Research finds that women are more vulnerable to social and life stressors and are more likely to respond by Blank______.

using a tend and befriend pattern