Learning

shaping reinforcement

In his operant-conditioning experiments, Skinner often used an approach called shaping. Instead of rewarding only the target, or desired, behavior, the process of shaping involves the reinforcement of successive approximations of the target behavior.

fixed ratio

In operant conditioning, a fixed-ratio schedule is a schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses. This schedule produces a high, steady rate of responding with only a brief pause after the delivery of the reinforcer

negative reinforcement

Negative reinforcement is a term described by B. F. Skinner in his theory of operant conditioning. In negative reinforcement, a response or behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing or avoiding a negative outcome or aversion stimulus.Jun 22, 2016

Acquistion

an asset or object bought or obtained, typically by a library or museum.

Learning

the acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, study, or by being taught.

reinforcement

the action or process of reinforcing or strengthening.

immediate reinforcers

A "token" is a generalized secondary reinforcer. It can be a poker chip, dots or stars on a chart, or what-have-you. Immediate vs. Delayed Reinforcement- Immediate reinforcement that occurs immediately after desired or undesired behavior occurs.

continuous reinforcement schedule

A continuous schedule of reinforcement (sometimes abbreviated into CRF) occurs when reinforcement is delivered after every single target behaviour whereas an intermittent schedule of reinforcement (INT) means reinforcement is delivered after some behaviours or responses but never after each one.

mirror neurons

A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. Thus, the neuron "mirrors" the behavior of the other, as though the observer were itself acting. Such neurons have been directly observed in primate species.

token economy

A token economy is a system of contingency management based on the systematic reinforcement of target behavior. The reinforcers are symbols or "tokens" that can be exchanged for other reinforcers.

BF Skinner

Burrhus Frederic Skinner, commonly known as B. F. Skinner, was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher.

cognitive appraisals

Cognitive appraisal is the personal interpretation of a situation; it is how an individual views a situation. "Appraisals refer to direct, immediate, and intuitive evaluations made on the environment in reference to personal well-being." They are "evaluative frameworks that people utilize to make sense of events."

delayed reinforces

Delayed Reinforcement is a time delay between the desired response of an organism and the delivery of reward. In operant conditioning a conditioned response is the desired response that has been conditioned and elicits reinforcement.

discrimination

Discrimination, in psychology, the ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli. It is considered a more advanced form of learning than generalization, the ability to perceive similarities, although animals can be trained to discriminate as well as to generalize.

Donald Hebb

Donald Olding Hebb FRS was a Canadian psychologist who was influential in the area of neuropsychology, where he sought to understand how the function of neurons contributed to psychological processes such as learning.

partial reinforcement schedule

Extinction of a reinforced behavior occurs at some point after reinforcement stops, and the speed at which this happens depends on the reinforcement schedule. Among the reinforcement schedules, variable-ratio is the most resistant to extinction, while fixed-interval is the easiest to extinguish.

Eric Kandell long term potential

First discovered by Terje Lømo in 1966, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-lasting strengthening of synapses between nerve cells. Psychologists use LTP to explain long-term memories.

negative punishment

For positive punishment, try to think of it as adding a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is emitted to decrease future responses. As for negative punishment, try to think of it as taking away a certain desired item after the undesired behavior happens in order to decrease future responses

secondary reinforcers

Image result for secondary reinforcer definition In operant conditioning, secondary reinforcement refers to a situation in which a stimulus reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer.

fixed interval

In the world of psychology, fixed interval refers to a schedule of reinforcement used within operant conditioning. You might remember that operant conditioning is a type of associative learning in which a person's behavior changes according to that behavior's consequences.

Keller instinctual drift

Instinctive drift or instinctual drift is the tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response. The concept originated with B.F. Skinner's former students Keller Breland and Marian Breland when they tried to teach a raccoon to put tokens into a piggy bank.

Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning.

John Garcia & conditioned taste aversion

John Garcia (June 12, 1917 - October 12, 2012[1]) was an American psychologist, most known for his research on taste aversion. Conditioned taste aversion occurs when an animal associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance. Generally, taste aversion is developed after ingestion of food that causes nausea, sickness, or vomiting.

tolman latent learning

Latent learning is a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned.

operant conditoning

Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences. Key concepts in operant conditioning are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment.

positive punishment

Positive punishment works by presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to happen in the future. The following are some examples of positive punishment: A child picks his nose during class and the teacher reprimands him in front of his classmates

positive reinforcement

Positive reinforcement is a very powerful and effective tool to help shape and change behavior. Positive reinforcement works by presenting a motivating item to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future.

primary reinforcers

Primary reinforcers are biological. Food, drink, and pleasure are the principal examples of primary reinforcers. But, most human reinforcers are secondary, or conditioned. Examples include money, grades in schools, and tokens.

Rosalie Rayner

Rosalie Alberta Rayner was the assistant and later wife of Johns Hopkins University psychology professor John B. Watson, with whom she carried out the famous Little Albert experiment. Rayner studied at Vassar College and Johns Hopkins University.

variable ratio

So, a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement is a schedule of reinforcement wherein a reinforcer is provided following a pre-determined average number of responses

social learning

Social learning theory is the view that people learn by observing others. Associated with Albert Bandura's work in the 1960s, social learning theory explains how people learn new behaviors, values, and attitudes. For example, a teenager might learn slang by observing peers.

spontaneous recovery

Spontaneous recovery is a phenomenon of learning and memory that was first named and described by Pavlov in his studies of classical (Pavlovian) conditioning. In that context, it refers to the re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay.

Albert bandura bobo experiment

The Bobo doll experiment was the collective name of experiments conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961 and 1963 when he studied children's behavior after watching an adult model act aggressively towards a Bobo doll, a toy that gets up by itself to a standing position when it is knocked down.

variable interval

The concept of reinforcement is that the reinforcer should provide motivation for the behavior to be repeated. In the context of operant conditioning, variable means that a behavior is being reinforced on an inconsistent schedule. Interval refers to the passage of time between reinforcement.

Resorla & contingency approach

The contingency approach is a management theory that suggests the most appropriate style of management is dependent on the context of the situation and that adopting a single, rigid style is inefficient in the long term.

Edward Throndike law of effect

The law of effect is a psychological principle advanced by Edward Thorndike in 1905 on the matter of behavioral conditioning (not yet formulated as such) which states that "responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation."

over justification effect

The overjustification effect occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task.

premack principle

These ideas can be formulated into what is now called the Premack Principle. The Premack Principle states that preferred behaviors, or behaviors with a higher level of intrinsic reinforcement, can be used as rewards, or reinforcements, for less preferred behaviors.

generalization

a general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases.

instrumental conditioning

a learning process in which behavior is modified by the reinforcing or inhibiting effects of the resulting consequences.

classical conditioning

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

preparedness

a state of readiness, especially for war.

punishment

the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offense.

higher order conditioning

the process by which a neutral stimulus takes on conditioned properties while pairing with a conditioned stimulus

extinction

the state or process of a species, family, or larger group being or becoming extinct.