Learning and Behavior Chapter 3

Intense fear in a CER procedure is indicated by a suppression ratio of(.5/0); no fear is indicated by a suppression ratio of around(.5/0).

0/.5

An appropriate control procedure to test for this phenomenon involves a control group of subjects being presented the NS and US (together/apart). Responding that is later elicited by the NS in this group is assumed to be the result of ________ rather than real conditioning.

Apart/Sensitization

Learning to associate the corner bar with the happy times you experience in that bar is an example of (aversive/appetitive) conditioning; learning to associate your refrigerator with the nauseating smell of spoiled food is an example of (aversive/appetitive) conditioning.

Appetitive/Aversive

Wasp:Painful sting---> Fear Wasp--->Fear

As a result of the the sting, the sight of the wasp becomes a conditioned stimulus(CS) that elicits a conditioned response of fear(CR)

In______________ conditioning, the US is an event that the organism typically avoids; in ___________ conditioning, the US is an event that the organism typically seeks out.

Aversive/Appetitive

A click is followed by food, while a click and a buzzing noise is never followed by food. In this case, the click will become a (CS+/CS-) for salivation and the buzzing noise will become a (CS+/CS-).

CS+/CS-

For the residents of Berlin and London during World War II, and air-raid siren would have been a (CS+/CS-) for anxiety, while the all-clear siren would have been a (CS+/CS-) for anxiety

CS+/CS-

In a ___________ ______________ response paradigm, the level of fear elicited by a CS is indicated by the degree to which the rat's rate of lever pressing for food(decreases/increases) in the presence of that stimulus.

Conditioned Emotional(CER)

The suppression ratio is the number of (pre-CS/CS/post-CS) responses divided by the number of _____________ plus___________ responses.

Conditioned Stimulus/Conditioned Stimulus/Pre-Conditioned Stimulus

The CER paradigm is also known as __________________ ________________ procedure.

Conditioned Suppression

Following conditioning, the metronome is a(n)__________ stimulus, and the salivation elicited by the metronome is a(n) ____________ response.

Conditioned/Conditioned

Each pairing of the metronome and the food is called a _____________ ____________; learning is most effective when these are spaced (far apart/ close together).

Conditioning Trial/ Close together

The most effective temporal arrangement for conditioning is__________ conditioning, in which the onset of the NS(precedes/follows) the onset of the US, and the two stimuli (overlap/do not overlap).

Delayed/Preceded/Overlap

In what is known as __________________, the presentation of a (familiar/novel) stimulus during a period of habituation can sometimes result in the (reappearance/disappearance) of the habituated response.

Dishabituation/Novel/Reappearance

Reflexes are __________________in the sense that they are drawn out by stimuli that precede their occurrence.

Elicit

An excitatory CS for fear is one that will (elicit/suppress) a fear response; an inhibitory CS for fear is one that will (elicit/suppress) a fear response.

Elicit/Suppress

The above phenomenon is a potential problem whenever the US produces a strong __________ response.

Emotional

Most of the basic principles of classical conditioning have been established using procedures that involve _________________ conditioning.

Excitatory

Conditioning trials in which the NS is followed by the presentation of a US will produce___________ conditioning; conditioning trials in which the NS is followed by the absence or removal of a US will produce _________________ conditioning.

Excitatory/Inhibitory

Your grandmother always cooks great meals except when your vegetarian sister is present. As a result, you usually salivate a great deal when sitting at your grandmother's table for a meal, but not when your sister is present. Your grandmother's table is a(n)________________ CS for salivation, while your vegetarian sis is a(n)__________ CS for salivation.

Excitatory/Inhibitory

A(n) ____________ ______________ _______________is a fixed sequence of responses that occurs in reaction to a specific stimulus. The specific stimulus that elicits this behavior is called a _____________ stimulus or _______________.

Fixed Action Pattern/ Sign Stimulus/ Releaser

Quickly jerking your hand or foot away from contact with an open flame or sharp object is a reflexive action known as a _______________________ response. In such cases, the perception of pain generally (precedes/follows) the occurrence of the response

Flexion

From an evolutionary standpoint, if a stimulus is irrelevant or "safe," we tend to ___________ to it, whereas if a stimulus is potentially dangerous we become________________ to it.

Habituate/ Sensitize

A decrease in the strength of a behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is called_____________.

Habituation

In general, repeated presentations of a low-intensity stimulus result in_______________, and repeated presentations of a high intensity stimulus result in____________.

Habituation/ Sensitization

Learning to ignore the sound of dripping water is an example of_______________;becoming increasingly aware of the sound of the jackhammer on the street below your apartment is an example of________________.

Habituation/ Sensitization

With repeated presentations of the emotional event, the b-process (increases/decreases) in both ___________ and __________.

Increases/Strength/Duration

The UR is the (learned/innate) response to the (NS/CS/US). The CR is the ___________ response to the ____________.

Innate/Unconditioned Stimulus/learned/Conditioned Stimulus

In delayed conditioning, the time between the onset of the NS and the onset of the US is called____________ interval (abbreviated____________).

Interstimulus interval/ ISI

In general, sensitization is (less/more) stimulus specific than habituation.

Less

Simultaneous and backward conditioning procedures have traditionally been considered as (less/more) effective than delayed and trace conditioning procedures.

Less

The fact that it has been several months since you noticed the sound of the morning and evening whistles at a nearby factory is an example of________________________-____________________ habituation. Such habituation tends to build up (quickly/slowly), following which, when the stimulus is no longer presented, the ability to respond recovers (quickly/slowly).

Long-term/ Slowly/Slowly

The CS was originally a(n) (NS/US/UR). The CR is (often/always) (similar/identical) to the UR

Neural Stimulus(NS)/often/similar

In the metronome example, the metronome is initially a(n)________ stimulus because it (does/does not) elicit salivation. The food, however, is a(n)__________ stimulus that elicits a(n)______________response of salivation.

Neutral Stimulus(NS)/ does not/Unconditioned/Unconditioned

In the basic classical conditioning procedure, the (US/NS) is followed by the (CS/US/NS), which in turn elicits the(CR/UR). As a result, the first stimulus becomes a (CS/US/NS), which elicits a (CR/UR).

Neutral Stimulus(NS)/Unconditioned Stimulus(US)/Unconditioned Response(UR)/ Conditioned Stimulus(CS)/ Conditioned Response(CR)

During conditioning, the metronome can be labeled as either a(n) ____________ stimulus or a(n)_______________ stimulus.

Neutral/Conditioned

In trace conditioning, the time between the ________________ of the NS and the _____________________ of the US is called the _____________ interval. Trace conditioning can be effective if this interval is relatively (long/short).

Offset/Onset/Trace/ Short

In trace conditioning, the (onset/offset/onset & offset) of the NS precedes the ____________ of the US

Onset & Offset/ Onset

In simultaneous conditioning, the __________________ of the NS occurs at the same time as the _________ of the US.

Onset/Onset

The opponent-process theory of emotion accounts for why a strong emotional response is often followed by a(n) (similar/opposite) emotional response.

Opposite

Classical conditioning is also known as _____________ conditioning or ____________ conditioning. In the latter case, the behaviors themselves are called___________behaviors or simply____________.

Pavlovian/Respondent/Respondents

An excitatory CS is one that is associated with the(presentation/removal) of a US; an inhibitory CS is one that is associated with the (presentation/removal) of a US.

Presentation/Removal

The a-process is also known as the _____________ process, and the b-process is also known as the _____________ process.

Primary/Opponent

When an elicited response that appears to be a CR is actually the result of sensitization, we say the __________ has taken place.

Pseudoconditioning

A simple, involuntary response to a stimulus is called a ________________________ .

Reflex

Many simple reflexes are activated through a _____________ _______________ that consists of a(n)____________ neuron, a(n)_________________ neuron, and a(n)______________ neuron(in that order).

Reflex arc/sensory neuron/inter neuron/ motor neuron

An increase in the strength of a behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is called____________.

Sensitization

A stimulus of intermediate intensity will initially result in a period of________________________, which is then followed by__________________.

Sensitization/ Habituation

Different species of spiders spin different kinds or webs. Web spinning of this sort can be considered a ___________-____________ behavior. Such behaviors used to be called ___________, but some researchers dislike this term because it implies that the behavior is more (flexible/inflexible) than is actually the case.

Species-specific/Instincts

In __________ conditioning, the (NS/US) is presented at regular interval, with the result that the passage of time become a (CS/US).

Temporal/ US/CS

In backward conditioning, the (NS/US) is presented first and the (NS/US) is presented later. Backward conditioning can result in inhibitory conditioning when the NS signals the (presentation/removal) of the US.

US/NS/Removal

Feeling elated while talking on the phone to someone with whom you are in love is an example of the _____-__________process; feeling lovesick after you hangup is an example of the___-_________process.

a-process/b-process

The ____________-_________________ is directly elicited by the emotional event; this in turn elicits the ______________-___________, the purpose of which is to maintain a relatively balanced internal state known as __________________.

a-process/b-process/Homeostasis

The ____-__________ process is directly tied to the presence of the emotional event, whereas the ___-________ process is (slow/quick) to increase and ___________ to decrease.

a-process/b-process/slow/slow

Thew above example is also an illustration of how the a- and b-processes are ________ (opposite/similar) to each other; for example, if the a-process is pleasurable, then the b-process is _________________________

opposite/displeasure