Learning Curve 11

Deirdre uses higher-order concepts that integrate more specific behavioral features of her self-concept. She attributes her popularity to her ability to "keep secrets" and be "nice to others." Deirdre is MOST likely between _____ years of age.

8 and 11

Ekaterina, who is 2 years old, is walking and talking and has developed an enduring emotional bond with her mother. This bond is referred to as

attachment.

Mary Ainsworth devised the Strange Situation to assess

attachment.

Research suggests that children with a(n) _____ type of attachment style have no consistent way of coping.

disorganized-distressed

James Marcia's term for premature identity formation is identity _____.

foreclosure.

Sexual-minority youth are NOT especially vulnerable to

higher rates of heart disease.

Tonya cares little about her grades in high school, won't get a part-time job as her parents requested, and refuses to consider any future plans for after high school. Tonya, according to James Marcia, is experiencing

identity diffusion

The need for teenagers to look and behave a certain way is MOST related to the _____ audience.

imaginary

Bonnie loves to dress eccentrically, dyes her hair wild colors, and has many facial piercings. She believes that everyone is looking at her when she goes out in public. Bonnie seems to have created a(n)

imaginary audience.

Twelve-year-old José noticed that his teacher walked right past him in class today without looking his way. The teacher stopped at the desk behind José and told his classmate that she did a good job on her exam yesterday. José interpreted his teacher's behavior as proof that his teacher hates him. This conclusion is likely reflective of

imaginary audience.

Samantha is learning about the different styles of attachment in children and observes a day-care center to see if she can distinguish the different types. She sees one or two children who are dropped off and begin to play right away. They do not seem to mind that their mothers have left them for the day. In fact, one little boy seems to ignore his mother as she waves goodbye. He MOST likely has which style of attachment?

insecure-avoidant

Mandy recalls that on more than one occasion, her younger brother became angry and kicked their mother for leaving them with a babysitter. Her mother confirms that he was a difficult child to raise. It is impossible to determine attachment style just from this information, but these "facts" imply behaviors that are MOST commonly associated with a(n) _____ style of attachment.

insecure-resistant/ambivalent

Ricardo is learning about the different styles of attachment in children and he observes a day-care center to see if he can distinguish the different types. He notices two children who are dropped off and begin to cry and are clearly upset by the separation. One child is clinging to his mother's coat as she tries to reassure him. He also noticed that when their mothers returned, they seemed to rebuff her efforts to comfort them. These children are displaying behaviors MOST commonly associated with a(n) _____ style of attachment.

insecure-resistant/ambivalent

Given that attachment security is a marker of the quality of the relationship between a parent and child, it makes sense that _____ should be a strong predictor of children's insecure attachment styles.

parental behavior

The most crucial parental factor contributing to the development of a secure attachment is _____.

parental sensitivity

By late childhood, children's feelings of competence about their appearance, athletic ability, and likability may be affected more by their _____ and has MOST often been associated with the effect on the child's _____.

peers than parents; self-esteem

A typical characteristic of children's self-concept during the preschool years is that their self-evaluations are unrealistically

positive

Findings from Harry Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys suggest that

providing both food and a safe, warm environment with a nurturing primary caregiver is necessary for normal development.

One of the special challenges faced by sexual-minority children and adolescents compared with sexual-majority children and adults is

recognizing or accepting their own sexual preferences.

Alice takes her 1-year-old son, Derek, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Derek eagerly explores the room as long as Alice is present. When Alice leaves the room to fill out some forms, Derek becomes somewhat upset. When she returns, though, Derek quickly calms down. Derek's attachment style is MOST likely

secure

Twelve-year-old Misha describes herself as a good student, a devoted daughter, and helpful around the house. Misha is describing her

self-concept

Twenty-month-old Molly's mother put a dab of rouge on her forehead without Molly's knowledge. When she had Molly look in a mirror, Molly immediately rubbed the rouge on her forehead. This indicates that Molly has developed

self-recognition.

Pia is sexually attracted to other women. This tendency would be referred to as her

sexual orientation.

Henry, who is in the 3rd grade, announces to his mother, "I am the fastest runner in my class, but not in the entire school." Henry is engaging in _____ comparison

social

Dion is a very loving and sensitive father. But studies have demonstrated that generally the security of his children's attachment has been found to be:

somewhat weaker than mother's

Adolescent egocentrism leads to

the personal fable and the imaginary audience.

Fifteen-year-old Jordan believes that she is destined for greatness. She knows that she is going to be the first female president of the United States and does not listen to anyone who tells her that she should be "more realistic" in her goals. Jordan's feelings about her future are an example of

the personal fable.