learning curve ch 28
President Jimmy Carter's big domestic challenge was managing what?
A struggling economy The most striking domestic challenge for Carter was managing the economy. The problems that he faced defied easy solution. Most confounding was stagflation.
The Supreme Court decision in Regents of University of California v. Bakkerepresented what?
A victory and a defeat for opponents of affirmative action The Bakke decision ended quota systems but upheld the basic principle of affirmative action by allowing race to be considered in hiring and admission decisions; thus, it was a mix of victory and defeat for opponents of affirmative action.
Which of the following arguments can be made based on this graph of inflation in the United States between 1960 and 2000? (Refer to the figure The Inflation Rate, 1960-2000)
After a period of stability, the rate of inflation in the United States grew sharply during the 1970s. This graph illustrating the fluctuation of prices for consumer goods in the United States from 1960 to 2000 shows that prices inflated dramatically along with the price of oil in the 1970s.
Why did many Americans leave mainline churches and join evangelical churches between 1970 and 1985?
Americans were seeking moral answers and social stability. Americans who felt unmoored by rising divorce rates, social unrest, and changing values sought to find stability and moral answers in evangelical churches. Evangelical churches offered solutions to those who were concerned about the moral decay of American society.
What issue propelled the auto workers' strike in the Lordstown, Ohio, car assembly plant in 1972?
Better working conditions The plant had the most complex assembly line in the nation, and the Lordstown strikers spoke out against what they saw as an inhumane industrial system.
Harvey Milk gained fame as a gay rights advocate and politician in the 1970s in which state?
California A closeted businessman in New York until he was forty, Milk arrived in San Francisco in 1972 and threw himself into city politics. He was elected city supervisor in 1977.
Which statement describes the shift in American sexual attitudes that began in the 1910s?
During the 1910s, Americans came to view sex as a component of personal happiness, separate from reproduction. It was during the 1910s that Americans started to view sex as an important part of the human experience and as an activity that had value outside of its reproductive purposes.
How did the struggle for civil rights, especially among the African American community, change in the 1970s?
Equal access to employment and education became the emphasis. In the 1970s, despite the provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, many African Americans fought to entrench the idea of equal opportunity through affirmative action.
Which books, published in the 1960s, served as a foundational text for evangelical women?
Fascinating Womanhood Helen Andelin self-published this book in the 1960s and used it to lead evangelical women in the opposite direction from feminism. It encouraged women to see their husbands as naturally superior and suggested that "submissiveness will bring a strange but righteous power over your man." The book eventually sold more than two million copies.
Which statement describes the feminist movement in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s?
Feminist activism addressed many issues, took a variety of forms, and affected millions of women. The feminist movement in these decades took a huge array of forms and produced activism on the scale of the earlier black civil rights movement. By the end of the 1970s, its efforts had created dramatic change and touched the lives of millions of American women.
Why was San Francisco politician Harvey Milk significant?
He represented the new emerging gay political power. Milk won election to the San Francisco city council by mobilizing the "gay vote" into a powerful bloc. Once there, he got the city council to pass a gay rights ordinance.
How did the War Powers Act of 1973 seek to limit presidential power?
It required the president to secure congressional approval for any substantial deployment of troops abroad. The War Powers Act of 1973 was the legislative branch's attempt to reassert its constitutional authority over the making of war. The act required a president to get congressional approval for any substantial, long-term deployment of troops abroad. It was intended to prevent future presidents from making autonomous decisions to wage major wars and to dispel Americans' distrust and disillusionment with the government that resulted from the Vietnam conflict.
Which statement describes the impact of the 1973 Supreme Court ruling in Roe v. Wade?
It said that states could not prohibit abortion in the first trimester. Roe v. Wade overturned state laws in Texas and Georgia that prohibited abortions in the first trimester. It took away much, although not all, of the authority that states had to prohibit abortions.
Feminists' critique of the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s focused on what issue?
Male privilege Many feminists stressed that the freer attitudes toward sex that came with the sexual revolution benefitted men and not women. They were particularly critical of the fact that greater sexual freedom for men seemed to encourage sexual harassment and the treatment of women like sex objects.
Which U.S. president took the U.S. dollar off the gold standard, letting it "float" on the world market like any other commodity?
Richard M. Nixon Nixon imposed temporary price and wage controls in 1971 in an effort to curb inflation. Then he took an even bolder step and removed the United States from the gold standard. This allowed the dollar to float in international currency markets and effectively ended the Bretton Woods monetary system established after World War II.
What is the historical significance of Howard Jarvis's Proposition 13 in 1978?
Taxation became a facet of the conservative agenda. More broadly, Proposition 13 inspired tax revolts across the country and helped conservatives define an enduring issue: low taxes.
In his speech at the 1980 Republican National Convention, candidate Ronald Reagan said, "Make no mistake. We will not permit the safety of our people or our environmental heritage to be jeopardized, but we are going to reaffirm that the economic prosperity of our people is a fundamental part of our environment." What was Reagan suggesting with these remarks?
That protecting American economic prosperity was just as important, if not more important, as protecting the environment Reagan believed that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the laws it enforced were, in part, responsible for the economic crisis in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. In this speech, he sought to satisfy those who saw the need to protect the environment and those who saw the EPA as an obstacle to economic prosperity.
Which of the following statements describes the 1986 Bowers v. HardwickSupreme Court case?
The Supreme Court upheld a statute that criminalized homosexuality The majority opinion in this case was that homosexuality was contrary to "ordered liberty." It wasn't until 2003 that the Court extended the right to sexual privacy to all Americans.
Which of the following developments made a critical contribution to the emergence of the sexual revolution of the 1960s?
The birth control pill The birth control pill, which became available in 1960, gave women an unprecedented degree of control over reproduction, and by 1965, more than 6 million women were using it. The pill allowed a greater separation between sexuality and reproduction and facilitated a more casual approach to sex outside of marriage.
What was the significance of biologist Rachel Carson's 1962 best-seller Silent Spring?
The book described and publicized the harmful effects of toxic chemicals on the environment. Carson's best-selling book Silent Spring raised Americans' awareness about the harmful effects of toxic chemicals such as DDT and other pesticides. Carson's book, and her subsequent death from breast cancer, spurred many Americans to start thinking about the importance of environmental protection for the health of the earth and its species, including humans. It contributed to the creation of an environmental movement in the 1970s.
Why did conservatives, Catholics, and fundamentalist Christians object to the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade?
They believed that abortion involved the immoral taking of an innocent human life. Most opponents of abortion believed that it was the immoral taking of a human life. They did not believe that it was acceptable to terminate pregnancies in order to protect women's freedom and equality.
How did evangelical Christianity differ from mainstream Christianity in the 1960s?
They emphasized personal salvation and a literal interpretation of the Bible. Evangelical Christians emphasized the importance of being "born again" through personal salvation. Their religious beliefs and practices were deeply influenced by a literal interpretation of the Bible.
What characterized the affirmative action programs instituted in the 1960s and 1970s?
They were procedures designed to account for the disadvantaged position of minorities. Affirmative action could best be described as a set of procedures designed to take into account the disadvantaged position of minority groups after centuries of discrimination.
Why did people, even women, oppose the Equal Rights Amendment in the 1970s?
With the distinction between men and women ended, women would lose many privileges. Women like Phyllis Schlafly, for instance, worried that the ERA would create an unnatural "unisex society," with women drafted into the army and forced to use single-sex restrooms.
In what area did the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Warren Burger extend women's rights?
Workplace rights In 1976, the Court ruled that arbitrary distinctions based on sex in the workplace and other arenas were unconstitutional, and in 1986, the Court ruled that sexual harassment violated the Civil Rights Act. These rulings helped women break employment barriers in the subsequent decades.
The gains of the women's movement in the 1970s included
abortion rights. During the 1970s, women achieved a number of advances, including abortion rights and increased access to previously all-male institutions and high-level roles in the government.
As a solution to the ongoing economic crises that dominated their presidencies, both President Franklin Roosevelt (in 1933) and President Richard Nixon (in 1971) altered U.S. policy toward
gold. In 1933, Roosevelt restricted the private ownership of gold. In 1971, Nixon took the United States off the gold standard.
Abortion rights opponents fought back most successfully against the landmark Roe v. Wade(1973) decision by
restricting the right legally. Opponents pursued legislation that would strictly limit the conditions under which abortions could be performed. In 1976, for instance, they convinced Congress to deny Medicaid funds for abortions, an opening round in a campaign against Roe v. Wade that continues today.
The U.S. economy experienced "stagflation" in the 1970s when
unemployment and inflation rates rose dramatically. Beginning in the 1970s, the U.S. economy experienced periods of high inflation and high unemployment, a condition termed "stagflation" that contributed to a noticeable decline in most Americans' standard of living. The galloping inflation forced consumer prices upward, and interest rates rocketed to a historic high. Many Americans responded to the decline in their purchasing power by going into debt, particularly through a dramatic increase in the use of credit cards.
Abortion rights advocates succeeded in their efforts by framing abortion rights as a matter of
women's privacy. Following the logic articulated in Griswold, the Court gradually expanded the right of privacy in a series of cases in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the landmark Roe v. Wade decision (1973), the Supreme Court ruled that abortions performed during the first trimester were protected by the right of privacy.
