Learning Curves (Chapter 19)

Refer to the map The Atlantic Economy, 1701 to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. According to this map, slaves were obtained from places like Angola and transported to

Brazil

Although Frederick II is considered an enlightened ruler, how did he perpetuate pre-Enlightenment practices?

By increasing the privilege's of the nobility over the serfs

How did the Ottoman capture of Constantinople in 1453 further catalyze the Scientific Revolution in Europe?

Byzantine scholars fled to Europe with Greek texts long thought to have been lost.

According to Aristotle, what was the primary difference between the celestial sphere and the sublunar world?

Celestial spheres consisted of a perfect substance, but the sublunar world was made of an imperfect substance.

How did the attitudes of elites in New World economies toward their European homelands change in the eighteenth century?

Colonial elites began to differentiate between their own interests and characteristics and those of their European homeland.

What allowed commodities such as tea, sugar, coffee, and tobacco to become dietary staples of all classes in the eighteenth century?

Colonial trade made previously expensive foodstuffs, such as tea, sugar, coffee, and tobacco, widely available.

What changes did Pugachev's rebellion cause Catherine the Great to enact in Russia?

Giving more power to the nobles

How did Swiss physician and alchemist Paracelsus challenge the existing body of scientific knowledge?

He argued that illness was created by chemical imbalances, rejecting Galen's idea of bodily humors.

How did Galileo respond to his imprisonment following his trial for heresy for his book Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World?

He gave in to the church's demand that he recant the claims made in his book.

Refer to the map The Atlantic Economy, 1701 to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. This map suggests that the economic relationship between the continents during the initial phase of global trade was

reciprocally conducive for all continents

Descartes's theory about mathematics and motion was influential even though he was incorrect in saying that

vacuums are impossible.

What claim did some Enlightenment make to defend the rights of women?

A society's decency and civility can be measured by how it treats its women.

Which of the following statements describes a consequence of the Scientific Revolution?

A new international scientific community linked through journals and learned societies began to develop.

How did exploration of non-European lands contribute to religious skepticism in the seventeenth century?

As Europeans recognized the great variety of beliefs and practices in the world, they began to question whether any one belief was true.

In the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith argued that which of the following should be governments' approach to the economy?

Avoid interference with their economies

Refer to the figure Exports of English Manufactured Goods, 1700-1774 to answer the following question, Click the image to view full-size. As evidenced by this graph, which of the following statements describes the trends of the exports of English manufactured goods between 1700 and 1774?

England exported almost half of its manufactured goods to the Atlantic economy by 1774.

How did Enlightenment thought affect the relationship between colonists and their home country?

Enlightenment ideas gave colonists justification for criticizing the policies of their home country and for seeking greater autonomy.

How did new Enlightenment ideas about race depart from the previous grouping of individuals into "nations"?

Enlightenment thinkers argued that racial differences were physical and innate.

Refer to the map The Atlantic Economy, 1701 to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. According to this map, the largest producer of manufactured goods in the Atlantic economy of 1701 was

Europe

What was the basic concern of natural philosophy before the Scientific Revolution?

Explaining the origin and nature of the universe

What was the greatest achievement of Galileo Galilei?

Formulating the law of inertia

Why is Frederick II considered an enlightened monarch?

He promoted learning and improved the Prussian legal system.

Why did Galileo's Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World prove so troublesome for the Catholic Church?

He wrote in Italian, and the book was widely read.

Refer to the image Portrait of Mary Wortley Montagu in Turkish Attire to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. How does this image of the Englishwoman Mary Wortley Montagu in Turkish dress epitomize Enlightenment-era ideas in Europe?

It epitomizes Europeans' willingness to borrow from non-European cultures.

How did the Encyclopedia, completed in 1765, encapsulate the basic approach of the philosophes?

It was a group effort to share knowledge and challenge old institutions and beliefs.

Refer to the image Voltaire Presiding at a Dinner of Philosophers to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. This image of Voltaire at dinner table, like the publication of the Encyclopedia in 1765, demonstrates what common characteristic of the Enlightenment?

Its collective nature

What was the position of Jews in the new Atlantic economy?

Jews eagerly participated in the new Atlantic economy but still faced discrimination and economic restrictions in the colonies.

How did Kepler's work differ from Copernicus's?

Kepler used mathematics to prove his heliocentric theory, whereas Copernicus was merely speculating.

Which of these were components of the eighteenth-century public sphere?

Libraries, bookshops, cafés, and Masonic lodges

Why did modern science first emerge in Europe and not in the Muslim world?

Muslim madrasas focused on law and faith, not natural sciences.

Which of the following statements reflects Descartes's and Bacon's contributions to the modern scientific method?

On their own, Bacon's inductive experimentalism and Descartes's deductive mathematical reasoning had flaws.

To what does the term Creole refer to?

People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas

Which of the following statements characterized the beliefs of Voltaire?

Pessimistic about human nature, Voltaire held philosophical and religious beliefs that were much more radical than his political and social beliefs.

Which group of people was most negatively impacted by the process of enclosure?

Poor farmers

Why did Galileo believe it was safe to publish his Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World?

Pope Urban VIII was known to be sympathetic to the new science.

Which of the following statements describes a consequence of the Scientific Revolution?

Science became closely tied to the state and its agendas.

Refer to the image Popularizing Science to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. What does this image suggest about the audience that was meant to engage in scientific discoveries and discussions?

Scientific discussions and discoveries were intended for the upper classes.

What was Madame du Châtelet's main contribution to the Enlightenment?

She translated Newton's Principia into French.

Refer to the map The Atlantic Economy, 1701 to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. What was the primary economic relationship between Europe and its colonies in the Americas?

The colonies provided raw materials to the industrial sectors of Europe, where they were converted into manufactured goods.

Refer to the image Model of Ptolemaic Astronomical System to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. This image depicts a Ptolemaic view of the universe. The earth is depicted as a green sphere. The various gold band represent the paths of the stars, sun, and moon. If Aristotle's Christian followers were able to see this model, with which characteristic would they agree, given his ideas about natural philosophy?

The earth sits at the center of the model with the sun rotating around it.

Refer to the image Galileo's Telescopic Observations of the Moon (observation of the moon) to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. What new characteristic of the moon, as shown in these images, highlights the novel discoveries of Galileo Galilei?

The moon was cratered.

How did medieval universities help to create the Scientific Revolution?

They created a community of scholars focused on science.

What did Johannes Kepler discover about the movement of planets in their orbits?

They move faster when closer to the sun.

In what ways were Jews limited in eighteenth-century Europe despite Enlightenment ideas?

They were excluded from most business and confined to particular neighborhoods.

How did Scientific Revolution scholars in sixteenth-and seventeenth-century Europe generally view religion?

They were very devout and saw their work as contributing to God's glory.

For what purpose was King Philip II of Spain's personal physician, Francisco Hernández, sent to New Spain in the 1560s?

To catalog the flora of the New World

What did Paracelsus, Galileo, Vesalius, and Boyle have in common that is representative of the revolutionary aspect of the Scientific Revolution?

Use of the experimental method to challenge old beliefs

Which statement characterizes European participation in the emerging consumer culture of the eighteenth century?

While many purchasers of consumer goods were from the upper and upper-middle classes, a boom in cheap reproductions of luxury items allowed people of modest means to participate in the consumer culture.

How did the Scientific Revolution make life more difficult for women in European society?

Women were not allowed to attend the professional academies.

The comte de Buffon argued that the different human races originated

in the varied climatic conditions that affected humans in different regions of the earth.

Refer to the images The Consumer Revolution (chair) and The Consumer Revolution (plate) to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. The consumer goods depicted in these images represent the consumer revolution of the second half of the eighteenth century because

luxury items became cheaper due to mass production.

Boyle's law states that

the pressure of a gas varies inversely with volume.