Learning

which theorist proposed social learning theory and suggested that observation and modeling were major components of learning?

Albert Bandura

__________________ is the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others

modeling

what is enactive learning?

learning by doing

learning by observing others takes

less time than learning by trial and error and is more efficient

John lost his wallet. He hopes it is somewhere in his bedroom. He has searched for it but the room is so messy he hasn't found it and can't be sure it is there. If John stops leaving his room in a mess in the future, then losing his wallet has functioned as a

negative punishment

"reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior but also for those who watch" this statement is most closely linked to the theory of

social learning

which of the following are all external rewards for behavior? A. candy, money, praise B. praise, joy, money C. money, candy, satisfaction D. praise money, joy

A. candy, money, praise

which of the following statements is false? A. synaptic connections between neurons become stronger and even grow during long-term associative learning B. the development and frequent use of new synaptic connections in response to stimulation from the environment weakens the associated memories and makes learning more difficult C. having the same experience repeated over a short period of time is often essential for learning to take place D. individuals become proficient at something when that behavior is repeated over and over again, allowing synapses to grow and strengthen.

B. the development and frequent use of new synaptic connections in response to stimulation from the environment weakens the associated memories and makes learning more difficult

Cara and Mike want to learn how to rebuild car engines. Mike watches his father rebuild an engine on an old car. His dad explains the process to Mike and shows him the tools that are necessary for the procedure. Cara gets a book from the library and goes home to try to rebuild an engine that she picked up from the junkyard. She follows the steps in the book. Which of the following correctly describes the types of learning taking place here?

Cara is using enactive learning, and Mike is using observational learning

which of the following scenarios best depicts variable-ratio reinforcement? A. Bishop gives his dog a treat every time the dog barks on command B. Agatha frequently studies the material from her physics class because she is not certain when the professor will be giving pop quizzes C. Doreen does not study for her accounting exams until one or two nights before the test is scheduled D. Dexter continues to put money into slot machines because he never knows how many pulls of the arm it will take to win the jackpot

Dexter continues to put money into slot machines because he never knows how many pulls of the arm it will take to win the jackpot

which theorist proposed the concept of latent learning?

Edward Tolman

which of these techniques would work best to change a behavior? A. Tony's parents slapped him on the hand for taking a cookie from the cookie jar B. Leslie's parents yelled at her for getting a C on her psychology exam C. Lori's parents sent her to her room after she threw mashed potatoes at her brother D. Orin's parents bought him a new toy truck for being nicer to his little sister

Orin's parents bought him a new toy truck for being nicer to his little sister

which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? A. getting spanked for running in the street B. getting an allowance after completing chores C. getting relief from pain after taking an aspirin

all of these

Konrad Lorenz studied imprinting extensively in

birds

Bandura's famous studies incorporating a Bobo doll were powerful in that they demonstrated

children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models

When Tobias passed his driver's exam, the song Fire and Rain by James Taylor was playing on the radio. Now, whenever Tobias hers this sad song he feels joyous. Tobias' joyful reaction to the sad song can be classified as a

conditioned response

Jillian, a stay-at-home mother, watches a lot of daytime television. During the day, Charmin toilet paper runs lots of television ads. Jillian always smiles when she sees these ads because they have so many cute babies on them. When Jillian is shopping at her local market, she finds herself smiling when she is in the toilet paper section, especially when she is near the Charmin toilet paper. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus(i) is(are) the

cute babies

which of the following is an example of positive punishment A. not going in the street after being told not to run in the street B. getting spanked for running in the street C. losing your allowance for coming home late D. learning that it is better to ask for permission before doing something that might get you into trouble

getting spanked for running in the street

which of the following statements about imprinting is false?

imprinting occurs in all species, including humans

Larry is a chain smoker who just flew 10 hours straight from Honolulu to Sydney, Australia. When he gets off the plane, he lights up as soon as he finds a smoking area so his terrible cravings will disappear. In this example, smoking is a

negative reinforcement

what is the distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment?

negative reinforcement seeks to increase the frequency of a behavior, and punishment seeks to decrease the frequency of a behavior

Skinner and Watson ignored the role of cognitive and brain processes in learning because these could not be

observed

which of the following best describes how operant conditioning works? A. organisms learn by observing others B. organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior C. none of these D. organisms learn relationships between stimuli

organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior

Molly lives in the desert but wants to be a surfer. Her father promised her that if she gets straight A's on her next report card, the family will vacation on the coast and she can learn to surf. If Molly gets straight A's on her next report card, then the surfing vacation has functioned as a

positive reinforcement

Laura watched a public service announcement to curb smoking in which a young boy describes how his mother died from lung cancer after smoking for twenty years. In this example the unconditioned response would be

sadness regarding a mother's death

John Watson and B.F. Skinner took the position that all learning was a function of either ______________ or ______________, both of which come from the outside environment.

stimuli; consequences

positive reinforcement ________________ and negative reinforcement _______________

strengthens behavior by adding a stimulus; strengthens behavior by removing a stimulus

learning, in a biological sense, is the growth and strengthening of new

synapses

Thorndike's law of effect states that...

the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

imprinting is

the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time after birth

Albert Bandura created

the study on aggression with the Bobo Doll

Jillian's smiling at the cute babies is an

unconditioned response