LEC 13 Anatomy of Ruminant Head

True or false: Ruminants do not have an alar canal?

True

which exotic ruminant has super long canines coming out as "fangs"?

Siberian musk deer buck

True or false: Ruminants have upper incisors/canines?

false —> they do not!!

which ruminant headgear is the bone covered by branched keratinized sheath, sheath shed, bone does not shed

pronghorn

why do horn rings develop?

they develop due to stressful events in the cows life (ex: pregnancy)

What is the secondary infection that can be caused from foreign body entrapment/trauma to the Lingual Fosse called?

bacteria = Actinobacillus —> causes "Wooden tongue"

True or false: Foramina on the Skull can have more than one foramen, and this is normal.

true

True or false: Ruminant's cannon bone is fused meta-carpal/tarsal bones 3 and 4

true

What condition in the cow is usually caused by infected cheek tooth roots?

Maxillary sinusitis

Methods of Dehorning: - which method is usually done and animals more than a few weeks old + involves use of guillotine type Dehorners, saw wire or horn saws, Pain prevention during + pain relief afterwards is utmost important!

Mechanical removal

Which Lymphnode, when enlarged, could interfere with swallowing?

Medial retropharyngeal lymph node

What glands are associated with the horns in Small Ruminants and are located at the Medial side of the horn. (usually removed when dehorning is done)

Scent glands

what will they also burn while they are dehorning goats?

Scent glands —> so they don't smell as bad when they are older

The ruminant skull has a (complete or incomplete) orbit?

complete

animals that are naturally hornless are referred to as what?

"poll/polled"

Small ruminants adult lower incisor eruption: - name when each incisor erupts?

* SUBTRACT 6 MONTHS FROM CATTLE * I1 = 12 months (1 1/2 yrs) I2 = 21 months (about 2 yrs) I3 = 30 months (2 1/2 yrs) I4 = 39 months (about 3 yrs)

Bovine teeth + aging: - Give the Deciduous dental formula? Usually erupted by when? - Give the Permanent dental formula?

- (I 0/3, C 0/1, P 3/3, M 0/0) x 2 = 20 —> 2 weeks - (I 0/3, C 0/1, P 3/3, M 3/3) x 2 = 32

Successful dehorning requires removal of at least ____ inch of "haired" skin around base of horn. This insures removal of the _____________ to prevent attempted horn regrowth

- 1/4 inch - Epicercas

Blood + nerve supply to the horn (cow): - Which nerve is located just below the temporal lines? - Which artery will need to be ligated at the base of the horn or cauterized with horn removal?

- Cornual nerve - Cornual artery

Additional Structures of skulls: - what is the space between the incisors and the cheek teeth called? - Where is the site for the Peterson nerve block for eye enucleation? - what attaches to the external occipital protuberance, be specific? - What bony process is an outgrowth of the frontal bone, covered with dermis which supports epidermal horn sheath?

- Diastema - image - Funicular part of the Nuchal ligament - Cornual process

Frontal region features: - what vein will run in the Supraorbital groove? - What feature on the frontal bone will you avoid when trephining frontal sinus? - Where is the Intercornual protuberance? - True or false: Goats do not have an Intercornual protuberance.

- Frontal vein - Supraorbital foramen - image - True —> they do not

Cattle tongues: - what structure may make passage of any orogastric tube/oral speculum/balling gun difficult? - What structure is a common site for foreign body, entrapment, trauma, secondary infection?

- Torus Linguae - Fossa Linguae

Teeth in wear: - enamel will wear down and expose __________ on the occlusal surface - __________ ridges on the lingual side of crown = wavy lingual surface - worn __________ surface = waves caudal outline

- dentin - enamel - occulusal

Head shape of Calf vs Adult: - Calf head shaped more (dome-like or flat)? - Adult head shaped more (dome-like or flat)?

- dome-like - flat

Horns: - The horn sheath is (epidermal or dermal) in nature? - Tubular + Intertubular horn formed from _____________ epithelium, supported by dermis covers the Cornual process?

- epidermal - germinal

Early horn development: - @ Birth: what structure is in place ready to develop? - Few weeks after birth: the ________ plate of frontal bone starts to rise towards the surface towards progressive ossification - 2-3 months of age: Periosteum of. Frontal bone will ______ with the Bony core - After 6 months of age: _________ _______ will begin to form from the inside of the frontal bone into the bony core

- horn bud - outer plate of front bone - fuse - Frontal sinus

Cheek teeth of Ruminants: - Lower teeth are sharp on (lingual or labial) surface? - Upper teeth are sharp on (lingual or labial) surface? - what is the term for why these teeth get sharp?

- lingual - labial - anisognathia

Frontal + Temporal regions: - Frontal sinus is (more or less) extensive in cattle? which compartment is the largest? - there are (a Single or Multiple) subdivisions, and diverticulum in cattle? - there are (shallow or deep) sinuses and goats?

- more —> Caudal compartment - multiple - shallow —> caution when dehorning kids

What are 3 reasons why we need to know how to age cattle (Ruminants)?

1. Ages are required on health certificates for in-state travel unless headed for finishing operations or slaughter 2. Young female cattle are vaccinated for "Brucellosis" between the ages of 5 - 12 months. so the animal with the first set of permanent Incisors or more would be too old to be vaccinated 3. in some states, "show animals" that are going to be sold must be less than 18 months of age, so the presence of a permanent incisor will disqualify the animal

name 4 ruminant headgear?

1. Antlers 2. Horns 3. Pronghorn 4. Ossicones

name two types of Bos species in cows

1. Bos taurus 2. Bos taurus incidus (zebu)

Which 4 cranial nerves run through the Foramen orbitorotundum? (be specific on one of them)

1. CN III 2. CN IV 3. CN VI 4. Opthalmic + Maxilary br. of CN V

name two species in small ruminants

1. Capra spp 2. Ovid spp

Methods of Dehorning: - name 2 common approaches to eliminate horns? which is the method you would do before the horns appear, and which one is removal after they appear?

1. Disbudding —> before horns appear 2. Mechanical removal —> after horns appear

Name two MAIN sinuses in the cow head?

1. Frontal sinus 2. Maxillary sinus

name 5 Dorsal features of the skull?

1. Intercornual protuberance 2. horn sheath 3. corneal process 4. supraorbital foramen 5. supraorbital groove

Name 3 surfaces of the teeth?

1. Lingual 2. Labial 3. Occlusal

Frontal sinus: - name it's 2 compartments? Which one is bigger? - Name 3 diverticulum of one of the compartments? - What is the structure that separates the 2 compartments (Rostral and Caudal compartments) of the Frontal sinus?

1. Rostral compartment 2. Caudal compartment = Larger = more relevant Caudal compartment of the Frontal sinus: 1. Cornual diverticulum 2. Nuchal diverticulum 3. Post orbital diverticulum - Oblique Transverse septum

name the four pairs of lower incisors? (medial to lateral)

1. central incisor 2. first intermediate incisor 3. second intermedia incisor 4. corner incisor

name three nasal concha in the cow?

1. dorsal nasal concha 2. middle nasal concha 3. ventral nasal concha

name 5 lateral features of the skull?

1. facial tuberosity 2. zygomatic process of the frontal bone 3. frontal process of the zygomatic bone 4. temporal line 5. temporal fossa

What age are these teeth? (cover answer)

2 yrs

How old is this animal? (cover answer)

2 yrs —> 1st, 2nd intermediate + corner, incisors are deciduous

how many pairs of true incisors, and one functional incisor do cattle and goats have?

3 true incisors, 1 functional incisor (adapted canine)

Ruminants will essentially have ___-chambered stomach

4

how many pairs of lower incisors do cattle and goats have?

4 pairs

What age are these teeth? (cover answer)

5 yrs

How old is this animal? (cover answer)

6 yrs

incisors will take about how many months after erupting to be in full development?

6-12+ months

what kind of papilla are on the inner surface of the lips and cheeks?

Buccal papilla

Cattle vs Goat: Sinus + Horns: Cattle: - has (small or large) frontal sinus with (few or many) compartments - Cornual process is near the (Occipit or Orbit) - Horns extend (Laterally or Caudally) - Horns innervated by what nerves? Goat: - has (small or large) frontal sinus with (few or many) compartments - Cornual process is near the (Occipit or Orbit) - Horns extend (Laterally or Caudally) - Horns innervated by what nerves?

Cattle: - large; many - occipit - Laterally - Cornual n (branch of trigeminal - maxillary) + Great auricular nerve Goat: - small; few - orbit - Caudally - Cornual n (branch of trigeminal - maxillary) + Great auricular nerve + Infratrochlear n

Regional anesthesia for Dehorning: Cattle: - what 2 nerves will you block + describe where he will find these nerves? Goats: what 3 nerves will you block? Is it best to dehorn goats, standing or under general anesthesia?

Cattle: 1. Cornual nerve = below Temporal line (Lateral base of horn) 2. Great auricular nerve = between base of ear + caudal surface of horn Goat: 1. Cornual nerve = Lateral side of orbit 2. Great auricular nerve 3. Infratrochlear nerve = Medial side of orbit

What do both cattle and goats have instead of upper incisors and canines?

Dental pad

Methods of Dehorning: - which method involves the removal or destruction of the horn producing tissue in young calves, can occur early as calf's first 24 hours of life, is the " preferred" method, will use a caustic paste + hot iron cautery in the first few days after birth

Disbudding

What is the transitional zone between the skin in the horn called??

Epicercas

True or false: Dehorning in adult goat is not very risky?

FASLE —> is very risky

True or false: the Maxillary sinus is separated into rostral and Caudal parts, as it was in the horse?

FASLE! —> it is not separated

Cattle adult lower incisor eruption: - name when each incisor erupts?

I1 = 18 months (1 1/2 yrs) I2 = 27 months (about 2 yrs) I3 = 36 months (3 yrs) I4 = 45 months (almost 4 yrs) *start @ 1 and go DOWN.. 2.. 3..4.. then over 5.. then UP 6..7...8

Ruminant incisor teeth: - name when each incisor FULLY erupts avg.?

I1 = 24 months = 2 yrs I2 = 36 months = 3 yrs I3 = 48 months = 4 yrs I4 = 60 months = 5 yrs *put fist together and open up each finger on each side to represent teeth = the same as Dogs = 2,3,4, in Wear @ 5

Leveling occurs at what ages in adult Incisors?

I1 = 6 yrs I2 = 7 yrs I3 = 8 yrs I4 = 9 yrs

look over the 5 exotic Ruminants

Image

look over the 9 north American wild Ruminants

Image

Ruminant's lower canines look and function like what type of tooth?

Incisors

what does it mean for the enamel on the Lingual side of the tooth at the occlusal surface, forming a smooth arc?

Level

where will you Trephinate the frontal sinus?

Midway between the base of the horn + Median septum

Are these teeth Leveled? (cover answer)

NO

what is the External Oronasal feature on Cattle called on the tip of their nose?

Nasolabial plate or plane

What sinus is present in the hard palate?

Palatine sinus

which sinus communicates with the maxillary sinus slightly?

Palatine sinus

what block is used for eye nucleation's?

Petersons nerve block

what bony structure is the landmark for the cornual nerve block? what procedure will you desensitize this nerve?

Temporal line —> for Dehorning

Are the Central Incisor teeth Leveled? (cover answer)

Yes

How old is this animal? (cover answer)

almost 3 yrs

what will happen if bolus or medication is not deposited over/Caudal to the Torus linguae in cattle?

animal will be able to spit it back out

which ruminant headgear is the bone covered by skin (velvet), all sheds?

antlers

Ruminant incisor teeth are (brachydont or hypsodont) teeth

brachydont

What lies below the inner plate of the frontal bone of cattle?

brain??????

what is the structure of the Cornual process covered by keratinized sheath called?

horns

which ruminant headgear is the bone covered by keratinized epithelium (horn), never sheds?

horns

Cheek teeth of Ruminants are (brachyodont or hypsodont)?

hypsodont —> * remember the incisors are Brachyodont

Nerves of the horn in a goat: - where is the Cornual nerve, Great auricular nerve, Infratrochlear nerve, and Auriculopalpebral nerve? *note the Facial nerve Dorsal Buccal branches

image

Where are the Frontal and Temporal regions of skull?

image

where are the sublingual caruncles?

image

where is the Supraorbital groove, and Supraorbital foramen?

image

what are the incisive ducts to Volmeronasal organ in base of nasal septum called? what do they release? What response is this?

insisive papilla —> Pheromones —> Flehman Response

what is the prehensile feature in Goats, Sheep, therefore, they are more efficient in grazing closer to the ground than cattle.

lips

The lower __________ are used to estimate the age of cattle and small ruminants?

lower incisors

- which diverticulum is the space dividing down into occipital bone?

nuchal diverticulum

The corneal process is in close proximity to the _______ and _________ bone. This is important to note when dehorning in adult, because it can come with serious risks.

orbit; parietal bone

define what ruminant headgear this animal has?

ossicones

which ruminant headgear is ossified cartliage, skin covered, never sheds

ossicones

how would you describe the shape of lower incisors?

shovel shaped

what is the prehensile organ in the cattle?

tongue

True or false: Cattle's noses should always be clean because they can self clean it with their own tongue.

true —> if it's not clean, maybe they're not feeling well enough to clean it

True or false: Ruminant incisor teeth do not continually erupt

true —> they will wear

what are the growths on the neck of a goat called?

wattles or tassels

what bony structure is a Landmark for the aricular palpebral nerve block? what muscle will it paralyze?

zygomatic arch —> orbicularis oculi

what is the External Oronasal feature on Goats called on the tip of their nose?

Philtrim + very mobile lips

Scent glands are more active under the influence of what hormone?

Testosterone —> therefore are more of an intact male issue

True or false: Sinuses get bigger with age.

true