Lecture 3- Skeletal System

This results from development. This would be your cervical and lumbar vertebrae. The cervical curvature forms first; it's a slight backwards bend. The baby can now lift its head. The lumber curvature forms second; the baby can walk now.

What are secondary curvatures? Which one comes first and then second?

1. Cribriform plate 2. Crista gallie

What are the 2 important structures of the ethmoid bone?

Frontal sinuses and the maxillary sinuses.

What are the 2 largest paranasal sinuses?

1. Scaphoid 2. Lunate

What are the 2 main bones in the carpals?

1. Scoliosis 2. Kyphosis 3. Lordosis

What are the 3 abnormal spine curvatures?

1. Ilium (most superior of coxal bone) 2. Ischium (contains the ischial tuberosity) 3. Pubis (pubic rami)

What are the 3 bony structures that make up the hip bone? What bone does the ischium contain?

1. Hypophyseal fossa - sella turcica 2. Greater wing 3. Lesser wing

What are the 3 markings unique to the sphenoid bone?

1. Sternoclavicular joint 2. Acromioclavicular joint 3. Glenohumeral joint

What are the 3 shoulder joints that make up the pectoral girdle?

1. Head 2. Facet 3. Condyle 4. Ramus

What are the 4 bone markings for joint formation?

1. Coronal suture 2. Squamous (squamosal) sutures 3. Sagital suture 4. Lambdoid suture

What are the 4 parietal bone sutures?

1. Cervical vertebrae 2. Thoracic vertebrae 3. Lumbar vertebrae 4. Sacrum 5. Coccyx

What are the 5 bony structures of the vertebral column?

1. Meatus 2. Fossa 3. Foramen 4. Sinus 5. Groove 6. Fissure

What are the 6 bone markings for depressions and openings?

1. Trochanter 2. Tuberosity 3. Tubercle 4. Spine 5. Line 6. Crest 7. Epicondyle 8. Process

What are the 8 bone markings for tendon and ligament attachment?

1. Cuboidal in shape 2. Single nucleus

What are the appearance of the osteoblasts?

1. Multinucleated 2. Large 3. (lacunae)

What are the appearance of the osteoclasts?

1. Tibia has medial malleolus 2. Fibula has lateral malleolus

What are the distal ends of the Tibia?

1. medial and lateral condyles and epicondyles 2. Patellar surface for patella.

What are the distal ends of the femur?

1. Capitulum for radius 2. Trochlea - head of the ulna 3. Olecranon fosssa (a deep posterior pit)

What are the distal ends of the humerus?

1. Helping to from the wrist 2. Ulnar head 2. Has a medial styloid process

What are the distal ends of the ulna?

"Lacrima" = means tears in spanish Lacrimal bones are your tear ducts. Found in the medial walls of orbits. The lacrimal fossa or depression houses the lacrimal sac.

What are the lacrimal bones? What houses the lacrimal sac?

1. Anterior fontanelle 2. Posterior fontanelle

What are the names of these "soft spots" numbered 1 and 2.

1. External acoustic meatus 2. Mastoid process 3. Sphenoid process 4. Zygomatic process

What 4 structures would you find on the temporal bone?

"Alveoli" means pockets so alveolar margins are your tooth sockets, the pockets that hold your teeth.

What are alveolar margins?

The little soft spots on the top of baby heads and that soft spots is actually allowing for rapid expansion of the brain. Fibrous membranes in gaps between cranial bones ("soft spots").

What are fontanelles?

Pads between vertebrae. 1. Nucleus pulposus 2. Anulus fibrosus

What are intervertebral discs? What 2 structures make up the intervertebral discs?

These are cranial bones that have openings in them called paranasal sinuses. Mucosa - lined, air filled spaces. They enhance the resonance of voice.

What are paranasal sinuses? What is their function?

When the baby is first born, the spine goes outwards completely. Every time you have an outward curve, that is considered a primary curvature because you were born with the spine curving out that way. This would be your thoracic and sacral curvatures.

What are primary curvatures?

True vertebrosternal ribs because they attach to the vertebrae posteriorly and to the sternum anteriorly. They all attach individually to the sternum.

What are rib pairs 1 through 7 called? Why?

Floating vertebral ribs. They don't connect to cartilage at all. They have no attachment to the sternum. They are just vertebral ribs.

What are rib pairs 11 and 12 called? Why?

False vertebrochondral ribs because they attach indirectly to the sternum. Attach to the vertebrae posteriorly and anteriorly they don't have direct attachment to the sternum. They fuse together with the cartilage of other ribs. This is a cartilage connection.

What are rib pairs 8 through 12 called? Why?

1. Tibia has condyles and a tibial tuberosity on the anterior surface of the bone for the quadriceps to attach. 2. Fibula has head. 3. Shaft of the tibia is on the anterior view.

What are the proximal ends of the Tibia?

1. Head for glenoid cavity 2. The intertubercular sulcus for biceps tendon.

What are the proximal ends of the humerus?

1. Radial head 2. Articulate with the capitulum 3. Helps to form the wrist 4. Lateral styloid process that will articulate with the carpals.

What are the proximal ends of the radius?

1. Forming the elbow 2. The olecranon process contacts with the trochlea (posterior view) 3. The coronic process on the anterior view.

What are the proximal ends of the ulna?

C1 = Atlas (weight of the skull) C2 = Axis (gives your neck special mobility) C7 = Vertebrae prominens (because it is so prominent)

What are the special names for C1, C2 and C7?

Tarsals are the short bones of the ankle. Talus articulates with the Tibia Mn: T - T connection: Talus - Tibia articulation

What are the tarsals? What does the talus articulate with?

1. Cranial bones 2. Facial bones

What are the two sets of bones in the skull?

1. Compact bone 2. Spongy bone

What are the two types of bone?

The lateral end of the clavicle articulates with the scapula. "Acromio-" = one of the projections that come off of the scapula "-clavicular" = means "Clavicle"

What articulation does the acromioclavicular joint make?

The scapula articulates with the head of the humerus. "Gleno-" = means glenoid cavity of the scapula "-humeral" = head of the humerus

What articulation does the glenohumeral joint make?

Its the medial end of the clavicle with the sternum. "Sterno-" = "Sternum" "-clavicular" = means "Clavicle"

What articulation does the sternoclavicular joint make?

Ethmoid bone

What bone is this?

Frontal bone

What bone is this?

Occipital bone

What bone is this?

Parietal bone

What bone is this?

Sphenoid bone.

What bone is this?

Temporal bone (2, we have one on each side)

What bone is this? How many of these do we have?

The head of the femur and humerus.

What bony structures contain red bone marrow?

Form the bridge of the nose (2 of them)

What do the nasal bones do?

Acetabulum.

What do you call the hip socket?

Posterior cranial fossa

What do you call the skull's posterior wall?

T1 to T12 They have a long spinous process (witch nose) All thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs: costal facets. - I have 12 thoracic vertebra so I must have 12 pairs of ribs because each thoracic vertebrae must articulate with a pair of ribs.

Describe the thoracic vertebrae.

Closed by 24 months or by age 2.

At what age does the soft spots or fontanelles close?

Plow shaped Lower part of the nasal septum.

Describe the vomer.

Osteoblasts

Bone - forming cells

Osteogenic cells

Bone stem cells

5 vertebrae fused together. It forms the posterior wall of the pelvis and it actually lies in the sacral region right underneath.

Describe the sacrum.

C1 = Atlas 1. Supports the weight of the skull 2. NO body and NO spinous process 3. He is there to cushion the skull. 3. Superior articular facet and he articulates with the occipital condyles on the occipital bone.

Describe C1 vertebrae. What bony parts does C1 not have? Who does C1 articulate with?

Compact Bones: 1. Dense outer layer 2. made up of osteons, the building blocks of compact bone. Spongy Bone: 1. Honeycomb of trabeculae 2. In flat bones when we see spongy bones, they are called diploe

Describe compact bones. Describe spongy bones.

The body of the atlas is actually fused very early on during embryonic development to the second cervical vertebrae and forms a little projection called the dens. Projects superiorly into the anterior arch of the atlas

Describe the C2.

C1 - C7 They are the smallest and the lightest of the vertebrae. They have an oval shaped body. All cervical vertebrae have transverse foramen. Transverse = on the side Foramen = opening for blood vessel and nerves to pass through Because of where they are located, there is so much information that has to come from your body to your brain. Your arms, etc you have nerves that run outside the vertebral column through those transverse spinal processes. If you see a forked spinal process, it has to be a cervical vertebrae, but not all cervical vertebrae have a bifid

Describe the cervical vertebrae.

Coccyx = tailbone 3 to 5 vertebrae fused together. Articulates superiorly with the sacrum

Describe the coccyx.

Endosteum: 1. Delicate internal membrane of bone 2. Contains osteoprogenitor cells

Describe the endosteum layer of the bone.

1. Right between your eyes 2. Deepest skull bone 3. Superior part of the nasal septum, roof of nasal cavities. - You have a wall that divides the right and left portions of your nasal cavity. The ethmoid bone makes up the top portion of that wall. So the top portion, superior part of the nasal septum.

Describe the ethmoid bone.

1. Adapted to childbirth 2. Wider 3. Shallower 4. Large pelvic inlet and outlet

Describe the female pelvis.

1. Contains most of the anterior cranial bones. 2. Contains air - filled frontal sinuses. 3. Marking: Supraorbital foramen

Describe the frontal bone.

L1 - L5 Thickest body of vertebrae They have a flat hatchet - shaped spinous processes like a hatchet you use to chop down a tree.

Describe the lumbar vertebrae.

1. More robust 2. Narrower 3. Deeper 4. Smaller pelvic inlet and outlet.

Describe the male pelvis.

1. Early on during development, there was 2 maxillary bones that medially fused together towards the center of the face. 2. Makes up the superior alveolar margins. (tooth sockets of the upper jaw)

Describe the maxillary bones.

1. Posterior 1/3 of your hard palate. 2. Found all the way in the back closer to your uvula 3. Located at the posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity.

Describe the palatine bones and where it is located.

Periosteum: 1. Found on the outer fibrous layer of bone. 2. Contains: Nerve fibers and blood vessels - these nerve fibers and blood vessels travel along the outer surface of the bone and enter the bone through the nutrient foramina

Describe the periosteum layer of the bone.

1. Complex, bat shaped bone

Describe the sphenoid bone.

Yes, articulates with the anterior surface of the femur.

Does the patella articulate with any other bone?

Posterior surface of the scapula has a big spine or a ridge. The anterior surface is flat so it can lay nicely on top of the ribs.

How could you tell if you are looking at the anterior or the posterior surface of the scapula?

Look for the pisiform bone. It is a pea shaped bone you can only see if you are looking at an anterior view of the hand. So if you see the pisiform, then you know the palm is facing out.

How do you know if you are looking at an anterior view or a posterior view of the hand?

You will see a huge lump on the ulna and that is called the olecranon process.

How do you know if you are looking at the back of the ulna?

8 - 12 weeks which is how long you are in the cast to support the joint and keep the weight off.

How long does it take for a fracture to heal?

12 (12 thoracic vertebrae = means you have 12 pairs of ribs)

How many pairs of ribs do you have?

We have 3 phalanges: Distal, middle, and proximal. Except = pollex Fingers are numbered 1 - 5 beginning with the thumb.

How many phalanges do we have? What are they? What is the exception? How are the fingers numbered?

Looking on the transverse processes, is there costal facets for the ribs to attach? If yes, then it is thoracic. If it is no and it is big then it is lumbar.

How would you differentiate a lumbar vertebrae from a thoracic vertebrae?

Sternum: A. Manubrium B. Body C. Xiphoid process

Identify A, B and C of this structure.

A. Anulus fibrosus B. Nucleus pulposus

Identify structure A and B on this diagram.

A. Frontal sinus B. Ethmoid sinus C. Sphenoid sinus D. Maxillary sinus

Identify structures A, B, C, and D.

A. Squamous region B. Zygomatic process D. External acoustic meatus E. Mastoid process F. Styloid process

Identify structures A, B, D, E and F.

Lunate bone.

Identify the bony structure with the black arrow.

Pisiform bone = anterior view of the hand

Identify the bony structure with the black arrow.

Scaphoid bone

Identify the bony structure with the black arrow.

Hyoid bone.

Identify the bony structures in this image.

1. Greater tubercle 2. Lesser tubercle 5. Deltoid tuberosity (on the diaphysis or shaft of the bone) 10. Capitulum 11. Trochlea 15. Olecranon process 17. Head of the humerus

Identify the bony structures labeled 1, 2, 5, 10, 11, 15, and 17.

A. Glenoid cavity B. Acromion C. Coracoid process

Identify the bony structures of A, B and C of the scapula.

A. Coracoid process C. Glenoid cavity F. Acromion

Identify the bony structures of A, C, and F of the scapula.

1. Greater trochanter 10. Lesser trochanter 5. Lateral epicondyle 6. Patellar surface 11. Lateral epicondyle

Identify the bony structures: 1, 10, 5, 6 and 11.

A. Transverse process B. Spinous process C. Superior articular fascet D. Vertebral foramen E. Body

Identify the general bony parts: A, B, C, D and E

L image = Anterior view R image = Posterior view (because you can see this huge lump on top called the olecranon process). A. Ulna B. Radius H. Olecranon process = posterior view E. Styloid process of the ulna F. Styloid process of the radius

Identify the structures as anterior or posterior view. Identify the bony structures: a, b, h, e and f.

Red box = crista galli Yellow box = Cribriform plate

Identify the structures pointed to with the red box and the yellow box.

Ethmoid sinus

Identify the structures with the black arrow.

Frontal sinus

Identify the structures with the black arrows.

Maxillary sinus

Identify the structures with the black arrows.

Sphenoid sinus

Identify the structures with the black arrows.

A. Acromioclavicular joint B. Glenohumeral joint

Identify the types of joints labeled A and B.

Talus bone of the foot.

Identify this structure highlighted in green at the superior view only.

Calcaneus bone of the foot

Identify this structure highlighted in green.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells

True! It is surrounded by membranes that help support the organ that is the bone.

T/F: Bone is a living tissue.

True.

T/F: No matter how you turn a skull, you are able to see a portion of the sphenoid bone.

True.

T/F: the "S" curve of the vertebral column adds flexibility to the spine.

False. The sphenoid bone is a special bone because it articulates with all the cranial bones.

T/F: the sphenoid bone only articulates with the temporal bone.

Clavicle

The collarbone is AKA:

Nasal wall septum.

The ethmoid bone makes up the superior part of the ______________________.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Every other time you have two bones coming together in the skull, it is going to be a suture and you cannot move it.

There is only one freely movable joint in the skull. What is its name?

Parietal bone: Frontal bone

What 2 bones does the coronal suture connect?

Parietal bone : Occipital bone

What 2 bones does the lambdoid suture connect?

Right parietal bone : Left parietal bone

What 2 bones does the sagittal suture connect?

Parietal bone : temporal bone on each side of the skull

What 2 bones does the squamous suture connect?

1. Ramus (arm) 2. Alveolar margins that contain teeth.

What 2 structures make up the mandible?

1. Manubrium 2. Body 3. Xiphoid process

What 3 parts make up the sternum?

1. Thoracic vertebrae 2. Sternum 3. Ribs + costal cartilage - ribs are made up of hyaline cartilage

What 3 structures make up the thoracic cage?

1. Frontal bone 2. Sphenoid bone 3. Ethmoid bone 4. Maxillary bones

What 4 bones contain paranasal sinuses?

Red bone marrow: Site for red blood cell production - cells of your immune system, RBCs produced by the bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow: Contains a special fat.

What do you find in the red bone marrow of spongy bone? What do you find in the yellow bone marrow of spongy bone?

Instead of being directly midsagittal, the nasal septum deviates to one side or the other.

What does a deviated nasal septum mean?

It means "forming a joint with"

What does articulation mean?

Articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 2 through ribs 7.

What does the body of the sternum articulate with?

Articulates with clavicles and ribs 1 and 2.

What does the manubrium articulate with?

Occipital condyles articulate with the first vertebrae (special name = atlas).

What does the occipital condyles articulate with?

Think: "En-" as in "In-" so Inter or Internal. Endo = Inter

What does the prefix "Endo-" mean?

Means around the structure; so the outer

What does the prefix "Peri-" mean?

The new bone that gets laid down is going to be thicker than the bone that was there before. I will lay down a denser matrix. If I take an x - ray of someone's long bone, I can see if they've had previous fractures that have been healed. This has implications for domestic abuse or child abuse. So you can see if a child had repeated healed fractures.

What happens to a bone as it heals? What type of matrix do you lay down? What does this have implications for?

A furrow.

What is a Groove?

A rounded projection. It has a little bump out. Opposite of a golf tee.

What is a condyle?

The surface where these two bones are touching is a condyle. The surface where two bones glide together (but don't touch). These surfaces are super smooth.

What is a condyle?

A large ridge or a broader structure like a wave cresting.

What is a crest?

If I see the huge tibial tuberosity and the shaft of the tibia sticking out are 2 dead giveaways I am looking at the anterior view and not the posterior view of the tibia.

What is a dead giveaway that you are looking at the anterior view of the tibia?

Displaced fracture = means the ends no longer meet up with each other. Greenstick fracture = are in young bones; fracturing that doesn't penetrate through the whole shaft.

What is a displaced fracture? What is greenstick fracture?

Smooth surface for articulation. Like a golf tee - it has a little facet for the golf ball. Ex. Costal facets

What is a facet?

A narrow opening. (if a fissure opens up on the floor and you scream).

What is a fissure?

Round opening. Usually has blood vessels, nerve fibers, or large structures pass through it. Ex. Nutrient foramina, a little hole for blood vessels and nerve fibers to go through to enter bone. Ex. Foramen magnum = where the spinal cord exits.

What is a foramen? What does it usually have that passes through it?

A shallow depression (think of Mufasa with lot of these little bowls with fruit and dye in the Lion King)

What is a fossa?

Expansion above the neck. Usually at the end of long bones you have an expanded head area.

What is a head bone marking?

Ligament = anchor bone to bone Mn: think of the patellar ligament Mn: ACL (connects 2 bones of your knee)

What is a ligament?

A narrow or thin ridge usually with a pretty sharp demarcation.

What is a line?

A malleolus makes up the bony portion of your ankle.

What is a malleolus?

Canal. External acoustic meatus = Ear canal (outside) (sound) (canal) = Ear canal

What is a meatus? What is the most popular meatus?

Catch all. Whatever that doesn't fit into the other categories, gets placed here. It's a process.

What is a process?

Arm like bar. Ex. Jaw

What is a ramus? Give an example.

A cavity

What is a sinus?

Pointy structure

What is a spine?

Tendon = anchors muscle to bone Mn: think of Achilles' tendon (anchors the calf muscle to the calcaneus bone)

What is a tendon?

Blunt projection only found on the femur. It is for gluteal muscle attachment.

What is a trochanter?

A smaller projection

What is a tubercle?

(think of monstrosity!) A very large bump on a bone for attachment to a tendon or ligament. Ex. The tibial tuberosity = where your quadricep muscles insert into your tibia. These muscles pulling on the bone created a big lump on the tibia. - Osgood schlatter disease = when your tibial tuberosity is really enlarged. Ex. Ischial tuberosity = on your hip.

What is a tuberosity?

When two bones like this are coming together, you are going to have ligaments that are going to help solidify that junction between the two bones or that articulation. Because they are around and upon the condyle, these bumps are called epicondyles.

What is an epicondyle?

When your first skeleton when you are a fetus is cartilage. The process of turning that first cartilaginous skeleton into bone.

What is endochondral ossification?

A hunchback as a result of osteoporosis and the breakdown of the discs so your back hunches out.

What is kyphosis?

Exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar area. The butt looks like it is popping out a little bit. It can lead to sciatic and lower back pain. Mn: Pregnant Dr. Milani; a "Lord" with their big ol' pot bellies

What is lordosis?

By the time you are birthed, your bones are made out of osseous tissues so the rest of the growth done is oppositional growth. Growth of the long bones. Think about it as the two opposite ends of the long bone are going to be further apart and that is where the cartilage growth plate comes into play.

What is oppositional growth?

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. The spine is curving outwards one way or the other. AKA: lateral curvature

What is scoliosis?

Nondisplaced fracture because you can see the fracture, but the ends still meet up.

What is the "best" type of fracture to have and why?

The really thick tough outer portion and it is actually composed of fibrocartilage.

What is the anulus fibrosus?

1. Shaft 2. Compact bone collar 3. Contains yellow marrow

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

Expanded end. You have 2 epiphyseal ends of a long bone.

What is the epiphysis of a long bone? How many epiphyseal ends do you have?

Femur is a long, strong bone of the thigh. Proximal end: 1. Head for acetabulum 2. Greater and lesser trochanters

What is the femur? What are the proximal ends of the femur?

Large opening where the spinal cord exits the brain

What is the foramen magnum?

It allows olfactory nerves to pass. Because the cribriform plate sites on top of your nasal passage, you have the olfactory nerves responsible for scent to pass directly through this ethmoid bone. And these plates have little holes that allow those nerve endings to pass through.

What is the function of the cribriform plate?

To help to anchor the meninges onto the crista gallie. The brain anchors on top of the ethmoid bone.

What is the function of the crista gallie?

1. Function: attachment for muscles 2. Function: swallowing and speech 3. NO articulation with any other bone. 4. The hyoid bone is often broken during strangulation.

What is the function of the hyoid bone?

Divides the nasal cavity into the right and left havles. Superior wall of NS = Ethmoid bone Inferior wall of NS = Vomer

What is the function of the nasal septum? What is the name of the superior wall and the inferior wall of the nasal septum?

Function = site of muscle attachment Not ossified until ~ age 40.

What is the function of the xiphoid process? At what age does it ossify?

1. Almost all of them are going to have a body which is where the weight is going to be transferred. 2. They are all going to have a vertebral foramen or a hole in the center for the spinal cord to pass through. 3. Most of them are going to have a spinous process and that is when you feel someone's spine, you are actually touching the spinous process of their vertebrae. 4. They also have transverse processes on the sides. Those are for muscle attachments and to help stabilize the spine. 5. Articular process = these little areas where the bone is a little bit smoother and that is to help form that articulation or that joint with the vertebrae above it and the vertebrae below it.

What is the general structure of a vertebrae?

1. Region in between the diaphysis and the epiphysis. 2a. Contains the epiphyseal plate during the growth phase (birth - end puberty). This is cartilaginous growth plate. 2b. Or the epiphyseal line if it has been completely ossified (end of puberty and on).

What is the metaphysis of a long bone?

Lower jaw = mandible Upper jaw = maxilla

What is the name for the lower jaw? What is the name for the upper jaw?

Obturator foramen

What is the name of the huge hole in the center of the coxal bone?

Inferior nasal conchae

What is the name of this structure highlighted in green?

Supraorbital foramen "Supra-" = above "-orbital" = eye "foramen" = round opening

What is the name of this structure with the black arrow?

Zygomatic process of temporal bone

What is the name of this structure with the black arrow?

Lacrimal bones

What is the name of this structure with the blue arrow?

Nasal bone

What is the name of this structure with the blue arrow?

Zygomatic bone

What is the name of this structure with the blue arrow?

Zygomatic process of maxillae

What is the name of this structure with the blue arrow?

Foramen magnum

What is the name of this structure with the red arrow?

Inferior nuchal line

What is the name of this structure with the red arrow?

Superior nuchal lines

What is the name of this structure with the red arrow?

occipital condyles (2)

What is the name of this structure with the red arrow?

Vomer

What is the name of this structure with the red question mark?

This is the jelly - like central portion and it has a gelatinous consistency.

What is the nucleus pulposus?

Sternoclavicular joint.

What is the only bony articulation between your arm and the axial skeleton?

Cranial bones: Going to form the encasement of your brain. Help with attachment of the neck and head muscles. Facial bones: 1. Attach facial muscles. 2. There are cavities for special senses: sight, taste and smell. 3. Teeth and muscles of fascial expression.

What is the purpose of the cranial bones? What is the purpose of the fascial bones?

It is for muscle attachment. One of the main muscles that moves the neck is the sternocleidomastoid muscle that inserts into the mastoid process.

What is the purpose of the mastoid process?

It is for muscles of the throat and when we swallow they attach to the styloid process.

What is the purpose of the styloid process?

Sites for muscle attachments. These muscles pull on our skull to keep our head up. Nuchal lines are exaggerated in animals that walked on 4 legs instead of 2 legs.

What is the purpose of the superior and inferior nuchal lines?

The zygomatic process is going to connect the temporal bone to the zygomatic bone (cheek bone).

What is the purpose of the zygomatic process?

Lambdoid suture

What is this structure labeled with a neon blue arrow?

Sagittal suture

What is this structure labeled with a neon blue arrow?

Coronal suture

What is this structure labeled with a question mark?

Squamous suture

What is this structure labeled with a question mark?

Mastoid region

What is this structure with the black arrow?

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

What joint does the mandible make?

C1 and C2, the dens and the atlas allows you to shake your head "No."

What movement does the C1 and the C2 allow?

Pituitary gland. The sella turcica is a very deep, well secured saddle. This saddle is for your pituitary gland so it is nestled in there.

What organ sits in the hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica? What is the sella turcica?

It is "S" shaped and it is to help transfer weight a little better. Ex. Spine is "S" shaped too.

What shape is the clavicle and why is it that shape?

Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica

What structure is this highlighted in blue?

Lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

What structure is this highlighted in blue?

Crista gallie of the ethmoid bone

What structure is this highlighted in green?

Greater wing of the sphenoid bone

What structure is this highlighted in green?

1. Iliac crest 2. Iliac spines 3. Greater sciatic notch

What three bony structures make up the Ilium of the coxal bone?

1. Clavicle 2. Scapula

What two bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Acromioclavicular joint

What type of joint is circled in black?

Sternoclavicular joint

What type of joint is circled in black?

The ribs all attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae.

Where does the ribs attach?

Forms part of the lateral walls of nasal cavity. Helps to circulate the air and filter out all the nastiness we are breathing in. The lowest conchae is made out of its own bone hence it gets its own name: inferior nasal conchae.

Where is it located and what is the function of the inferior nasal conchae?

Situated between ribs 2 and 7 on the dorsal surface. Scapula = flat and triangular shaped

Where is the scapula situated? What shape is the scapula?

Females

Which gender is more likely to experience more ACL tears?

The trochlea is on the medial surface because it attaches to the medial ulna and the capitulum will be on the lateral surface because it attaches to the radius (radius, radiates out)

Which is medial and which is lateral: trochlea or capitulum of the distal humerus?

Tibia = medial (bears the weight of the body) Fibula = lateral (for muscle attachment of the lower leg, but does not form a joint)

Which one is lateral and medial: tibia and fibula? And what are their functions?

Clavicle: Lateral end or acromial end = articulate with the scapula Medial end or sternal end = articulate with the sternum To brace the arms laterally

Who does the clavicle attach to laterally and medially? What is the function of the clavicle?

Tibia only. It does not articulate with the fibula.

Who does the femur articulate with?

They are important because they form direct articulation with the bones of the forearm.

Why are the scaphoid and lunate bones of the carpel important?

The metacarpals articulate with the carpal bones proximally.

With what does the metacarpals articulate with?

Osteoclasts

cells that break down or resorb bone matrix